O T T F F S S E __

What comes next?

O T T F F S S E __

It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN!(Just like Punnett Squares)

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HREE

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PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES

11-2

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Tossing CoinsIf you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 10 tosses.

Section 11-2

Interest Grabber

Interest Grabber Answers

1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected?

2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected?

3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect?

4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results?

Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails.

The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails.

The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability.

The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results.

It can be written as a:Fraction ____

Percent ____Ratio ____

____________________is the __________ that a

particular _________________

PROBABILITY

1/425%

1:3

likelihoodevent will occur

COIN FLIPThere are 2 possible

outcomes:HEADS TAILS

http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg

The chance the coin will land on either one is:____ ____ ____

Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses.

1/2 50% 1:1

PROBABILITIES_____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones

_____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events.

If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too.

The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average.

PAST DON’T FUTURE

Probability best predictinglarge

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE_____________ allele is represented by a

____________ letter.(usually the first letter of the trait)

____________ allele is represented by the SAME_________________ letter.

EX: Tall = ______

Short =______

capital

lower-case

Tt NOT S for short

Dominant

Recessive

HOMOZYGOUSHETEROZYGOUS

When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________

EX: ____ or ___When both alleles in the pair are

_____________, the organism is_________________ or _____________

Ex: ____HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID

HOMOZYGOUS PURESAME

TT tt

DIFFERENT

Tt

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPEThe ________________ of an organism

is its _____________

The ____________of an organism isits _____________

GENOTYPE

PHENOTYPE

genetic makeup

appearance

MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait =____________________

A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

MONOHYBRID CROSSONE GENE

PUNNETT SQUARESare used to show possible offspring

from a cross between 2 parents

_______________ go at top and on left side

Boxes show _______________________________

T T

T

tpossible offspring combinations

Parent alleles

1. ___________ what _________________ are2. ________correct__________ square __________3. ______ possible_______________________4. ______ boxes with _____________________5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES

Figure out parent allelesChoose Punnett sizePut in parent gametesFill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes

genotypes

IN PEA PLANTSTall is dominant over short TALL = ____

SHORT = ____T

tLET’S MAKE A CROSS!

PURE TALL PURE SHORTX

PURE TALL parentWhat are the parent alleles?

T T _________

T T

HOMOZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?

t t _________

t t

HOMOZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

_____ of the offspring

____ % ___/4 will be

T T

t

t

T t T t

T t T tTt TALL

ALL

1004

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?

T t _________

T t

HETEROZYGOUS

What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPES¼ = _____½ = _____¼ = _____

T t

T

t

T T T t

T t t t

PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________

TT

75

Tttt

3/41/4 SHORT

TALL25

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS

Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___

Tt

Rr

Homozygous Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

T T

T T

PURE wrinkled parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

rr

r r

Heterozygous Round parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

R r

R r

Hybrid Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes?

Tt

T t

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

Storage and transfer of genetic information

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change.

9-12.L.2.1. Students are able to predict inheritance patterns using a single allele. (APPLICATION)

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

High school students performing at the ADVANCED level:

predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring

High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level:

explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring;

High school students performing at the BASIC level

identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;