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Page 1: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

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NUSC Tishnical Report 5341

Numerical Solutions of Initial Value Problems

Lmm Systems Analysis D«partm«nt

G. 23 July W6

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.A UMOmWATIII SVSTIM8 CBMTIII

•mm i

S' ■ i. •

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Approved for public ralMw; distribution unlimited

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Page 2: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

PREFACE

This work was supported by NUSC as a con- tinuation of long-term educational support for the author's dissertation (NUSC TR 4775, May 1974). The author wishes to thank Professor Stanley Preiser, Philip Hsiang. and Robert Casal of the Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York and Mr. J. L. Malone of Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Annapolis, Maryland. These men evaluated the author's technique on the IBM 360/370 and the CDC 6600 and validated his computations which had been performed on the Univac 1108.

The Technical Reviewer for this report was Dr. Sung-Hwan Ko. Code 316.

EWED AND APPROVED: 23 July 1976

W. L. Citarwatort \aaociala Tachnlcal Olrtctor

Plans and Analysis

-.

The author of this report la located at the Mew London Laboratory. Naval Underwater Syatema Center,

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Page 3: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

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&l <^ TITLE ("«"rf SubldUJ

( NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF INITIAI. VALUE /. PROBLEMS,. *

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE nr

41 / 2. OOVT ACCCUION NO,

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AUTHOHf»)

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Naval Underwater Systems Center New London LaboxatoiY New London^ CT 06320

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Numerical Method» Nonlinear Multlstep InluM^alue Problems MethooJK ' Differential Equations Linear Muitlfetep Methods Sttfflquatlons v FORTRAN Program for NLMS

StelJsSize^' Com^ef Solution cf

Differential EquatlonsN

M AUTRACT (Contlmi» an MTOTM »tarn II («••••Mrr a* Httlltr *f »»••» m»>"J

' ^A family of nonlinear multlstep (NLMS) numerical methods has been developed that Is particularly effective for solving stiff ordinary differential equations. These methods offer the advantages of avoiding small step sizes and being A-stable In the Dahlqulst sense. These advantages over existing conventional and stiff methods have been demonstrated by the present author with a number of test cases. These same _J;

\ i

1 1

DO , ^STr. 1473 for?/? JB

Page 4: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

V

*. ^-^ ^methods

20. (Cont'd)

can also be used to solve nouasympto tic ally stable differential equations since they are a generalization of Linear Multistep (LMS) methods.

^ ^kn This report presents a detailed formulation of NLMS methods and discusses a

FORTRAN V computer package specifically developed to implement NLMS methods. The package, also available in ANSI FORTRAN, is presently operational on Univac 1108, IBM 360/370, and CDC 6600 computers. Several desirable features are included in the computer program, namely, a fixed or variable step size, self-start, a selection of characteristic polynominal coefficients, predict-and-correct m times, and the inclusion of LMS methods. ^Whenever matrix A is a function of t, a periodic de- composition technique is emplAreck. Otherwise, a decomposition technique can be selected by the user. Nonline^nnütistep methods and their associated features constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The validity of NLMS methods has been proved theoretically while the effectiveness of the computer program will be supported by the numerical evidence to be presented.

/

Page 5: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

'1 1

i

I

TR 5341

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 3

3. FORMULATION 5

4. STEP SIZES OF NLMS METHODS 13

5. FEATURES 17 5.1 Variable Step Size and Fixed Step Size 17 5.2 The PCm Procedure 17 5.3 Self-Starting 18 5.4 Selection of Characteristic Coefficients a 18 5.5 A as a Function of t 21 5.6 Inclusion of LMS Methods 21 5.7 Miscellaneous Features 22

6. PROGRAMMING ASPECTS 23 6.1 Notes to Users 23 6.2 Formats of User-Supplied Subroutines 25

7. USER'S GUTOE 33

8. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND INPUT SETUPS 35 8.1 Problem Identification 35 8.2 Selection of Test Problems 35 8.3 Problems, Input Setups, and Solutions 36

9. CONCLUSIONS 57

10. REFERENCES 59

APPENDIX NLMS COMPUTER PROGRAMS .... A-l

* i/ii

Page 6: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

TR 5341

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS

1. INTRODUCTION

To solve nonstlff differential equations, the conventional Runge-Kutta and linear multistep methods are typicn'ly employed. These conventional methods are impractical for solving stiff equations because prohibitively small step sizes are required for accuracy. To overcome this difficulty, nonlinear multistep (NLMS) methods can be applied; NLMS methods have been shown to have advantages over existing stiff methods. It is desirable to be prepared with a variety of effective methods for handling both stiff and nonstiff equations. The search for such an efficient program will probably never end. To be effective, a package must be reliable, easy to modify, and convenient to use. In addition, other features are desirable. To satisfy these needs, the NLMS method was developed. It Is now known that strongly stable NLMS methods are consistent and, therefore, convergent. The complete theory of NLMS methods has been published.

This report will first outline some preliminary considerations and assumptions and then describe the formulation of NLMS methods along with the various built-in features. Since the principal objective was to solve stiff equations, variable-order techniques were not utilized because NLMS methods of all orders were considered to be effective.

The various features are described and illustrated by problems. A section of numerical results describes the selection of these problems from well-known sources, categorizes them in various classes, and then summarizes their characteristics in tabular form. Various NLMS methods are applied to solve these problems with given initial values. The computed solutions are next compared with exact solutions. The computational accuracy Is measured mainly by relative error, which will be defined in the next sec- tion. An error of 10~10 is used as an upper bound to acceptable performance in test examples. Numerical results are printed out to eight significant digits. The User's Guide is intended to help the user become familiar with the inputs. To assist in this objective, the way to start a problem with various sample setups is described within each test problem. Only FORTRAN V Inputs are described since ANSI FORTRAN inputs are made optional to the user. The usage of a few user-supplied or optional sub- routines is also described within each test problem, which exercises various

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1 i«

TR 5341

options. Programs were originally written in FORTRAN V language and checked out on the Univac 1108 computer using double-precision arithmetic by means of the EXEC 8 operating system.

These programs are also available on IBM 360/370 and CDC 6600 In FORTRAN. A version of the program is made available in ANSI FORTRAN, where the external and the adjustable dimensions were purposely eliminated. Detailed operational descriptions of the IBM and CDC machines are not in- cluded. In the appendix, a program listing of both FORTRAN V and ANSI FORTRAN are given.

/

Page 8: Numerical Solutions a of Initial Value Problems · 2016. 5. 5. · constitute a powerful means for solvkng initial value problems of stiff, nonstiff, linear, and nonlinear ordinary

TR 5341

2. PREUMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

In this section, we define the problems under consideration, give the norm used for comparison, and state some assumptions.

1. Let us consider the initial value problem of a system of first- oi'der ordinary differential equations of the form

y^Kt-y); y(t0)=y0. (2.1)

which can also be written as

y'=Ay + g(t,y) ; y(t )=y 1 * * * T o Yo (2.2)

in the region R, defined by -•o<a <t<b<«> ; |iy||<«». The matrix A is

nonsingular, either a constant or a function of t. We assume that our initial value problems satisfy the conditions required by the existence and uniqueness

theorem; therefore, f and g both satisfy a Lipschitz condition with Lipschitz

constants L* and L, respectively, and f is continuous in R.

2. Subject to the consideration 1., we consider only first-order equations. This is not a restriction because higher order equations can always be decomposed into a system of first-order equations. Equations that are stiff, nonstiff, linear, nonlinear, homogeneous, and nonhomogeneous are all taken into consideration. We regard every problem as a system of equations.

3. Let yc be a computed solution vector andyE be an exact solution

vector. The norm used here to measure the error is defined as follows:

ylL"i5J|yiip = T |yj'- ^

We define the relative error E to mean

„ max E= i

c E (2.4)

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TR 5341

In the event that an absolute error

definition: max

is considered, It possesses the following

E = i

(yj) -üj E

(2.5)

/

i.

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'..r«j--r-.*>.v ■-•''."'M :"': ";-.- -.-s . ■ ■

TR 5341

-;

3. FORMULATION

2 The linear multlstep methods of step K can be expressed by

K K

E-tyn+1-IVn+i- (3.1)

where a+0, I at l+|ß |>0, and « and p are constants Independent of mesh

size h. An LMS method can solve equation (2.1) effectively when ö'/ay is small.

A generalization of equation (3.1) leads fo the NLMS methods of step K in tLi form

.■■-

a eAh<K-i) y = h f ♦ (Ah) « i=0 * yn+i £3 *Kl(Ah) «n+i

(3.2)

where a ^O. | * | +| ^ (♦KO ^MI> 0» andai are indeP611*16111 of h. but

^Ki ^^ are ft1110**0118 0t h and nonsingular A. (The Generalized Adams-

Bashforth (GAB) and the Generalized Adams-Moulten (GAM) methods for K = 1, 2 are suggested by the work of Certaine.3)

The NLMS methods are designed to solve equation (2) effectively when

|*V«y|| = ||A+ 89/ | is large. For A, which Is a constant matrix, we

write equation (2.2) as

-At -At dt

(e y)-e ^•gft.y); y(t0)=yc (3.3)

I

Integration of equation (3.3) over the Interval t t t 1 gives

y<W y<y + | • n

n+i XWl-t') g(f,y)df. (3.4)

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TR 5341

'1

Expressing fl/M w, .

h' and, next,

y(t iAh n+i)= e y(tn) + £ 1^ (Ah) 0)

where ^(TTT-» (tn. y(V^

n+i

We define the

e^ -t')

n

nonJinear mi ^ultistep operator

% fyW.'hJtobe

i«o y(t + ih)

(3.5)

0.6)

-h

E^ding g(t + ih ^ ^

£ *Ki ^ »(t + ih. yh 1 = 0

Po^rs ofh at t»t yields

^ we substitute mu y^ih)ino •<t + ,h'y) u »J-7), weofrfoi-

J - 0

wÄ,into^on(3.r)

(3.7)

(3.8)

^^^•«tlono.s) for

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■--.•^'*tlI**i«-:-"---. / I

TR 5341

v

,

XN[y(t)iH]=EvÄh(K"i,pAhy+£4^,»(l)]

1=0 |j=0 J

K

E i=0

Ah(K-i) I Ah, + Z C. (Ah) a.e ' 'e - y\+ ^ C, (Ah) g

) J=0 (j)

where

C (Ah^fVe*1^-1) r«J

i=0

(Ah)

J

K

i=0 J! tKi(Ah)

A consistent NLMS method is said to be of order p if

By mathematical induction, it is seen that

AJ+1 *i ^ weiAh.f jiAh^ J! P. '

J8=O

Therefore,

-A^e^f.^-"^^ 1=0 i=0

J+l K

*%-••£ iJ*Kim.o. i=0

(3.9)

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TR 5341

A method of equation (3.2) Is said to be consistent If

max n

Ah (K-i) K

1=0 *n+r

hI>Ki<*h>«n+i 1-0

is small as h — 0 .

The requirement thatt (Ah) =0 forJ ^ 0. ^ • • •. P yields the consistency and permits formulating the NLMS method in the following matrix form:

l^ -HK* ,

where E, ^ , H , K, and ^ are described by the expanded forms of both explicit and implicit forms.

(3.10)

In expanded forms, the explicit schemes satisfy

I + Ah

I

I + KAh

'*oe KAh

aie (K-l)Ah

■ S ^ ■ %.*& W

01

(A^ 1!

o

o

(P-l)!,

I I ...

0 I

• •

0 I

(K-l)I

v-irlh

K0

♦ Kl

K,K-l

(3.11)

—w—www

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and the Implicit schemes satisfy

KAh

TR 5341

I+Ah I + KAh

f iAh£ f fiCAhl!

^0 m! "" £*> m!

%(K-l)Ah

fAh 0!

£$1 1!

o

o

m.

i i

0 I

(3.12) We determine4 (Ah) without loss of generality by selecting« = 1

Kl K

and then requiring that the condition of strong stability be realized in selecting a . The + (Ah) are determined using the above matrix formula, which can

be considered as a matrix equation for the K-step, pth-order method (K>1, p £0). Below we show that + (Ah) can be determined by. first,

Ki listing the formulas for the remaining^ (Ah), and second, exhibiting an

Ki explicit NLMS method of order 2. From formula (3.10) for nonsingular H and K , we get

♦ - - K"1 H"1 I*. T (3.13)

where + is a vector of dimension (K-l) or K, depending upon whether the scheme is explicit or implicit. Explicit schemes are the following:

K - D - 1. * fAhl a -fAhl"1 fa e h + n (3-14) l.*lt0(Ah)

! ^

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. . ,. "1

TR 5341

K=p=2. *2,o^ = -(Ah)-2[tfo(Ah-De^-.ieAh.(I+Ah)](3i5)

l o + a 1(l+Ah)e +(i+2Ah)](3. 16)

K=p^3. ♦3 , 0^) = - <Ah)"3 [« 0 (I - fAh+^^e3^

Ah. 2Ah 2

Ah Ah (3.17)

-21 + (Ah) 2)e2Ah

^i^—)e '-2a+^e-+I + |Ah + (Ah)2]

*3>l*h>''-<*)'3[~**0(l-Ah)e*Ah+*iH

-2«2(I+Ah)eAh-(2I + 4Ah + 3(A}l)2)]i ^^

♦ 3i2(Ah) = - (Ah)"3 [ao (i -^VAh + ^ (I +M)e2 Ah

^2 (I + |Ah + (Ah)2^ . (i+-5Ah + 3 (Ah)2)] Implicit schemes are the following:

K«p=l.

♦lil(Ah)=.<Ah)-2[tfoeAhMi+Ahj

K = p» 2,

♦2r0(Ah)--^)'a[%a-fAh+(Ah)2)e2Ah

♦ 2(1(Äh)--(Ahr3 [•o(-2I + 2Ah)e2Ah

(3.19)

(3.20)

(3.21)

(3. 22)

(3. 23)

10

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TR 5341

Ah . 2Ah

♦2 2 (Ah) = - (Ah)- [^a-f-Je2^..^^,

+ (I + |Ah+(Ah)V .

K= p = 3.

♦a n (Ah) . - (Ah)"4

Ah

(3. 24)

3,0

♦ 3^ (Ah)--(Ah)

0(-I + 2Ah-il(Ah)2 + (Ah)3)e3Ah

•.(^Ah-i^je^^^^i^)

(-1-Ah-I (Ah)2)

«o/3I-5Ah + 3(Ah)2)e3Ah

^^ai^-l^)2.^)3)«2^

+ «2|3I+Ah-(Ah)2)ei

+ (3I + 4Ah + |(Ah)2]

Ah

(3.25)

(3.26)

♦3>2(Ah).-(Ah) r0 (-31 + 4Ah -| (Ah)2) e3Al

+ ÄJ (-3I+Ah+ (Ah)2) e2^

+ «2(-3I-2Ah + i(Ah)2+(Ah)3)eAh

+ (-3I-5Ah-3(Ah)2) (3.27)

♦ 3|3(Ah) = .(Ah)-4[ao(l.Ah + i(Ah)2)e3Ah.ai(I.i(Ah)2)e2Ah

^^Ah.i^V^Mi^Ahtf (Ab)2^)3,]^. 28)

11

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TR 5341

In the explicit case when K = p = 2, it is seen that

^(Ah,-2

W

'1 i«

I + Ah i+2Ah,

•2 (I+Ah)

^e"'+tti(l+A^Ah^2(I.2Ah)l

method which givet a2'1' ai--1.anda «oieadsto

(3.29) the GAB

2.0 e -a+Ah)

= -«Äh) -2

(3.30)

12

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TR 5341

it

4. STEP SIZES OF NLMS METHODS

Nonlinear multlstep methods are designed to avoid the use of small stepsizeswhere 9 (t,y) Is a slowly varying function that can be approximated by a low-order polynomial In t. To demonstrate this, we give an analysis below and show that a larger step size can be selected using NLMS methods than using LMS methods. From equation (3.2), since a ^ 0, we can write

k .

n+k a K ya .e*h{K-% .+h y v^)« Z^ 1 fn+i Z^ Kl •n+i 1-0 i-0

(4.1)

which is of the form

where y = y n+k"

y= G(y).

The successive iterative form gives

WY+1) = G(ym)

(0)

(4.2)

for any initial vectory

Let G(y) be defined for || y | < * , and let there exist a constant k

such that 0 < k < 1. Then, 6(y) satisfies the condition

l|G(y*)-G(y)|| < k||y *-y|| . (4.3)

Using the definition of G (y), formula (4.1), and the fact that g(t, y) satisfies

the Lipschitz condition with Lipschitz constant L, we see that condition (4.3) is satisfied by

k = h H KK (Ah)

for sufficiently small h and for all All <«

(4.4)

■»

13

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TR 5341

For the iterative procedure (4.2) to converge for arbitrary initial

.(0) y , k is required to be less than 1:

k < 1 - MI^KK^ L < 1. (4.5)

rK

Conventionally, when using LMS K-step methods with «„ ■■ 1» we select h such that

ßK hL*~k (<!). (4.6)

Similaiy, for NLMS K-step methods, we select h to satisfy condition (4.5):

♦KK^ hNL^k' (4.7)

Combining (4,6) and (4.7), we see that

>i

hN = *KK ~1 (Ah N) -K^ "•

(4.8)

-1 For 11 ♦ * (Ah ß not too small, we know that L* »L; therefore,

h >> h. This tells us that we can choose a much larger step size using NLMS

then we can choose using LMS.

The quantity h can be selected to satisfy

hN <

In the event that

W ^v) KK ^ N'

JUL ay

dy (4.9)

= 0, we can use a large h . This

advantage is demonstrated by the problem below.

We use problem 1 from section 8.3 to demonstrate the step size choice. The problem is

y'=-looy+ (1 + t2); y(0)= 1 .

Table 4-1 compares two methods of solution.

14

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TR 5341

Table 4-1. Comparison of Two Methods for Solving Problem 1

Adams- Bashforth

Explicit NLMS Remarks

8F 8y

100 0 | f (t, y) AB

f ~ J for Ig(t.y) NLMS

Step Number 3 3

Step Size 2'8 2.5 h^ = 640h

Tmax 10 10

Solution Vector .1008 0020 + 01 . 1008 0020 + 01

Exact Solution .1008 0020 +01

Total Steps 2560 1

15/16

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TR 5341

5. FEATURES

5.1 VARIABLE STEP SIZE AND FIXED STEP SIZE

Variable step size is a desirable feature that is Incorporated Into this approach. By controlling the step size, the solution may be obtained quicker through the use of a larger step size. In some instances, the user may desire to examine the solution at a specified time value. The variable-step-size technique may not meet this requirement because a larger step can often bypass that point. This is commonly encountered In all variable-step-size programs. Although NLMS metl ods are designed to avoid the use of small step sizes, the program Is designed with this option. However, the user can still use the variable step size If he desires and select the maximum step size HMAX.

To exercise this option, we require that the Indicator IPC be de- fined as follows:

IPC = 0: fixed step size with INDEX =

m IPC ^ 0: variable step size; PC .

0 explicit

1 Implicit

If the present step size h needs a change. It is changed by an amount rh where 1/2 < r s 2. To save computing time, we change h by halving or doubling, depending upon the need. This is handled automatically by the program.

An example to demonstrate this feature Is given In problem 1 of section 8.3. Closely connected with the varlable-step-slze procedure Is the PC1" procedure, which will be described I« the next section.

m 5.2 THE PC PROCEDURE

The PC procedure stands for "predict and correct m times." This procedure has been widely used to achieve efficiency. Henrlcl2 discussed a single correction. Others feel that correction may be needed more than once. It is frequently true that a good predictor needs but a single correction. In this package, we set the upper bound of m to be 3.

It should be noted that when NLMS methods are applied to solve stiff equations, when g Is a function of t alone or Is a constant, the PCm procedure may not be needed.

17

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TR 3341

5.3 SELF-STARTING

The possibility of missing starting values is common with all multistep methods. The missing values have to be provided by an independent method. The Runge-Kutta and Adam-Bashforth methods are often used as starters. The self-starting procedure is provided here by using NLMS or LMS first- order methods. As mentioned previously, NLMS methods allow the use of large step size to solve stiff equations; therefore, we shall adopt the explicit NLMS methods of order one as a starter for solving stiff equations. The Adams-Bashforth first-order method Is used as a starter for solving nonstlff equations, which requires the use of a very small step size. In the above case, LMS methods are called for and the self-starting procedure requested. It Is suggested that the user specify a small Initial step size to achieve satisfactory accuracy.

In most Instances, the use of NLMS explicit methods of order one to self-start Is recommended because these methods are a good starter and, most of all, because the step size Is not restricted; the only requirement is that the g function must be defined. To do this, a simple modification can be Incorporated in the START subroutine. The user can save the indica- tor, METHOD, from the argument and set it to 1 after entry, then reset METHOD to the original state before RETURN.

5.4 SELECTION OF CHARACTERISTIC COEFFICIENTS «^

The characteristic polynomial of LMS methods takes the form

K

P(t)= 2 " i ti=o. aK = 1' (5-1)

1=0

Let C be the loots of (5.1). The relationship

K K

1 = 0

(5.2)

18

Mi

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enables us to express or as a function of t ; the £ determine the root condi-

tion and, thus, the stability. In this manner, after the t. are chosen to

satisfy the root condition of stability, the <» can be determined.

For NLNS methods, first we determine ♦ (Ah), which are dependent Ki

on a ,, as given by formulas (3,14) - (3. 28). After ♦ (Ah) are determined, l Ki

the numerical solution Is calculated by means of formula (3.2), which Is dependent on a

For LMS methods, the a are usually tabulated. One should note

that, in formula (2.2), if A - O , NLMS methods reduce to LMS methods.

If we multiply (3.9) by [(Ah)^1]' and let || All-* 0, we get

f

(5.3)

For j=0, 1,... ,p-l, equation (5.3) gives a formulation of the LMS methods of order p. The matrix form is

1 ...

o i^ IL 21 '" 2!

1^ Pi

/:

.P-l

(p-l)l ••• (P-1)I

(5.4)

Using (5.4), we can express ß ("4 fd) a8 a function of « . We proceed * Ki i

by using the explicit LMS methods of order 2 whose ß coefficients are

(::) \ V2 +2a2/- (5.5)

19

n B s

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The selection of two roots, 0 and 1, leads to strong stability and gives

a - 0, a = -1 nnd O = 1. This Implk-s that OX t*

'7

ßf -1/2

ß, 3/2

which gives the Adams-Baahforth method of order two. The author is unaware of any program that allows a user to select Ot . One does not

1 need to make a choice when using tabulated a values. He has found that

the selection of roots of the characteristic polynomial can minimize the initial local discretization error C , • Therefore, the selection of a , may

p+1 l aid in studying the minimization of C . This is still an open problem.

p+1 Hence, this option may not be immediately exercised, but it Is available when needed.

Dille rent characteristic roots satisfying the root condition give the characteristic coefficients Of Different families of Implicit NLMS methods

of order two are selected to solve problem 3 In section 8. These families, their characteristic roots, and the associated characteristic coefficients are Identified by the following:

1. Strongly Stable Generalized-Adams Family

o 0'ai "

characteristic roots: 0,1 characteristic coefficients: a o2 = l.

2. Strongly Stable Family

characteristic roots: 1/2, 1 characteristic coefficients; O - 1,2, O

3. Weakly Stable General! zed-Milne Family

-3/2, a2-i

/

characteristic roots: -1,1 characteristic coefficients: a

0 -1. V0. 02 = 1

20

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'1

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5.5 A AS A FUNCTION OF t

Consider the initial value problem

y'-A(t)y+ g(t.y); y(t0) = yo (5.6)

over the interval ft , t + nh 1 . We periodically decompose equation (5.6) into

where

y'= Aft.) y+ 9(t.y); /(y = y0. (5.7)

9(t.y) A(t) -A^.) y+g(t,y). (5.8)

such that Re I X (A(t.)) | < 0. We periodically evaluate A(t) at t = t.. The

requirement that Re | X (A(t.)) ( < 0 can be realised by construction and can

be assured since Re | X (A(t))) < 0 for all t. The property of g(t, y) can

still be maintained for small h since j| A(t) - A(t.) || is small and can be con-

trolled by the step size. In cases where the user possesses prior knowledge /

about the problem, he can introduce a constant A and use the same decomposi-

tion technique and perhaps obtain quicker and more precise results. This is not to say decomposition is unique.

5.6 INCLUSION OF LMS METHODS 1

As a part of this package LMS methods are included, whose step numbers are chosen to be compatible with the same step numbers used for NLMS methods that do not exceed order three. The application of LMS methods is indicated by an indicator, METHOD, which has the following definition:

METHOD 0, LMS methods

1, NLMS methods.

The inclusion of LMS methods is merely an option. The reader is asked to consult reference 4 for an efficient implementation of the Adams

21

1 ■ qjg B '

—— --JW—■»■■■—■

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methods. However, the LMS methods incorporated in this package cover a complete linear multistep family rathei than an Adams family alone.

r).7 MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES

i

1. For solving stiff equations, ifg(t,y) = g(t). i.e., independent

of y, no correction is needed. To exercise this feature, set the indicator

EPC equal to zero so that unnecessary computations are avoided.

2. If the stiff equation to be solved is homogeneous and A is a con- ic

stant matrix, there is no need to calculate h / ♦^.(Ah)a • By setting the jtm^i Ki "n+i

i=0

K

indicator IGFN equal to zero, the program will bypass the h / ., + (Atl)g 1=0

computation loop. In the event that A is a function of t, even if the

system is homogeneous, theng (t, y) = O must be defined in the GFN subroutine.

3. A user's starter can be supplied to replace the START through either the argument or the complete replacement of the subroutine.

Subroutine INVERT can be treated in the same manner as above.

x

22

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6. PROGRAMMING ASPECTS

6.1 NOTES TO USERS

1. Double precision arithmetic Is used for all computations.

2. Subroutines not used by the user can be ignored. They are well- defined Internally.

3. Subroutines that are required to be supplied by the user musl no^ be Ignored In order to obtain correct computations.

a. If NLMS methods are used, GFN must be supplied, except 9(t.y) =0(IGFN = 0).

b. If LMS methods are used, PEN must be supplied.

c. If A is a function of t, AFNT must be defined.

4. The solution vector is either in YNEW(i) or Y(KSTEP + 1, l). The associated t^ is in TEA. The user who desires to output his results can incorporate the desired output format into PRINT subroutine.

5. The existing Unlvac 1108 EXEC 8 library matrix inversion sub- routine DGJR is used for test problems.

6. Certain detections to Inputs are provided in FORTRAN V programs. Default values are assigned to protect a great number of inputs. This advan- tage can be used since the inputs are defined on NAMELIST. However, this advantage is not applicable to ANSI FORTRAN users; their inputs must be supplied correctly.

7. Meanings of a few special indicators in DIFEQ:

Indicators, brought to the DIFEQ program through the CALL argument, are IG, IV, INDEX, IAT. These are normal indicators. |

IG I I 9(t. y)=0. IV I . .. ^ .. I a variable step size is used. T^TTA^-u- ) Indicates whether or l *u ^ i- Lu^i* INDEX i la method is explicit. IAT I I A is a function of t.

/

23

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Other than these indicators, there are a few indicators specially used by DIFEQ to produce computational efficiency and accuracy. Their meanings need to be explained.

,ni LMT. Normal use is to define LMT ^ m ^ 3 when a varlable-step-slze,

PC"" procedure is used. To ensure this, LMT is set to 3 initially. In the event a fixed-step-size, implicit method is asked for, we make use of this indicator to yield the following control.

a. When IV 0 and INDEX is asked for.

1, a fixed-step-size, Implicit method

b. After a complete calculation of the required implicit formula, LMT Is changed to contain 1. The purpose of this modifica- tion Is to Inform the program to predict the next y value In order to implicitly calculate theyn . This internal modifica- tion does not affect the subsequent calculations.

ITER. A counter for every successful corrector's convergence or every fixed-step calculation. To take advantage of this, this indicator Is designed to appear In the argument of PRINT, so that the user may use this information to control his printouts. As an example, if the user wants to print out results at every 100 successful calculations, he needs to define a statement in the PRINT program that reads:

IF(MOD(ITER,100) . EQ. 0)WRITE(4,12)H,T,(Y(L), L=1,N).

ISTEP. If a fixed step size Is used to proceed for subsequent computa- tions, the matrix exponentials and the determination of ^ (Ah)can be

Ki calculated only once. When a variable step size is used, It is necessary to calculate the matrix exponentials and to determine the ♦ (Ah)for every h,

Ki When the program finds a successful h that leads to the corrector's convergence as well as satisfying user's tolerance, we take a new approach: We can use the same h to proceed. If required conditions are met, for at most three calcula- tions; we then consider doubling the step size. Suppose we double the step size too soon. Then it Is necessary to calculate the matrix exponentials and to determine the^ (Ah). If this new h does not lead to the corrector's

convergence, all above computations are wasteful. Then we need somehow to use the matrix exponentials and the^ (Ah)for the old h. Without

Ki worrying about memory space, the old values can be saved; without worrying

24 I

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about computation time, the old values can be recalculated. Certainly, we cannot save both the time and the space simultaneously. Now, the reason that ISTEP is used to minimize cost becomes apparent. In the case of solv- ing stiff equations, chances are good for success, even if h is doubled. The user can take advantage of this by requiring the limit of ISTEP to be 1. The change to the program is almost trivial. The present setup doubles h after each successful calculation.

IMIN. To perform floating-point addition between T(l) and H, the difference between T(l) and H must be within the allowable significant digits of the computer. To maintain m significant digits In floating-point addition, the exponent (T(l)) minus the exponent (H) cannot exceed m. We define HMIN to mean h and to satisfy this range. In reality, even if the

Lipschltz constant Is large and even If the LMS methods are called for, HMIN will not fall outside of the significant digit range, and we can assign a larger h to avoid excessive computations. Once this safeguard is built in, wnen H reaches HMIN more than three times, we will not continue. We will terminate the program with a message for the user to tell him what to do. The variable IMIN Is defined to count how many times H reached HMIN.

8. Even though programs work for the same computer in different locations, the Input/output (I/O) units may differ In number; users are ad- vised to make sure that the unit numbers are In agreement with the program.

6. 2 FORMATS OF USER-SUPPUED SUBROUTINES

A few optional subroutines must be supplied by the user under certain conditions. These conditions are listed below along with their required formats.

1. INVERT. This Is a matrix inversion subroutine, called by NLMS methods whose CALL statement has the format

CALL INVERT (A, N, B),

where

A Is an (n x n) matrix

N Is the order of matrix A

B contains the A inverse after exit.

25

/

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As an example, using an existing Univac 1108 library subroutine DGJR (Gauss- Jordan Reduction), the structure of INVERT should look like

SUBROUTINE INVERT (A, N, ANS) PARAMETER NR=20, NC=20 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), ANS (NR, NC) DIMENSION V (2), JC (NC) V (1) = 1.D0 DO 1 I » 1, N DO 1J = 1, N

1 ANS (I, J) = A (I, J) CALL DGJR (ANS, NR, NC, N, N, $10, JC, V) RETURN

10 WRITE (4, 2) 2 FORMAT (3X,'MATRIX INVERSION ERROR»)

RETURN END

2. BEGIN. This subroutine supplies initial values. It is required if the self-starting procedure is not used. Its CALL statement has the format

FORTRAN V: CALL BEGIN (K, H, N, Y, YN, YOLD, INVERT, IT, METHOD, IAT)

ANSI FORTRAN: CALL START (K, H, N, Y, YN, YOLD, IT, METHOD, IAT),

/

where

K is the step number

H is the step size

N is the order of the system

Y is a two-dimensional array containing the initial values; at most, 4 rows, 20 columns.

YOLD is the same dimension as Y, used as a working storage.

INVERT s the name of a matrix inversion subroutine.

26

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IT is an indicator that indicates whether the calculation of a g-function is needed.

METHOD indicates use of either NLMS or LMS explicit of order one.

IAT indicates whether A is a function of t.

As an example, if one uses exact initial values for problem 5, section 8, the structure of BEGIN should look like this in FORTRAN V:

SUBROUTINE BEGIN (K,H,N,Y,YN,YOLD,INVERT, IT, METHOD,IAT) PARAMETER NR = 20, NO = 90 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A=H> O-Z) EXTERNAL INVERT COMMON A (NR, NC), ALPHA (4), T (NC) DIMENSION Y (4, NC), YN (N), YOLD (4, NC) H2 = T (1) + H H3 = H2 + H Y(2,l) = DEXP (-H2*H2/2.) - DEXP (-H2) +1.0 Y(3,l) = DEXP (-H3*H3/2.) - DEXP (-H3) + 1.0 RETURN END.

In ANSI FORTRAN, the structure should be as follows:

SUBROUTINE START (K,H,N,Y,YN, YOLD, IT, METHOD,IAT) COMMON A (20, 20), ALPHA (4), T (20) DIMENSION Y (4,20), YN (20), YOLD (4,20) DOUBLE PRECISION A, ALPHA, H, T, Y, YN, YOLD, H2, H3 H2 = T (1) +H H3 = H2 + H Y (2, 1) = DEXP (-H2*H2/2.D0) -DEXP (-H2) +1.D0 Y (3,1) = DEXP (-H3*H3/2.D0) -DEXP (-H3) +1.D0 RETURN END

3. GFN. This subroutine calculates the 9(t, y) at t = t for every

i. ft is required by NLMS methods only if the differential equation is non- homogeneous. Its CALL statement has the following format:

FORTRAN V: CALL GFN (G, H, N, Y, K, T, A, NR, NC) ANSI FORTRAN: CALL GFN (G, H, N, Y. K, T, A),

27

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where

G is a vector that contains calculated g function values

H equals the step size

N is the order of the system

Y is a two-dimensional array Y (I, J):l «I<4;; l^J^N

K equals the step number

T is a vector that contains time values

A is an (n x n) matrix

NR equals the number of rows of A

NC is the number of columns of A.

For example, to solve a system of two stiff equations, problem 3 of section 8, the structure of the GFN should be as follows in FORTRAN V:

SUBROUTINE GFN (G,H,N,Y,K,T, A, NR.NC) IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) G (1) = 1.0 G (2) = 1.0 RETURN END

The structure in ANSI FORTRAN should be as follows:

SUBROUTINE GFN (G,H,N,Y,K,T, A) DOUBLE PRECISION A (20, 20), Y (4, 20), G (20), T (20), H G(l) = 1.D0 G(2) = 1.D0 RETURN END

28

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"1

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4. FFN. This FFN subroutine calculates f (t, y), which is required

only byLMS methods. Its CALL statement has the format

where

CALL FFN (Y,N,FN,I),

Y is a 2-dimensional array Y (I, J);

1 « I ^ step number +1 ; 1 < J < N

N equals the order of the system

FN is a vector to store calculated f function values

I is the intermediate step index .

For example, to solve a system of two equations, problem 4 of section 8, using LMS methods, the structure of FFN should be as follows for FORTRAN V:

SUBROUTINE FFN (Y.N.FN.I) PARAMETER NR = 20. NC =20 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) COMMON A (NR, NC), ALPHA (4), T (NC) DIMENSION FN (1), Y (4, NC) FN (1) = Y (I, 2) FN (2) = -Y a. 1) RETURN END

For ANSI FORTRAN, the structure is

SUBROUTINE FFN (Y.N.FN.I) COMMON A (20. 20), ALPHA (4), T (20) DIMENSION FN (20), Y (4, 20) DOUBLE PRECISION A, ALPHA, FN, T, Y FN (1) « Y (I, 2) FN (2) = -Y (I. 1) RETURN END

29

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-

5. AFNT. This AFNT subroutine should be supplied by the user when A is a function of t. This subroutine calculates every A (t) at t ■ t .

Its CALL statement has the format

FORTRAN V: CALL AFNT (A.N.T.NR.NC) ANSI FORTRAN: CALL AFNT (A.N.T),

where

A is a two-dimensional array, A (NR, NC)

N equals the order of the matrix

T is a time variable

NR is the number of maximum rows of A

NC equals the number of maximum columns of A .

For example, to solve a system of one equation (problem 5) using an NLMS method of order 2, the structure of AFNT in FORTRAN V should be:

SUBROUTINE AFNT (A.N.T.NR.NC) DOUBLE PRECISION A (NR, NC), T A(l. 1) = -T RETURN END

In ANSI FORTRAN, it should be:

SUBROUTINE AFNT (A,N,T) DOUBLE PRECISION A (20, 20), T A (1,1)= -T RETURN END

6' PRINT. This PRINT is designed for the user» s convenience to output the results in his desired formats. Its CALL statement has the format

CALL PRINT (H^^N.I),

30

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'1 I

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where

H is the present step size

T is the present time step

Y is a one-dimensional array containing the current solution

N is the order of the system

I is an iteration counter.

For example, results are required to be printed out at t = 5 and 10 of problem 5 (section 8) along with exact solutions at the same time values. The PRINT statement can be designed as follows:

SUBROUTINE PRINT (H.T.Y.N.I) DOUBLE PRECISION H, T, Y (1)

12 FORMAT (IX, 2 (E15.8, 2X), 4X, 5 (E15.8, 2X)) IF (T-4. 995D0) 84,84,83

83 IF (T-5. 005D0) 1184,1184,85 85 IF (T-9. 995D0) 84,84,86 86 IF (T-10. 005D0) 1184,1184,84

1184 WRITE (4,12) H, T, (Y(J), J = 1, N) CALL EXACT (T.Y)

84 RETURN END

31/32 REVERSE BLANK

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■*,,-

MWPg

m—m

TR 5341

7. USER'S GUIDE

The following table gives the options, the default conditions, and the input indicators available.

Table 7 -1. User' s Guide

| Option Default

Condition 1 Input Indicator 1

A is a function of t 0 IAT ^ 0

| ERR 0.1D-11

| F-function (FFN) 0 Called by LMS only if 1 METHOD =0 1

final time TMAX 1

fixed step size

IP(

INDEX =

" = 1 and i

0 Explicit

1 Implict 1

1 G-function (GFN) 0

IGFN

- 0 not needed 1

% 0 need for stiff j eqs. |

INDEX 0 B

0 Explict |

1 Implitict |

initial time T(l) 1

INVERT user-supplied matrix j inversion j

-,

/

33

TP c;<*4i

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!' ■■ an i»» "*■ tgimm""'T m"~"

TR 534]

Table 7-1. User's Guide (cont)

'1

Option Default

Condition Input Indicator

KSTEP, step number 1 KSTEP

METHOD 1 s

0 LMS

1NLMS

pcm 0 IPC = 1 or IAT 4 0,

m = 3

START self-starting User-supplied starter

step size 0.01 H

step size (maximum) 0.1 HMAX

variable step size IPC = 1

initial vector YZERO

•l GAB-GAM ALPHA

order of the system N

34

^yn MM •■".—^.■..-»■^

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"1

8. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND INPUT SETUPS

8.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

An ordinary differential equation is said to belong to the class (N, S, H, L) if it satisfies the following definitions:

0 first order

1 higher order

0 nonstiff

1 stiff

N

S =

H = 0 homogeneous

1 nonhomogeneous

0 linear in

1 nonlinear in.

For example, the equation

0 1 y; y (0)

Ul 0

is a flrst-ordBr, nonstiff, homogeneous, linear differential equation. There-

fore it belongs to (0,0,0,0).

8.2 SELECTION OF TEST PROBLEMS 6-11

Seven test problems have been selected from various sources' in order to illustrate the different options. At least one feature is exercised in each problem. The exact start will be used for most test problems. The formats of user-supplied subroutines are described within each problem in FORTRAN V language. The main body of ANSI FORTRAN is the same as FORTRAN V of each subroutine; therefore, the ANSI FORTRAN version is

35

--)

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TR 5341

omitted. For exact ANSI FORTRAN formats, the user can consult the ANSI FORTRAN in the appendix. Table 8-1 itemizes the seven problems, which are then each discussed in detail.

8.3 PROBLEMS, INPUT SETUPS, AND SOLUTIONS

Problem 1

y = -loo y+ (i + T); y(o) = 1.

Exact Solution

y^-ir^-1-^^«2'2 100 1003

-200t + 2).

Classification

Eigenvalues of A

Method Applied

(0,1,1,0),

1-100 |

Implicit NLMS of order 3 with fixed step size. Linear multistep of order 3 with PCm procedure.

Step Size Used

1.25 and 2.5 for NLMS. Variable s jep size for LMS with Initial h = 0.01.

Time Interval

Special Features Exercised

Fixed step size. Variable step size.

36

[0, 10]

/

i

TR 5341

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TR 5341

en

e a*

ü (X

0) H c o >

0) x: H

i

I

11 <ü o \ u iH o OS 0> I

i i 0» ■s ^ ^.i) i M >

cd 0)

^ g ao

a ä § 0) 4) 0 LH

3 V h J ^ -1 ^ UJ Ü X

1 "0 1 ^ c cd "S «t-i « w lH j

! a o

'S T3

^ 1 •8

e

1-1

KJ o

u \ § -tS VH ä (N •«-> eo +* <N O 0 0

1 ü o a u 5 K •Si U M CQ CQ 'S OT r-t 4) r-4 4) 'S ai 5 *s 5 1

1 0 IS II ^"2 W O H o i Ö

1 ^ •*-» •^s

X J X ö- s 0 in

c o £ e Ä | 0) 0) O 01 0» 0)

1 1 •M

1 < X

M

1 | ^S1

Ä» cd

13 n 73 »—1 73 -a 1 ^ 2 2 2 21 £ g |

w •■H

. *—. *-* ^^ ir- ! o o o o o o i-^ o 'i rft * p ■t •> •> •> * ! i co rH rH fH o r-t iH lH rH i

•2 » ■■ «, •k •■ M M "

lH PH o o o ^ rH H o * ^ M » •> * *

o o o lH o o rH o SS-

Lfi 6 ■p <m «J rH N M N l-H fH "* 1 HOW

^

s 1 0) .

Pro

bl

No

tH N es ■* m «0 t* 1

37

TR 5341

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'1 I

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Special Features Exercised (cont)

Exact start. PCm procedure.

FORTRAN V Inputs Set-Up

Fixed step size, implicit NLMS of order 3.

$INPUTS N=l, KSTEP=3, ALPHA(1)«0.D0, O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0, T(1)«0.D0, TMAX=.1D2, YZERO(l)=l.D0, A(1,1)=-1.D2, H^l^SDO, IGFN=1, IPC=0, METHOD=l, INDEX« 1,

$END

Variable step size, LMS of order 3.

$INPUTS N=l, KSTEP=3, ALPHA(l)=0.DO, O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0, T(1)=0D0, TMAX=.1D2, YZERO(l)=l.D0, ERR».ID-11, H-.lD-a, HMAX=.lD-2, IPC=1, METHOD-0. INDEX=0

$END

User- Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE GFN (G,H,N,Y,J,T,A.NR.NC) IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) TH « T (1) + (J-l) *H G (1) - 1. + TH * TH RETURN END

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User-Supplied Subroutines (cont)

SUBROUTINE FFN (Y.N.FN.I) PARAMETER NR=20, NC=20 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) COMMON A (NR, NO), ALPHA (4), T (NC) DIMENSION FN (1), Y (4, NC) FN (1) « -100, *Y (I, 1) + (l.+T (I) **2) RETURN END

An Exact Starter - BEGIN

SUBROUTINE BEGIN (K,H,N,Y,YN,YOLD,INVERT,IT, METHOD, IAT) PARAMETER NR=20, NC=20 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) EXTERNAL INVERT COMMON Y (4, NC), YN (N), YOLD (4, NC) H2 = T (1) + H H3 « H2 + H H4 = H3 + H X a l.-.01-2./100.**3 X4=X*DEXP(-100.*H4) X3=X*DEXP(-100.*H3) X=X*DEXP(-100,*H2) W=r(100. ♦H2)**2-200. *H2+2. Y(2,1)=X + . 01+W/100.**3 W= (100. *H3)**2-200. *H3+2. Y(3,1)=X3+ . 01+W/100. **3 W«(100.*H4)**2-200.*H4+2. Y(4.1)-X4+.01+W/100.**3 RETURN END

SOURCE: Lee1.

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Numerical Results

Give results around t = 5, 10.

Implicit NLMS methods of order 3.

50000000+01

y(t)

.25900200-00*

.25900200-00t

.10000000+02 .10080020+01* .10080020+01t

LMS methods of order 3

,50047500+01

y(t)

25497628-00* 25497628-OOt

10020750+02 10121522+01* 10121522+01f

Remarks

Nonlinear multistep methods can arrive at t = 10 in one step by using h « 2.5 at the cost of 4.1 seconds CPU time. However, In order to obtain y (5), we use h ■ 1.25; the CPU time costs a little more—4.4 seconds. These NLMS methods are designed to allow the use of largo step size and to be effective for those g(t, y) belonging to the class of low-order polynomials. Therefore, it is not surprising that the implicit NLMS method of order 3 produces accurate results.

»Solution produced by the methods t Exact solution

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Problem 2

y =

6k-P i

Pl

using 6k= 1.0075

ß = ß = 0.0075

V = 0.075

-6 JJ = 10

Kxact Solution T

y(2) = (-.6414 1073-07, -.8552 1424 + 00)

y(5) = (-.5130 4190-07, -.6840 5581 + 00)

y(10)=(-.3536 0130-07. -.4714 6837 +00 )

T

T

Classificiation

(0.1.0.0)

Eigenvalues of A

{-.0744375, -106}

Method Applied

Implicit NLMS of order 2 with fixed step size.

Step Size Used

1.0

Time Interval

[0. 10]

/

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Special Features Exercised

Fixed step size Exact Solution

FORTRAN V Inputs Setup

Fixed step size, implicit NLMS of order 2

$INPUTS N = 2, KSTEP = 2, ALPHA (1) = O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0 T (1) m O.DU, TMAX - 10.DO YZERO(l)= 1.D0, -1.D0, H=1.D0 IGFN = 0, IPC = 0, METHOD - 1, INDEX » 1

$LND

User-Supplied Subroutine

Since g(t, y) = O . IGFN is set to 0. Hence, the GFN is not called for.

Source Weaver

The infinite-medium reactor kinetic equations, in standard form, with m delayed neutron groups, can be expressed as

m dn 6 k - i dt

i = 0 ■^ n+ E ss

— -— n - Xj C^

where

th ß ■ the fraction of the total number of fission neutrons belonging to the i

group precursor that are delayed,

P s the fraction of the fission neutrons that are delayed,

i a neutron generation time fcec).

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X, = decay constant for the i group precursor,

n = neutron density,

.th C. = the concentration of the i precursor, and

6 = a constant for a reactor with a constant excess of reactivity.

Considering a single delayed neutron group, we obtain

M=± x. dn dt

dC 1 P dt ^

Numerical Results

Give results at t = 2, 5, 10.

.2000 0000 + 01

,5000 0000+01

,1000 0000+02

Vt) y2(t)

.6414 1073-07 -.8552 1424+00*

.6414 1073-07 -.8552 1424+00t

.5130 4190-07 -.6840 5581+00

.5130 4190-07 -.6840 5581+00

.3536 0130-07 -.4714 6837+00

.3536 0130-07 -.4714 6837+00

Remarks

A-stable NLMS methods can solve homogeneous stiff equations exactly in the absence of round-off errors. An extremely small step size is required for the same accuracy (.1 x 10~6) if LMS methods are used.

♦Produced by implicit NLMS methods of order 2 tExact solution

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-l ■ '

Problem 3 0 1

y = Vio -9

; y(0)

Fvant. Solution

y{t) = 2et-l

2et-l

Classification

(0. 0, 1. 0)

\-10, 1|

Methods Applied

Explicit NLMS method of order 3.

Step Size Used

0.1 and 1.0.

Time Interval

Flxed step size.

Self-start.

[0, 10]

44

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FORTRAN V Inputs Set-Up

Fixed step size, explicit NLMS of order 3.

$INPUTS N=2, KSTEPe3, ALPHA (1)=0.DO, O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0. T(1)=0.D0, TMAX=.1D2)

YZERO(l)=l.DO, 1.D0, A(1.1)=0.D0, A(1,2)=1.D0, A(2,1)=.1D2, A(2,2)=-9.DO, H=1.D0, IGFN=1, IPC=0, METHOD-1, INDEX=0

$END

User-Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE GFN (G.H.N.Y,J.T.A.NR.NC) IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) G (1) = 1.0 G(2) « 1.0 RETURN END

Source: Lee .

Numerical Results

Gives results at t=l, 5, and 10.

t y^t) y2(t)

.10000000+01 .44365637+01 .44365637+01* .44365637+01 .44365637+01t

.50000000+01 .29582632+03 .29582632+03 .29582632+03 .29582632+03

.10000000+02 .44051932+05 .44051932+05 .44051932+05 .44051932+05

♦Produced by explict NLMS methods of order 3. tExact solution.

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Since LMS methods are not used, FFN is not called for. The built-in self-starter is used.

Problem 4

u" + u = 0; u (0) = 0, u» (0) = 1.

Equivalent Problem

y'j \-\ 0/\y/ \y(0)/ \l

Exact Solution

u = sin t.

Classification

Eigenvalues of A

Method Applied

(1.0,0,0)

HI •

LMS methods of order 2 with PC procedure.

Step Size Used

Initial step size « w .

Remarks

In the absence of round-off errors, NLMS methods of different orders are equivalently accurate if 9(t, y) is a constant; NLMS methods of any order should produce accurate results for this problem.

46 1

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'1

$ TR 5341

Time Interval

Special Features Exercised

Variable step size

[0, 6ir]

,m PC procedure

Exact start.

FORTRAN V Inputs Set-Up

$INPUTS N»2, KSTEP=2, IPC=1, INDEX»0, METHOD«0 T(1)»0.D0, TMAX=18.75D0 YZERO(l)=0.D0, 1.D0, ERR=.1D-11 ALPHA(l) = O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0

$END

In MAIN, H is defined to be ir initially and HMAX ■ H/16.

User-Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE FFN (Y.N.FN, I) COMMON A (20, 20), ALPHA (4), T (20) DIMENSION FN(20, Y(4,20) FN (1) . Y (I. 2) FN (2) « -Y (I. 1) RETURN END

Q

Source: Krough

Numerical Results

Give maximum absolute error at t ■ 2, 4, 6.

t Maximum Absolute Error

2 v 4 * 6 w

.2307 1215-12

.2307 0955-12

.2307 1128-12

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Remarks

This problem demonstrates that high-order differential equations can be decomposed into a system of first-order equations so that this package is applicable. Since this is not a stiff equation, we choose the variable-step-size and PCm procedure to examine the efficiency of the LMS portion.

Problem 5

-t y'= t (1 - y) + (l-t)e ; y (.1) = 1.0901751.

Equivalent Problem

-t y » -ty+ t + (l-t)e ; y(.l) = 1.0901751,

Exact Solution

/*v 2 -t , y(t) = e -e + 1.

Classification

0 < t < 1 (0.0,1,0)

1< t (0.1,1.0)

Eigenvalues of A

HI Methods Applied

NLMS methods of order 3.

Step Size Used

Variable step size with initial h » 0.01.

Time Interval

[O.l, 50.0] .

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Special Features Exercised

Automatic periodic decomposition of A(t).

PC procedure.

Variable-step-size procedure.

FORTRAN V Inputs Set-Up

Variable step size, NLMS of order 3

$INPUTS N-l, KSTEP=3, ALPHA(1)=0.D0, O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0, T(1)=.1D0, TMAX=.5D2, YZERO(l)=1.0901751D0, ERR=.1D-11, H=.1D-1, HMAX=.1D0, IGFN=1, IPC=1, METHOD=l, INDEX» 0, IAT=1

$END

User-Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE GFN (G.H.^.Y,J,T,A.NR.NC) IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) G (1) = T(J) + (l.-T (J))*DEXP(-T(J)) RETURN END

SUBROUTINE AFNT (A, N, T, NR, NC) DOUBLE PRECISION A (NR, NC), T A (1.1) = -T RETURN END

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An Exact Starter - BEGIN

SUBROUTINE BEGIN (K.H.N.Y.YN.YOLDJNVERT, IT, METHOD, IAT) PARAMETER NR=20I NC=20 IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, O-Z) EXTERNAL INVERT COMMON A (NR, NO), ALPHA (4), T(NC) DIMENSION Y (4, NC). YN (N), YOLD (4, NO) DO 1 I = 2. 4 T (I) = T (1-1) + K

1 Y (I, 1) - DEXP (-T (I) * T (I)/2.) -DEXP (-T (I)) + 1.0 RETURN END

Source; Krough .

Numerical Results

Give results at t = 1.0, 10, and 30,

y(t)

10000000+01 .12386512-01* .12386512-01t

.10000000+02 .99995460+00 .99995460+00

.30000000+02 .10000000+01 .10000000+01

♦Produced by NLMS methods of order 3 t Exact solution

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Problem 6

y =-100 t y2; y(l) = £j-

Equivalent Problem

1»'=-ion W4-ion wn-t«r\- wm = 51

y'= -100 y+100 y(l-ty); y(l) J

Exact Solution Ä. y(t) = —

1 + f ^t

Clabsification

(0,1,1.1»

Eigenvalues of A

1-100} .

Methods Applied

NLMS methods of order 3.

Step Size Used

Variable step size with initial h « 0.01.

Time Interval

[1. 50] .

Special Features Exercised

Variable step size

»- 9(t.y),

Exact start.

PC procedure.

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FORTRAN V Inputs Set-up

Variable step size , NLMS order of 3.

$INPUTS N=l, KSTEP=3, ALPHA(1)=0.D0, O.DO, -I.DO, 1.D0, T(l)=l.Dü, TMAX=.5D2, YZERO(1)-.19607843D-1, ERR=.1D-11, A (1,1) = -100.DO, H= .1D-1. HMAX= .1D0, IGFN = 1, IPC = 1 METHOD = 1, U'DEX = 0

$END

User-Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE GFN (G.H.N.Y,J.T,A.NR.NC) IMPLICIT REAL *8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (NR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) G (1) = 100. *Y (J, 1) * (l.-T (J)* Y (J, 1)) RETURN END

An Exact Starter; BEGIN

SUBROUTINE BEGIN (K, H.N.Y.YN.YOLD,INVERT,IT, METHOD,IAT) PARAMETER NR-20, NC=20 IMPLICIT REAL* 1 (A~H. O-Z) EXTERNAL INVERT COMMON A (NR, NC), ALPHA (4), T (NC) DIMENSION Y (4, NC), YN (N), YOLD (4 (NC)) DO II »2,4 T (I) - T (1-1) + H

1 Y(I, 1)= l./(l.+50.*T a)) RETURN END

Source: Jain .

52

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Numerical Results

Give results around t = 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50.

TR J341

,5003 1250 +01 .7983 6304-03* .7983 6304-031

1000 1875 +02 ,19988506-03 ,19988506-03

,2000 6875 +02 .49963146-04 .49963146-04

.3000 4375 +02 .22215249-04 .22215249-04

,5001 4375+02 ,7995 3381-05 ,7995 3381-05

Remarks

.m The decomposition technique is applied successfully with the PC

procedure for this nonlinear problem. Here, g (t, y) is not a low-order polynomial, but the program can be seen to vary the step size automatically and to maintain convergence and reasonable accuracy.

Problem 7

where

y'-UZ -UBUy ; y(0)= (-1. -i, -i. -i)

♦Solution produced by NLMS methods tExact solution.

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w= (wr w2'w3'w4) T =wy

B = diag(ßl, ^2, ^3. ß4)

ßj = 1000, p2 = 800. ß3 = -10, P4 = 0.001,

Exact Solution

y(t) = U f ßl ^2

[ r ßl * P2t

1- (1 + ß2) e

ß3 ^4

^s1

1- (1 + ß3) e ^4*

1- (1 + ß4) e

Classification

)

(0. 1, 1, 0).

Eigenvalues of A

{-1002, -802, 8, -2.001} initially

{-1000, -800, -10, -0.001} whenO.OOlt >1,

Method Applied

NLMS methods of order 1

Step Size Used

0.01 < t 5 1, h» .1D-2.

1 < t <10. h = .1D-1,

10< t < 1000, h a .IDG.

Time faterval

[O.OI, lOö] .

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Special Features

Fixed step size.

FORTRAN V Inputs Set-Up

To maintain better precision, matrix A (A(I,J)) and vector w wo

(YZERO) are calculated by programs specially incorporaited in MAIN.

Fixed step size, NLMS of order 1.

$INPUTS N = 4, KSTEP = 1, ALPHA (1) = -.1D0, 1.D0, T(l) = .1D-1, TMAX =1.D3 H= ,lD-2. IGFN = 1, IPC = 0, METHOD = 1. INDEX = 0

$END

User-Supplied Subroutines

SUBROUTINE GFN (G.H.N.Y,J,T,A.NR.NC) IMPLICIT REA*8 (A-H, O-Z) DIMENSION A (MR, NC), Y (4, NC), G (NC), T (NC) DIMENSION W (4) WW = 0.0 DO 10 K=1.N

10 WW - WW + Y (J,K) DO 51- 1, N W(I) - WW -2.*Y(J,I)

5 W(I) = W (I)*W(I)/4.0 G (1) = (-W(l) + W(2) + W(3) + W(4))/2.0 G (2) = ( W(l) - W{2) + W(3) + W(4))/2.0 G (3) = ( W(l) + W(2) - W(3)J- W(4»/2.0 G (4) = ( W(l) + W(2) + W(3) - W(4))/2.0 RETURN END

7 Source; Krough, Gear .

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Numerical Results

Given results at t = 50, 500, 1000

50 -.50095236+01 -.50095326+01 .49904764+01 -.50095561+01 -.50095561 + 01 .49904439+01

,49904764+01* .49904439+0lt

500 -.50007681+01 -.50007688+01

.50007681+01 .49992319+01

.50007688+01 .49992312+01 .49992319+01 ,49992312+01

1000 -.50002903+01 -.50002905+01

-.50002903+01 .49997097+01 -.50002905+01 .49997095+01

.49997097+01 .49997095+01

Remarks

Since only three different step sizes are used, there are only three matrix inversions and three matrix exponentials needed. To reach t » 1000 takes about 4 min 46 sec with a maximum error ~ .38 x lO-?.

♦Solution produced by NLMS methods. tExact solution.

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9. CONCLUSIONS

A family of strongly stable and consistent NLMS methods has been developed. When applying NLMS methods to the problem y = Ay , which

implies g(t, y) -O. NLMS methods produce the approximate; solution

y e e n y - e y Since the matrix exponential is computed by

the Pade approximation, ' which is stable, the lim || y || —*• 0 as n -»■ 13 "

establishing the A-stability in the sense of Dahlquist.

K 9 (*. y) is a slowly varying function that can be approximated by a low-order polynomial in t and A is a slowly varying function in t, NLMS methods allow the use of a larger step size and can produce almost exact solution in the absence of round-off errors. In the event that g (t, y ) is not a low-order polynomial in t or not a slowly varying function In t, NLMS methods can still produce accurate results If not too large a step size is used.

In general, because of the initial local discretization error, implicit NLMS methods are better than explict NLMS methods. High-order NLMS methods are better than low-order NLMS methods. In the event that

g(t, y) is a constant in t and y , we see that

K-l K

♦<*> = y *a) TKI ^ Kl

1=0 i=0

Therefore, explicit NLMS of order K is equivalent to implicit NLMS of order K. In this case, low-order NLMS methods will suffice; high-order NLMS methods are not necessary. In fact, high-order NLMS methods require more computations, a good Pade approximation, and an accurate matrix inversion.

Several numerical experiments has been performed upon test prob- lems utilizing different selection of a ., from both strongly and weakly

stable NLMS families. The numerical results agree to nine significant digits.

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The numerical results presented in this report mainly are used to demonstrate that the NLMS program can produce satisfactory results. The computations herein were intendedfor illustrative purposes only. It is our intention to apply NLMS methods to more difficult problems. We intend to develop criteria to determine how good NLMS methods are. These will be reported separately.

The NLMS package requires the user to guess an initial step size h. However, the package is "robust"; it determines the most favorable step size for rapid computation. Experience indicates that less total computation time results If h is chosen too small, rather than too large.

If a large, stiff system is to be solved with the variable-step-size technique, an eigenvalue-eigenvector technique such as E1SPACK is recommend- ed to replace PADE. This can save a large amount of computation time.

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10. REFERENCES

D. Lee, Nonlinear Multistep Methods for Solving Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations, Ph. D.dissertation, Polytechnic Institute of New York, 1974. Also NUSC Technical Report 4775, 24 May 1974.

P. Henrici, Discrete Variable Methods in Ordinary Differential Equations, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1962.

H.B. Keller, Numerical Methods for Two-Point Boundary-Value Problems, Blaisdell Publishing Co., Waltham, Massachusetts, 1968.

J. Certaine, "The Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations With Large Time Constants," in Mathematical Methods for Digital Computers, A. Ralston and H. Wilf, eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York, 1960, pp.128-132.

L.F. Shampine and M. K. Gordon, Computer Solution of Ordinary Differ- ential Equations. W.H. Freeman and Co. , San Francisco, 1975.

B.L. Ehle, A Comparison of Numerical Methods for Solving Certain Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations. Department of Mathematics, University of Victoria, Canada, Report 70, 1972.

/

C.W. Gear, Numerical Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliff 6. New Jersey, 1971.

8. R.K. Jain, "Some A-Stable Methods for Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations," Mathematics of Computation, vol. 26, no. 117, pp. 71-77, 1972.

9. F.T. Krough, "On Testing a Subroutine for the Numerical Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations," Journal of the ACM, vol. 20, pp. 545-562, 1973.

10. L.E.Weaver. Systems Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Dynamics. Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., New York, 1963.

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11. H.A. Willoughby, Stiff Differential Systems. Plenum Press, New York and London, 1974.

12. J. L. Blue, and H. K, Gummel, "Rational Approximations to Matrix Exponential for Systems of Stiff Equations," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 5, 1970, pp. 70-83.

13. G. Dahlquist, "A Special Stability Problem for Linear Multistep Methods, "BIT, vol. 3, 1963, pp. 27-43.

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Appendix

NLMS COMPUTER PROGRAMS

A-l

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TR 5341

• *

« « » »

» 4 * * Ui » *- » 4 • X « s9 * -J ♦ r- # Z » •-• « » o # I- * » 71 « ai

• «-t » »- * Z3 « o * tr » u ♦ D

» ♦ u. » o # » >- * J » 7) ♦

» O * z * < « c

. ♦ >; » o

*

* •« * JC * i> * .> » X » u. * * J) » •-• » c » ►- * « * * *

#«•«*«««*•««****«»«*•*«•«*'»««**«*»

o

< 3

X —

u. •

J) ~

>- + «. X

J X o

3 IX o I

»— in x

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ONR, Code 427, 480, 481, 483, 485 5 CNO, Code OP-2 3T 1 NRL 1 NAVELECSYSCOMQY, Code 0 3, 051 2 NAVSEASYSCOMHQ, SEA-09G3 4 NAVAIRDEVCEN 1 NAVWPNSCEN 1 DTNSRDC 1 NAVCOASTSYSLAB 1 CIVENGRLAB 1 NELC 1 NUC 1 NAVSEC, SEC-6034 1 NAVPGSCOL 1 APL/UW, Seattle 1 ARL/Penn State 1 DDC, Alexandria 12 Polytechnic Institute of New York,

Professor Stanley Preiser 24 Westinghouse Electric Corp., Mr. J. T. Malone 4 Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.,

Mr. P. Hsiang 1 Mr. R. Casal, Brooklyn, New York 1 RDP Inc., Mr. C. A. Steele, Jr., 1 Sperry Systems Management, Mr. James Leong 1 Babcock 6 Wilcox, Mrs. Anne M. Schwartz 1 University of Illinois, Urbana,

Dr. S. W. Joshi 1 Clarion State College, Dr. Stephen Gendler 1

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