notes: 2.1 – the nature of matter. key questions: identify the three subatomic particles found in...
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NOTES: 2.1 – The Nature of Matter
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Key Questions:• Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms.• Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are
similar and how they are different.• Explain how compounds are different from their
component elements.• Describe the two main types of chemical bonds
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What makes up all matter?• A chemical element is a pure
substance that consists of just one type of atom.
• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.
• The atom is the smallest unit which retains all of the physical and chemical properties of its element.
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Chemical Compound - A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed proportion.
• The properties of the compound are usually very different from the elements that make up the compound.
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Examples of Compounds• Water - H2O
• Salt – NaCl
• Methane – CH4
• Titanium Dioxide – TiO2
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Examples of Compounds
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Three Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Location Mass
Proton (+) Nucleus 1.0007 amu
Neutron Neutral Nucleus 1.0008 amu
Electron (-) Orbiting nucleus
0.0005 amu
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Atomic Number –
-the number of protons in an atom of an element
•all atoms of an element have the same atomic #
•written as a subscript next to the element’s symbol
•in a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons (balanced charges).
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Mass Number –
-the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of
an element.
•The number of neutrons may vary, but the proton number remains constant.
•Written as a subscript next to the element’s symbol
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Isotopes--Atoms of an element that have
more or fewer neutrons.
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Isotopes-• in nature, elements occur as mixtures of
isotopes.
• some are radioactive: unstable isotope where nucleus decays emitting sub-atomic particles and/or energy
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Half-Lifethe time it takes for half the nuclei in a
radioactive isotope sample to decay
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Energy Level of Electrons
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Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bond –
strong chemical bond between atoms formed by electrons being shared by the atoms.
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Ionic Bond –• bond formed by the attraction of a
positive ion to a negative ion
• Anion – positive ion
• Cation – negative ion
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Chemical Reactions• bonds between atoms are formed or broken, causing substances to combine and recombine as different molecules
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
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• All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as that organism’s metabolism
Chemical Reactions
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Reactants:
•the substance(s) at the beginning of a reaction; shown on the left side of the equation
Products:
•the substance(s) at the end of a reaction; shown on the right side of the equation.
Chemical Reactions
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O