nutrient management strategies for ca ludhiana july 2011
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
1/42
Nutrient Management Strategies forConservation Agriculture Systems:Nutrient Expert
Conservation Agriculture: Nurturing Sustainable Production Systems in South Asia, Ludhiana, July 5, 2011
Kaushik Majumdar,Director, IPNI-South Asia Program
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
2/42
Conservation Agriculture and nutrientmanagement
Challenges of nutrient management in CA
Nutrient Expert
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
3/42
Conservation Agriculture systems of production aredefined by three key principal elements
No mechanical tillage and minimal soil disturbance;
Permanent organic soil cover specially by plant organicmatter and cover crops;
Diversified crop rotations in the case of annual crops orcrop associations in case of perennial crops, includinglegumes
These three elements in various combinations aim at establishing
and sustaining healthy soil systems that can offer the best crop andlivestock productivities and environmental services within theprevailing ecological and socio-economic conditions whileoptimizing the use of agrochemicals with biological interventions
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
4/42
Framework of Nutrient management practices in CAsystems :
(i) the biological processes of the soil are enhanced and protected sothat all the soil biota and microorganisms are privileged and that soilorganic matter and soil porosity are built up and maintained;
(ii) there is adequate biomass production and biological nitrogenfixation for keeping soil energy and nutrient stocks sufficient tosupport higher levels of biological activity, and for covering the soil;
(iii) there is an adequate access to all nutrients by plant roots in the
soil, from natural and synthetic sources, to meet crop needs;
(iv) the soil acidity is kept within acceptable range for all key soilchemical and biological processes to function effectively.
Kassam and Friedrich, 2009
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
5/42
Soil Physical properties and CA
Lower bulk density in CA systems as compared toconventionally tilled plots
Wet tillage increases bulk density
Destruction of soil aggregates
Filling of micropores with finer soil particles
Direct physical compaction caused by implements
Lesser soil penetration resistance in CA systems
Support higher soil aggregation
Reduced soil disturbance
Increased soil organic matter
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
6/42
Other changes associated with CA
Greater crop residues accumulate on soil surface
Minimized wind and water erosion
Reduced nutrient loss through erosion
Reduced evaporation loss
Increased water infiltration
Lower surface temperature
Cooler soil temperature
Slow nutrient release from soil organic matter
Reduced diffusion of nutrients to the plant roots
Slower mineralization
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
7/42
Effect of conventional tillage and no-till on grain yieldand N uptake by maize (Moschler & Martens, 1975)
The grain yield response curvesare typical of what is obtained inseveral studies
No till yields are higher at highernitrogen levels
More efficient utilization ofnutrients in no till production
Lower grain yields and N uptakewith no-till at lower N rates canresult from greater immobilization of
fertilizer N, losses of N fromdenitrification and leaching, lowermineralization of N or a combinationof these factors.
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
8/42
Average yield (kg/ha) and yield loss (kg/ha) in PuddledTransplanted Rice (PTR) and Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) inthe hubs of Indo-Gangetic Plain (2010)
NPK Reduced N
Full PK
N Omission Reduced P
Full NK
P Omission Reduced K
Full NP
K Omission Reduced
PK Full N
Zn
OmissionHaryana PTR (n=8)
Yield 4871 4063 3569 4413 4172 4306 4124 4264 4642
Yield
loss
_ 808 1302 458 699 565 747 607 229
Haryana DSR (n=8)
Yield 5132 4132 3528 4438 4260 4646 4354 4344 4911
Yield
loss
_ 1000 1604 694 872 486 778 788 221
Punjab PTR (n=5)
Yield 4396 3576 2647 3622 3478 3751 3700 3691 3873
Yield
loss
_ 820 1749 774 918 645 696 705 523
Punjab DSR (n=4)
Yield 6053 4625 3775 4683 4572 4989 4889 4556 5219
Yield
loss
_ 1428 2278 1370 1481 1063 1164 1497 834
NPK NOmission
Reduced PFull NK
P Omission Reduced KFull NP
K Omission Reduced PKFull N
Addnl. NP
Bihar PTR (n=6)
Yield 3418 1883 3234 3164 3273 3213 3196 3358
Yield
loss
_ 1535 184 254 145 205 222 60
Bihar DSR (n=6)
Yield 3507 1937 3308 3246 3327 3293 3246 3422
Yieldloss _ 1570 199 261 180 214 261 85
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
9/42
Challenges in nutrientmanagement in CA
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
10/42
Challenges
High organic matter
Higher microbial population (immobilization of nutrients) Lower mineralization as less surface area is exposed to microbial action (residue
exists as undisturbed mulch)
High microbial population
High population of nitrifiers but higher population of denitrifiers (gaseous N loss) Requirement of denitrification
Easily available organic substrate
Nitrate
Suitable organism
Existence of large aggregates
High moisture content
Better soil aggregation
Deep penetration and leaching of water
Loss of NO3- and K+ with water
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
11/42
Nitrogen
Immobilization
Residue load
C:N ratio of residue
Mineralization
Soil temperature
Exposure of organic matter for decomposition
Denitrification
Population of denitrifier
Microsites of oxygen deficit
Leaching
Higher moisture content
Larger aggregate sizes
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
12/42
N immobilization and mineralization followingaddition of residue to soil (Havlin et al., 2005)
Rapid increase in the number ofheterotrophic organisms at initial stage offresh organic matterdecomposition.elevated CO2 evolution.
High C:N.insufficient N in thesubstratemicrobes will draw on the
mineral nitrogen leading to immobilization
C:N ratio will start decreasing as thedecay proceeds.C released as CO2while N immobilized from soilsolution.mineralization of N
A combination of high C:N ratio and lowsoil N is expected to reduce N availabilityto plants at initial stages of crop growth
Crops planted immediately after cerealresidue retention will require sufficient
external N application
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
13/42
Residue decomposing and N, P and K releaseat three wheat growth stages
Yadvinder Singh et al., 2010
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
14/42
Phosphorus and Potassium
Soil P and K tend to be immobile in the soil Nutrient stratification is an important concern in the
management of P and K in zero-till systems.
Without tillage and soil mixing, P and K may accumulate
at the soils surface (0-5 cm) at the depth of application When soil conditions are dry, nutrients near the surface
may be positionally unavailable for plant uptake
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
15/42
Effect of zero and conventional tillage on distributionof P and K in a silty clay soil in Manitoba (adapted fromGrant and Bailey 1994)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
300
400
500
600
700
800
9001000
1100
1200
1300
Depth, cm.
Potassium,m
g/kg
Silty Clay Soil
Conventional Till
Zero Till
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Conventional Till
Zero Till
Depth, cm.
Phosphorus
,mg/kg
Silty Clay Soil
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
300
400
500
600
700
800
9001000
1100
1200
1300
300
400
500
600
700
800
9001000
1100
1200
1300
Depth, cm.
Potassium,m
g/kg
Silty Clay Soil
Conventional Till
Zero Till
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Conventional Till
Zero Till
Depth, cm.
Phosphorus
,mg/kg
Silty Clay Soil
Soil samples were taken at the end of a 4-year study where P was banded (58 kgP2O5/ha) and K was broadcast (120 kg K2O/ha)
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
16/42
Nutrient Management in ConservationAgriculture
Soil physical, chemical and biological environment ofconservation systems are different from conventional system
High residueextra N demand by microorganisms for decomposition
of residues and have the potential of higher immobilization and slowermineralization of N
P supply may not be adequate at initial stages and may depend onexternal supply
Greater supply of K from residues are expected but losses throughleaching must be accounted for while estimating requirement
Wetter and cooler soils will influence rate and mechanism of nutrientrelease/loss
Additional stored water increases yield potential and will require greatersupply of nutrients
Data from long term stabilized systems are lacking
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
17/42
Indigenous Nutrient Supply in ZT & CT
State Haryana Punjab
Scenarios ZT CT ZT CT
Treatments Wheat Yield (kg/ha)
Full NPK yield 5078 4800 4741 4865
Yield loss due to N 3155 2994 1355 1457
Yield loss due to P 1002 711 518 714
Yield loss due to K 817 675 270 852
Nutrient rates(kg/ha)
N P2O5 K2O
180 90 100
ZT Zero tillage with residue retentionCT Conventional tillage with complete residue removal
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
18/42
Fertilizer Placement
Fertilizer placement decision is critical to optimizefertilizer use efficiency by the crop in no-till conditions
Broadcasting N onto the residue covered surface is notthe most efficient method of application
potential for immobilization by surface residues volatilization losses of N
In-soil band placement of N is usually the most effectivemeans of minimizing immobilization of N in no-till crops
The application of P and K in bands either with, or closeto the seed minimizes tie-up by the soil and increasesearly season uptake by the crop
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
19/42
Applying the crops entire fertilizer requirements
at seeding can be challenging
Placement of high amounts of nutrients directly with the seed oftencauses reduced germination and delayed emergence resulting inpoor stands and yield loss.
Row spacing, seed bed utilization (SBU), soil texture, soil moisture,soil variability, fertilizer placement, seed furrow opener, fertilizersource, and crop influence how much fertilizer can be safely appliedwith the seed
The amount of fertilizer that can safely be applied in the seed row decreases asrow spacing increases. With wider rows, at a given rate per hectare the fertilizeris more concentrated and is in greater contact with the seed
Heavier textured soils tolerate more seed row N because the increased cationexchange and water holding capacity reduce ammonia toxicity
Ammonium nitrate is less damaging to the seed than urea. It has a higher saltindex than urea, but does not add to ammonia toxicity
Higher rates of N may be tolerated if CEC is high and seedbed moisture issufficient
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
20/42
Nutrient Expert
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
21/42
Objectives of CSISA required a focused, time-boundapproach for tool development
Capability to take forwardimproved nutrient managementrecommendation across largeareas
Rice-Rice and Rice-Wheat
accounts for about 16 millionhectares in India only
Opportunities to work with morepartners and extending soundnutrient management information
through multiple channels
Output: Partnerships and dissemination tools in place for reaching numerous farmers
Indicator of success: Local extension persons contacting farmers with correct message
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
22/42
Drivers of Nutrient Expert Developmentin India
Requirement of dissemination tool for large scaleadoption of SSNM in areas practicing generalizedfertilizer recommendation, including CSISA operationalarea
Requirement of a nutrient management DSS that canhandle differing tillage and residue managementscenarios
Scope for developing NE in Rice, Maize and Wheat in asystem perspective
Support from partner Institutes and scientists for NE
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
23/42
How did we proceed to develop NutrientExpert for Wheat and Maize
Rigorous in-house discussion on the framework of NE
Field visits across growing areas to understand the productionsystem and growing conditions
Intensive discussion with NARES, University, CG Institutescientists to modify/improve the developed framework
Use of local experimental data and one-on-one contact withnational scientists to optimize input parameters
Validation trials with wide range of partners and in-season fieldvisits to understand performance of the tool against existing
practices
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
24/42
Overview A new, computer-based decision support tool
developed to assist local experts to quickly formulate
fertilizer guidelines for wheat and tropical hybrid
maize
Follows the principles of site-specific nutrient
management (SSNM) (Witt et al. 2009)
Allows scientists and extension experts to jointlydevelop novel nutrient management strategies for
evaluation
Nutrient Expert for Wheat and Hybrid Maize
C. Witt, J.M. Pasuquin, M.F. Pampolino, R.J. Buresh, and A. Dobermann. 2009. A manual for the development and participatory
evaluation of site-specific nutrient management for maize in tropical, favorable environments. International Plant Nutrition
Institute, Penang, Malaysia. http://seap.ipni.net
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
25/42
Nutrient Expert for wheat and Hybrid Maize helps to: Evaluate farmers current nutrient management practices
Develop an optimal planting density (Maize) for a location
Set a meaningful yield goal based on attainable yield
Estimate fertilizer NPK rates required for the selected yield
goal
Translate fertilizer rates into available fertilizer sources
Develop an application strategy for fertilizers (right rate, right
source, right location, right time)
Compare costs and benefits between the farmers current
practice and the recommended practice
What can the software do?
Nutrient Expert for Wheat
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
26/42
Nutrient Expert for WheatVersion 1.0 Settings About Help Exit
Nutrient Expert for wheat helps you to: evaluate current nutrient management practices determine a meaningful yield goal based on attainable yield estimate fertilizer NPK rates required for the selected yield goal translate fertilizer NPK rates into fertilizer sources develop an application strategy for fertilizers (right rate, right source, right location, right time), and compare the expected or actual benefit of current and improved practices.
CurrentFFP & Yield
SSNMRates
Sources &Splitting
ProfitAnalysis
To start, click a button
First time user? Working in a new location? Make sure to have the Settings right!
Developed in 2010 for validation in 2010-11 wheat season
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
27/42
Nutrient Expert for wheat validation
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
28/42
Wheat NE Validation Results
State Tillage Cropping System NutrientExpert
StateRecommendation
Farmers
Practice
Bihar(n = 11)
Conventional Rice-Wheat 3898 3267 3632
UttarPradesh(n = 16)
Conventional Pearl millet-Wheat 5640 5224 5848#
Haryana
(n = 15)
Conventional Rice-Wheat 4744 4528 4189
Haryana(n = 15)
Zero till Rice-Wheat 5072 4722 4439
Punjab(n = 6)
Conventional Rice-Wheat 4881 4219 4031
Punjab
(n = 8)
Zero till Rice-Wheat 5050 4404 4198
Punjab(n = 4)
Zero till Cotton-Wheat 5700 5050 4583
Punjab(n = 4)
Conventional Cotton-Wheat 5117 4867 4208
# Ample NPK application treatment, part of omission plot studies
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
29/42
Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize-South Asia
Ready for validation trials in coming rainy season
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
30/42
Farmers yield will be used : as basis for suggesting a yield goal for estimating benefits in Profit Analysis
Farmers fertilizer practice will be used: for estimating costs in Profit Analysis
Farmers Fertilizer Practice
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
31/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
32/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
33/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
34/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
35/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
36/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
37/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
38/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
39/42
Suggested fertilizer splitting(rates and timing)
Fertilizer rates are adjusted to field size
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
40/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
41/42
-
8/3/2019 Nutrient Management Strategies for CA Ludhiana July 2011
42/42
[email protected]:www.ipni.net
mailto:[email protected]://www.ipni.net/http://www.ipni.net/mailto:[email protected]