nuclear in sweden an intermittent source of electricity?€¦ · reform group meeting, salzburg ......
TRANSCRIPT
Nuclear in Sweden ‐
an intermittent source of electricity?
Tomas Kåberger
Hans Hellsmark
Presented at the 16th
REFORM Group Meeting, Salzburg –
August 29 –
September 2, 2011
Nuclear reactors in Sweden1.
R1 – KTH, 1MW experimental reactor at KTH. Tech. Supplier AB Atom. Online 1954, closed 1970.
2.
Ågesta nuclear CHP: 80 MW, tech. suppliers: AB Atom, ASEA, Vattenfall. Online 1963, closed 1974.
Barsebäck nuclear reactors (1260 MW) ‐
Vattenfall, Sydkraft (E.ON)
3. Barsebäck 1 (Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) , online 1975, closed 1999) ‐
ASEA‐atom
4. Barsebäck 2 (BWR, 630 MW, online 1977, closed 2005) ‐
ASEA‐atom
Ringhals AB (Vattenfall 70.4 percent, E.ON 29.6 percent)
5. Ringhals 1 (BWR, 860 MW, online 1976) – ASEA atom
6. Ringhals 2 (Pressurized Water Reactor, PWR, 870 MW, online 1975) ‐
Westinghouse
7. Ringhals 3 (PWR, 1000 MW, online 1981) ‐
Westinghouse
8. Ringhals 4 (PWR, 1000 MW, online 1983) ‐
Westinghouse
OKG AB(54,5
% E.ON, 45,5
% Fortum)
9. Oskarshamn 1 (BWR 500 MW, online 1972) ‐
ASEA atom
10. Oskarshamn 2 (BWR, 630 MW, online 1975) ‐
ASEA atom
11. Oskarshamn 3 (BWR, 1200 MW, (1450MW in 2009)) ‐
ASEA atom
Forsmark Kraftgrupp (Vattenfall AB
66
%, Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp AB 25,5
% and
E.ON 8,5
%. Mellansvensk Kraftgrupp
owned by Fortum Generation AB 87
%,
Skellefteå
Kraft AB 7,7
% and E.ON 5,3
%).
12. Forsmark 1 (BWR, 1018 MW, online 1980) ‐
ASEA atom
13. Forsmark 2 (BWR, 1028 MW, online 1981) ‐
ASEA atom
14. Forsmark 3 (BWR, 1230 MW, online 1985) ‐
ASEA atom
Nuclear electricity production in Sweden 1970-2010
TWh
=>75TWh in 2004 ‐
> 50TWh in 2009 (‐
25TWh).
⇒A decreased from above 50 percent to just above 35 percent in less than 5 years!
Why?
The share of nuclear in Swedish electricity consumption
5 http://www.okg.se/templates/Page____149.aspx 2010‐08‐205
Production cost
~ 2.2 cents/kWh
6
OKG AB ‐ 2009:
• Electricity production: 8.466 TWh• Total cost: SEK 3.865 billion (~ €386 million)
Source: AR OKG 2009
=> Production cost: 46 öre/kWh (~4.6 cents/kWh)
Nordpools
average cost: 39 öre/kWh (~3.9 cents/kWh)
7
http://www.okg.se/templates/Page____149.aspx
2011-06-25
=> The production cost of nuclear electricty is increasing!
Production cost ~ 3.5 cents/kWh
8
Intermittent nuclear power
1)
Ringhals
1
Ringhals
1 disconnected on February 15th, 2009. Restart planned for May 18th
2009
Source: http://www.nordpoolspot.com/
9
Intermittent nuclear power1)
Ringhals
1
Disconnected on February 15th
2009. Supposed to restart May 18th.
November 25th
2009 and 24 Urgent Market Messages (UMMs) later.Investigations are ongoing and start date cannot be estimated.
10
Intermittent nuclear power2) Ringhals
2
Five months of instrumentation and control (I&C) modernization was announced in 2007 to take place April‐
September, 2009.
11
Intermittent nuclear power
2) Ringhals
2In a series of UMMs, the plans are delayed and extended to last until October
11th.
12
Intermittent nuclear power2) Ringhals
2:
start
19/11 2009, but is not operating on the 8/12 2009, nor 14/1
2010, nor 25/1 2010.
13
Intermittent nuclear power
3) Oskarshamn
3
Went down on the 26th
February 2009. Supposed to restart 30th
May.
14
3) Oskarshamn
3
Failure on the 26th
February
2009. Supposed to restart
30th
of May 2009.
33 Urgent Market Messages
later….
O3 back in operation on the
December 12th, 2009!
The next day, at 11 o’clock
vibrations limited
production to some 10%...
Intermittent nuclear power
15
GDP and greenhouse gas emissions
Data GDP: KonjunkturinstitutetGHG: Swedish Environmental Agency0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
GDP (constant andreal prices)GHG emissions(excl. sinks)
=> Sweden has started to delink increasing GDP and greenhouse gas emissions!!
Bioenergy use in Sweden 1970-2010TW
h
Largest source of domestic energy (2010)1/4 of total energy use (450 PJ)50 GJ/capita
Still increasing rapidly2008-2009: + 7 TWh (OKG produced
8TWh in 2009)2009-2010: +14 TWh (OKG produced
12TWh in 2010)
Conclusions• Production costs of nuclear electricity is
increasing rapidly
• Nuclear has for the past years been a highly intermittent
source of electricity!
• Sweden has managed to have continued economic growth without increasing
nuclear electricity and CO2
emissions due to rapid growth in renewable alternative.
17