• Difference between the mass of an atom and the mass of its individual particles.

4.00260 amu 4.03298 amu

Mass DefectNuclear Forces

Nuclear Binding Energy• Energy released when a nucleus is

formed from nucleons.• High binding energy = stable

nucleus.

E = mc2E: energy (J)m:mass defect (kg)c: speed of light

(3.00×108 m/s)

Nuclear Binding Energy

Unstable nuclides are radioactive and undergo radioactive decay.

The seven most widely recognized magic numbers as of 2007 are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

He42

Types of Radiation• Alpha particle ()– helium nucleus paper2+

• Beta particle (-)– electron

e0-1 1- lead

• Positron (+)– positron e0

1 1+• Gamma ()

– high-energy photon 0

concreteChargeShielding

00

Penetrating Ability of Radiation

Nuclear Decay

He Th U 42

23490

23892

e Xe I 0-1

13154

13153

e Ar K 01

3818

3819

Pd e Ag 10646

0-1

10647

•Transmutation-One element becomes another.

More than 83 protons means that the nuclei is unstable (radioactive)

Ethan Hawke

11

I. Classes of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons (C & H only) Heteroatomic compounds

aliphatic aromatic

alkanes

alkenes

alkynes

cyclic compounds

alcohols

ethers

aldehydes

ketones

carboxylic acids

esters

amines

amides

C C

C C

C C

R OH

R O R'

R C

O

H

R C

O

R'

R C

O

OH

R C

O

OR'

R C

O

NH2

R NH2

12

III. IUPAC NomenclatureA. Parent chains: normal alkanes

Parent names:CH4 methane n-C11H24 undecane

CH3CH3 ethane n-C12H26 dodecaneCH3CH2CH3 propane n-C13H28 tridecane

CH3(CH2)2CH3 butane n-C14H30 tetradecaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 pentane ¦CH3(CH2)4CH3 hexane n-C20H42 icosane

n-C7H16 heptane n-C30H62 triacontanen-C8H18 octane n-C40H82 tetracontanen-C9H20 nonane ¦n-C10H22 decane etc.

systematic name: {side groups}parent chain{suffix}

knowto here(teens)

13

II. AlkanesB. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes

n-butane

“straight chain”

branched chain

isobutane

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH CH3CH3

HCCCCH

H H

H H

H H

H H

constitutionalisomers

C4H10

“butane” lighters:5% n-butane95% isobutane

14

II. AlkanesB. Isomers: normal and branched alkanes

C5H12 n-pentane

isopentane

neopentane

CH3 CH2 CH CH3CH3

CH3 C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

C6H14 5 isomersC10H22 75 isomersC20H42 366,319 isomers

obviously need system of nomenclature