OXYGEN, SODIUM AND PHOSPHORUS

•Defining the element•Some chemical and physical properties•The element in the periodic table•Uses/ biological role of the element•Isotopes of the element•Some interesting facts.

I would be talking on the following points

CHEMICAL SYMBOL

Each element is given a unique chemical symbol. The same chemical symbol is used all over the world. The first letter is always a capital letter. If in case there is a second letter also, it is a small letter. These chemical symbol always come from either their Greek, Latin or English names. The symbol for :•Oxygen is “O”•Phosphorus is “P”•Sodium is “Na” which derived from its Latin name Natrium .

•OXYGEN: The word oxygen arrived from a Greek word “oxy” meaning ‘a sharp acid’ and “gen” or “genes” meaning ‘formation’ as at that time it was mistakenly thought that oxygen is an important constituent in the formation of acids..

•SODIUM: The symbol of the sodium element is Na which comes from the Latin name for a common sodium compound called natrium from the Greek word 'nítron‘ meaning a natural salt.

•PHOSPHORUS: The word Phosphorus originates from the Greek words “phos” meaning light and “phoros” meaning bearer creating the term ’bringing light’ as phosphorus white phosphorus oxidizes in air and glows in the dark.

ETYMOLOGY

ATOMIC NUMBEREach element is given an atomic

no. Atomic no. is the no. of protons and electrons in the atom.

The atomic no. of oxygen is 8. The atomic no. of sodium is 11. The atomic no. of phosphorus is 15.

The elements in the periodic table

OXYGEN

Oxygen has 6 electrons in its valence shell, hence it lies in the VI A group in the periodic table.

SODIUM Sodium has 1

electron in its valence shell, so it lies in the I A group.

PHOSPHORUS

Phosphorous has 5 valence electrons, and thus lies under the V A category of periodic table..

Each element is defined as a solid liquid or a gas at the normal room temperature. These are the states of matter. The following are of oxygen, sodium and phosphorus:

•OXYGEN: oxygen occurs as a gas at the normal room temperature.

•SODIUM: sodium occurs as a solid in the room temperature.

•PHOSPHOROUS: it is a solid at normal room temperature.

STATE

PROPERTIESChemical properties Physical properties

How an element reacts with other elements.

Change in the inner structure (atomic structure).

Related to its appearance

Odour, density, colour and shape.

OXYGEN OXYGE

N

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES?????

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES????

WHAT IS OXYGEN???? Oxygen can be referred

to as an essential gas, colourless and vital for life.

It is the most abundant element .

Oxygen constitutes 21% of the atmosphere.

It is also found in water(as a constituent of water molecule), rocks and minerals and many organic compounds.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Oxygen can change

from gas to a liquid at a temperature lesser than -218.4 degree Celsius, that means its melting point is -218.4 degree Celsius. It can then be solidified. Solid oxygen has pale blue colour.

Colour : colourless.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES It is tasteless and

odourless. Phase : gas Density : oxygen is

denser than air, with a density of 1.429 g/cubic cm.

Conductivity : it is a poor conductor of electricity and heat

Solubility : it is slightly soluble in water alcohol and some other liquids

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Flammability :It does

not burn. It supports

combustion but does not burn.

It forms some very common compounds with hydrogen (water), ferrous (rust/ iron oxide), carbon ( carbon dioxide).

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Formula :the

formula for oxygen is O2. It is in its molecular form to make a stable configuration. Ozone gas is O3.

OXYGEN, A NON-METAL Each element is

categorized into groups on the basis of some properties. Oxygen is in the Non-Metal group.

Non metals have these properties:

• Poor conductivity, good insulators, non- metallic, exist as solids/gases at the room temp.(EXCEPTION IS BROMINE).

Pure substance

elements

metalsNon-

metals

compounds

--

ISOTOPES

Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, with a total of 4, 16O, with 8 neutrons 17O, with 9 neutrons and 18O, with 10 neutrons, 16O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance).

BIOLOGICAL ROLE, USES

Respiration: oxygen plays an important infact the most important role in aerobic respiration. Glucose breaks down into energy, carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen.

Oxygen cylinders are used a high altitudes by the mountaineers, during space expeditions by the astronauts and by deep sea divers as their supply of oxygen.ABOUT 61% of the body is made up of oxygen. IT is used in the production of steel from the iron ore(55% is O2)Oxygen is used in diseases like bronchial asthma, anemia, trauma(chest injury). Oxygen is also essential to decay. The process of decay is really a kind of oxidation, but it will only take place in the presence of bacteria. 

BIOLOGICAL ROLE, uses

CUMBUSTION: combustion is an exothermic reaction in the presence of oxygen. It is referred to, in general language as fire. Explosion and fire take place in the presence of oxygen. However, combustion is a useful process also.

OXYGEN, A HAZARD

SODIUM

WHAT IS SODIUM???? Sodium can be

referred to as a soft, light, extremely malleable silver-white metallic element .

It constitutes 0.002% of the universe, 2.3% of the earth’s crust and 0.14% of the human body. It is the 6th most abundant element on the earth.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Phase : solid Density : sodium’s

density is 0.971 g/cubic cm.

Conductivity : it is a good conductor of electricity and heat.

Solubility : sodium will act disastrous if put in water.

Sodium is brittle.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Melting point: 97.8

degree Celsius. Colour : silver-

white Boiling point:

552.9 degree Celsius.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Flammability : Sodium itself is not flammable but when you combine sodium with water it produces to sodium hydroxide which is extremely flammable gas. When introduced to a flame though it turns the flame a bright yellow. Sodium is not flammable, but some compounds of it are.

It forms sodium hydroxide when reacted with water, Sodium Chloride, common salt, when reacted with Chlorine.

SODIUM, A METAL Sodium is in the

Metal group. Metals have these

properties:• Good conductivity,

malleability, ductility, sonority, existence in the solid form at normal room temperature(exception-mercury)

ISOTOPES

20 isotopes of sodium are known, but only 23Na is stable. Also, it is the most common sodium used.

USES Agricultural uses Medicinal uses Purifying molten metals Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Hydroxide – used

in soap, cleaners

PHOSPHOROUS

WHAT IS PHOSPHOROUS? A highly reactive,

poisonous, non-metallic element, waxy occurring naturally in the solid state.

It constitutes 0.0007% of the universe, as whole, 1.1% of the human body and 0.99% of the earth’s crust.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Phase : solid Density : 1.82 g/cubic cm. Conductivity : black

Phosphorous is a good conductor of electricity and heat.

Solubility :it does not dissolve well in water.

WHITE phosphorous is white in colour. Red phosphorous varies from orange to purple colour( due to its chemical structure).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Melting point: 44.1

°C Colour : silver-

white Boiling point:

280.0 °C It is a deadly

poison. It glows in the

dark.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Flammability : Flammability: it is highly inflammable.

White phosphorous is the most reactive of the three allotropes of phosphorous while

It forms phosphates as a constituent(of any compound).

Phosphorous, a nonmetal Phosphorous is in

the Non-Metal group.

It is a brittle solid.

ISOTOPES Twenty-three isotopes of phosphorus are known, including all possibilities from 24P up to 46P. Only 31P is stable and is therefore present at 100% abundance.

31P

USES A well known use of red phosphorus is the safety

match. The red phosphorus 'safety' matches were invented by fellow Gustaf Erik in 1855.

Inflammable bombs. Fertilizers Steel production Pesticides

SOME INTERESTING FACTS Why does sodium explode in water??

Sodium (Na; Atomic number: 11) is a highly reactive element belonging to the alkali group. Since sodium has valency 1 i.e. it has one lone electron in its outermost orbit, it is highly reactive in nature. When sodium is added to water, the lone electron of sodium reacts with the water and displaces H+ ion, thus forming NaOH (sodium hydroxide). Since this is a highly exothermic reaction, the sudden release of energy during bond reformation results in explosion.

We cannot survive even for 5 minutes without oxygen.Sodium was isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807.Bones and teeth are 85% phosphorous.Though is though a metal is isn’t extracted from any ore but from rock salt and common salt it is isolated.

CREDITS AND REFERENCES•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous•http://www.webelements.com/•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Mfric7JUc•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYMbh-l-fRs•Class 11 NCERT chemistry book-Part II•And many more