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Nucleon Spin StructureLongitudinal Spin of the Proton

HUGS Summer SchoolJefferson National Laboratory

June 1, 2011Lecture 2

Abhay DeshpandeWednesday, June 1, 2011

6/01/11Abhay Deshpande, Nucleon Spin Lecture 2 of 6 at HUGS 2011

Introduction & Overview (I)

2Wednesday, June 1, 2011



• Lecture 1: Introduction & importance to “spin” – What is the spin crisis?




• Lecture 1: Introduction & importance to “spin” – What is the spin crisis?

• Lecture 2 & Lecture 3 – Experimental method : Fixed Target Polarized Deep

Inelastic Scattering (pDIS): early investigations – Spin Crisis, and the insights it enabled….– Latest on pDIS experiments: result summaries – Principle limitations of fixed target experiments



Introduction & Overview (II)




• Lecture 4 & Lecture 5– Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider as a Polarized Collider– Comments experimental techniques– Review of results– Principle limitations




• Lecture 4 & Lecture 5– Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider as a Polarized Collider– Comments experimental techniques– Review of results– Principle limitations

• Lecture 6: Future studies in nucleon spin– Review of all experimental limitations– Non-Longitudinal spin structure of the proton– Status and possibilities at an Electron Ion Collider (EIC)



Deep Inelastic Scattering: Kinematics

4

Inclusive DIS: only measure the scattered electronSemi-Inclusive DIS: Inclusive + Current Jet remnantsExclusive DIS: Semi-Inclusive + Target Jet remnants

Wednesday, June 1, 2011


Perspective on x,Q2, Center of Mass

5

Fixed target e-‐N experiments (center of mass < 30 GeV)

Typically accessibleBy e-‐N collider experimentsCM ~ 300 GeV

Hadron-‐Hadron Collider: CM ~2 TeV



Deep Inelastic Scattering: Kinematics with spin

6

s k

S K

k’

“Deep Inelas+c” : Q2 >> 1 GeV2

“Scaling Limit” : Q2 à

No transverse component/projec+ons of spin on parton or proton momentum



• Lepton Nucleon Cross Section

• Lepton tensor Lµν affects the kinematics (QED)• Ηadronic tenosr Wµν has information about the hadron

structure

7

Nucleon spin

Lepton spin


6/01/11Abhay Deshpande, Nucleon Spin Lecture 2 of 6 at HUGS 2011 8

Structure Functions & PDFs

• The F1 and F2 are unpolarized structure functions or momentum distributions

• The g1 and g2 are polarized structure functions or spin distributions

• In QPM – F2(x) = 2xF1 (Calan Gross relation)

– g2 = 0 (Twist 3 quark gluon correlations)



Measurement of Glue at HERA

9



Measurement of Glue at HERA• Scaling violations of F2(x,Q2)

9




• NLO pQCD analyses: fits with linear DGLAP* equations

9





9*Dokshitzer, Gribov, Lipatov, Altarelli, Parisi





9

Gluondominates

*Dokshitzer, Gribov, Lipatov, Altarelli, Parisi



Nucleon spin & Quark Probabilities• Define

– With q+ and q- probabilities of quark & anti-quark with spin parallel and anti-parallel to the nucleon spin

• Total quark contribution then can be written as:

• The nucleon spin composition



Nucleon’s Spin: Naïve Quark Parton Model

• Protons and Neutrons are spin 1/2 particles• Quarks that constitute them are also spin 1/2 particles

– And there are three of them in the nucleons:

Proton: u u d Neutron: u d d

S proton = Sum of all quark spins!

?1/2 = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2

1/2 = 1/2 - 1/2 + 1/2



How was the Quark Spin measured?• Deep Inelastic polarized electron or muon scattering

µ

µ

Spin 1 γ∗Spin 1/2 quarks



Lepton-nucleon Cross Section



Polarized lepton-nucleon cross section…

14

For high energy γ is small



Cross section asymmetries….

• Δσ|| = anti-parallel – parallel spin cross sections

• Δσperp= lepton-nucleon spins orthogonal • Instead of measuring cross sections, it is prudent to measure

the differences: Asymmetries in which many measurement imperfections might cancel:

which are related to virtual photon-proton asymmetries A1,A2:



d, η, ξ are kinematic factors

D = Depolarization factor: how much polarization of the incoming electron is taken by the virtual photon, calculable in QED



• A|| could be written down in terms of spin structure function g1, and A2 along with kinematic factors:

Where A1 is bounded by 1, and A2 by sqrt(R=σΤ/σL), when terms related A2 can be neglected, and γ is small,

• Where: and



Relation to spin structure function g1

18

Quark and anR-‐quark with spin orientaRon along andagainst the proton spin.




• In QCD quarks interact with each other through gluons, which gives rise to a weak Q2 dependence of structure functions

18





• In QCD quarks interact with each other through gluons, which gives rise to a weak Q2 dependence of structure functions

• At any given Q2 the spin structure function is related to polarized quark & gluon distributions by coefficients Cq and Cg

18




Composition & Q2 or t dependence of Structure Functions

19

In this equa+on: t = ln(Q2/Λ2) αS = strong interac+on constant S & NS stand for flavor singlet & flavor non-‐singlet



Singlet quark distribuRonAnd its t dependence

(Singlet) Gluon distribuRonAnd its t dependence

Non-‐Singlet quark distribuRonAnd its t dependence

Composition & Q2 or t dependence of Structure Functions



Beyond the leading order coefficient & splitting functions are not uniquely defined: There are some favorite schemes of theorists, each with distinct calculation advantage.

– Most are now available at – More comments on this in various theory talks

21

At leading order g1 decouples with ΔG



Beyond the leading order coefficient & splitting functions are not uniquely defined: There are some favorite schemes of theorists, each with distinct calculation advantage.

– Most are now available at – More comments on this in various theory talks

21

At leading order g1 decouples with ΔG Whenever you hearAnalysis done at “Leading order”-‐-‐This means quark-‐gluon interacRons are dropped from consideraRon



• In QCD, the ratio A1~ g1/F1 is Q2 dependent because the splitting functions (with the exception for Pqq) are different for polarized and un-polarized parton distributions.

• The difference comes from “soft gluon singularity” at x=0 which is “only present in the un-polarized case!”– Low x rise in un-polarized gluon distribution



Measurement of Gluons at HERA• Inclusive e-p scattering at 300

GeV center of mass• Low x gluon distribution

measured up to x = 10-4• Evolved to a high value of Q2

using the Altarelli Parisi equation

• Gluon distribution keeps on rising: “the Low x singularity”



Measurement of Gluons at HERA• Inclusive e-p scattering at 300

GeV center of mass• Low x gluon distribution

measured up to x = 10-4• Evolved to a high value of Q2

using the Altarelli Parisi equation

• Gluon distribution keeps on rising: “the Low x singularity”

23

What this means to our understanding of QCD: in Lecture 6



• In QCD, the ratio A1~ g1/F1 is Q2 dependent because the splitting functions (with the exception for Pqq) are different for polarized and un-polarized parton distributions.

• The difference comes from “soft gluon singularity” at x=0 which is “only present in the un-polarized case!”– Low x rise in un-polarized gluon distribution

• However in the region of x dominated by the valence quarks, the gluon’s effects are expected to be small, and an indication of this is the ratio: g1/F1 is anticipated to be approximately constant. – And it is indeed observed.



Measurements of spin structure functions:What issues we need to worry about?Design of experimentsOperational issues



The most important theoretical predictions for the polarized deep inelastic scattering are the sum rules for the nucleon structure function g1.

Due to experimental limitations, accessibility of x range is limited, and extrapolations to x= 0 and x = 1 are unavoidable.

Extrapolations to x = 1, are somewhat less problematic: Small contribution to the integralFuture precisions studies at JLab 12GeV of great interest

Low x behavior of g1(x) is theoretically not well established hence of significant debate and excitement in the community



Low x behavior of g1

• Regge models (mostly used until mid 1990s):

Where α is the intercept of the lowest contributing Regge trajectories

• Other model dependent expectations (non-QCD based):

• QCD based calculations:Resummation of AP:Resum of leading power of ln(1/x) gives:



A collection of low x behaviors:• Low x behavior all over the

place

• No theoretical guidance for which one is correct

• Only logical path is though measurements.– Not easy– But planned in future– (lecture 6)

28

Deshpande, Hughes, Lichtenstadt, HERA low x WS (1999)Simulated data for polarized e-‐p sca]ering shown in the figure. Polarized HERA was not realize!



Experimental Basics for Measurements with



Experimental Needs in DIS




Polarized target, polarized beam




Polarized target, polarized beam• Polarized targets: hydrogen (p), deuteron (pn), helium (3He: 2p+n)




Polarized target, polarized beam• Polarized targets: hydrogen (p), deuteron (pn), helium (3He: 2p+n) • Polarized beams: electron,muon used in DIS experiments





Determine the kinematics: measure with high accuracy:





Determine the kinematics: measure with high accuracy:• Energy of incoming lepton





Determine the kinematics: measure with high accuracy:• Energy of incoming lepton• Energy, direction of scattered lepton: energy, direction





Determine the kinematics: measure with high accuracy:• Energy of incoming lepton• Energy, direction of scattered lepton: energy, direction• Good identification of scattered lepton






Control of false asymmetries:






Control of false asymmetries:• Need excellent understanding and control of false asymmetries (time

variation of the detector efficiency etc.)



Experimental issues

Possible sources of false asymmetries:• beam flux• target size• detector size• detector efficiency

beam targetdetector



An Ideal Situation

If all other things are equal, they cancel in the ratio and….



A Typical Setup• Experiment setup (EMC, SMC, COMPASS@CERN)

• Target polarization direction reversed every 6-8 hrs• Typically experiments try to limit false asymmetries to be about

10 times smaller than the physics asymmetry of interest



Asymmetry Measurement

• f = dilution factor proportional to the polarizable nucleons of interest in the target “material” used, for example for NH3,

f=3/17

• D is the depolarization factor, kinematics, polarization transfer from polarized lepton to photon, D ~ y2



First Moments of SPIN SFs• With

a3=ga a8 a0

Neutron decay (3F-‐D)/3Hyperon Decay

ΔΣ



First moment of g1p(x) : Ellis-Jaffe SR

Assuming SU(3)f & Δs = 0 , Ellis & Jaffe:

Measurements were done at SLAC (E80, E130) Experiments:Low 8-20 GeV electron beam on fixed targetDid not reach low enough x à xmin ~ 10-2Found consistency of data and E-J sum rule above



European Muon Collaboration at CERN

• 160 GeV muon beam (lower intensity), but significantly higher energy

• Significantly LOWER X reach à xmin ~ 10-3

• Polarized target

• Repeated experiment for A1 and measured g1 of the proton!



Proton Spin Crisis (1989)!

ΔΣ = (0.12) +/- (0.17) (EMC, 1989) ΔΣ = 0.58 expected from E-J sum rule….



Evolution: Our Understanding of Nucleon Spin

?1980s 1990/2000s

39

ΔΣ = 0.12 +/-‐ 0.17



Evolution: Our Understanding of Nucleon Spin

?1980s 1990/2000s

We have come a long way, but do we understand nucleon spin?39

ΔΣ = 0.12 +/-‐ 0.17



Lesson:• Every time we explored a physical observable with “spin” as one

of the experimental variable, we have learnt something new about nature….

• But was this really a “ spin crisis”?– Experimental uncertainties too large– The assumptions: naïve (constituent) quark model – We needed to examine and improve on both fronts!

This is precisely what was done in the following decade….



How significant is this?

“It could the discovery of the century. Depending, of course on how far below it goes…”


nucleon spin structure - home | jefferson lab...lecture 2 abhay&deshpande wednesday, june 1,...

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