noun
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
NOUNS
NOUNS
Nouns are naming words.
They give title to people, places,
things, ideas.
The world without names would be
absurd.
NOUNS The word noun comes from Latin word
‘Nomen’ meaning name.
My friend, buddy, has a Ph.D in Physics.
My son, Shozib watches television in the
evening.
The purpose of this exam is to check your
competence.
The weight of Gold is measured in Karats.
NOUNS The way to determine nouns..
Place articles before nouns. If the combination makes sense, it is a noun.
Joy. The joy Pride. The pride Person. A person, the person Apple. An apple. The apple Read. A read. The read Learn. A learn.
NOUNS TYPES Common Nouns
General nouns and can be applied to any other as
well. Shared by all.
Magnet, angel, orchid, subway, ship, pupils
Proper Nouns
That refer to specific people, places or things.
They are capitalized.
The little orphan Hamid, Titanic, Faisalabad
Compare the dog and Mike
TYPES CONT… Concrete Nouns That can be touched or held. house, taxicab, typewriter, computer,
shoe, chair, refrigerator.
Abstract Nouns Can not be touched or held. Exist only in
our minds as ideas or feelings. Fear, love, honesty, hostility, truth,
regrets, death, soul, sleep, beauty, courage.
TYPES Collective They are singular in number but name a
group of people or objects.
Army band clergycompany
Audience class committeefamily
Mob team crowdflock
Facultyherd number
TYPES CONT…
Noun Gender
It refers to the classification of noun
according to the sex.
Living beings are of either male or female
sex.
Nouns that refer to males are of the
masculine gender. i.e. man, boy
Nouns that refer to female gender are of
feminine gender. Woman, girl.
TYPES CONT…
Nouns that could refer to males or
females are of common gender. i.e.
animal, child, parents, student,
servant, neighbor.
nouns that are neither male nor female
are of neuter gender. i.e. toy, apple,
book, pen.
GENDER Masculine/feminine nouns denoting people 1 Different forms; (a) boy, girl gentleman, lady
son, daughter bachelor, spinster husband, wife u ncle, aunt
bridegroom, bride man, woman widower, widow father, mother nephew, niece
Main exceptions: baby, infant, relative, child, parent, spouse, cousin teenager
(b) duke, duchess king, queen prince, princess earl, countess
lord, lady
GENDER
The majority of nouns indicating occupation have the same form: artist, cook, driver, guide, assistant, dancer doctor etc.
Main exceptions: actor, actress, host, hostess, conductor, conductress, manager, manageress, heir, Heiress steward, stewardess, hero, heroine waiter, waitress
Also salesman, saleswoman etc., but sometimes -person is used instead of -man, -woman: salesperson, spokesperson.
NOUN NUMBER
The number of a noun refers to how many
people or objects it refers to.
Nouns that refer to just one of anything
are singular.
Nouns that refer to more than one of any
thing are plural.
In their simplest forms, nouns are singular.
How to pluralize?
HOW TO PLURALIZE NOUNS General pluralizing rule! By adding –s or –es to the singular
forms. Kite kites cake cakes field fields flag flags
Words ending with ch, sh, s, x, z are called sibilant sounds. They require –es.
Wish wishes quiz quizzes Classclasses dish dishes
PLURALIZING NOUNS Nouns ending in Y Nouns ending in y take –ies with them. City cities lady ladies Fly flies cherry cherries Enemy enemies candy
candies
Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel use s to pluralize.
Boy boys tray trays Play plays valley valleys Toy toys clay clays
PLURALIZING NOUNS CONT.. Nouns ending with f or fe Change f or fe to v and add -es Calf calves leaf
leaves Shelf shelves thief thieves Half halves loaf loaves Wife wives knife knives
Some nouns ending in f take -s Belief beliefs roof roofs Chief chiefs safe safes
PLURALIZING NOUNS CONT.. Irregular plurals Some nouns change irregularly, making a
new word. Change occurs in vowels. Foot feet mouse mice Toothteeth man men Woman women goose
geese
Some do not change Deer deer sheep sheep Fish fish+ species species
PLURALIZING NOUNS Some words which retain their original
Greek or Latin forms make their plurals according to the rules of Greek and Latin:
crisis, crises phenomenon, phenomena erratum, errata radius, radii memorandum, memoranda terminus,
termini oasis, oases
NOUN CASE Case describes the syntactical
relationship of a noun or pronoun to the other words in the sentence.
Both, nouns and pronouns possess this quality.
i. Nominative caseii. Objective or accusative caseiii. Possessive case or genitive
case
NOUN CASE Nominative case Noun used as the subject of a verb. The catcher missed the ball. Saim plucked a flower.
Accusative case Noun used as the object of a verb. Saim plucked a flower. Aabis gave Ammar a gift.
NOUN CASE
Possessive case
Nouns showing ownership
The pirate’s treasure was lost.
The treasurer’s note has made me a
little nervous.
FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE i. by adding apostrophe s (‘s) Boy boy’s children
children’s
ii. For plural nouns ending with s, use just apostrophe.
Girls girls’ soldiers soldiers’ Shamis’ Dickens’ friends’
Brother in law’s Supreme Court’s America and Canada’s
POSSESSIVE CASE Possessive is just used for living beings. Man’s problem not problem of man Leg of the chair not chair’s leg
With Personified objects Nature’s laws beauty’s feet
With time, space Last night’s dew drop Year’s time
PERSONIFICATION
Personification is an act of treating an
inanimate object or an idea as if they
had human qualities.
I heard Death’s knock at my door and
felt his icy hand on my shoulder.
I watched the beauty’s steps dancing.
APPOSITION
Apposition is a word, phrase or clause
that is placed beside another word to
rename, explain or enhance it.
The king, my brother attacked the
castle.
We saw Tom Hanks, the movie star
at the café yesterday.
Mr. Obama, American President is to
visit Pakistan yesterday.
THANK YOU
QUESTIONS?