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Northern, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Training Workshop on Community
Led Total Sanitation Awassa, SNNPR Region, Ethiopia
(21st – 24th February 2007)
Dr. Kamal Kar
Workshop Organised by Plan International Regional East and Southern Africa (RESA)Johannesburg, South Africa
[email protected], [email protected]
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IndexIndex....................................................................................................................................2Introduction..........................................................................................................................4Workshop Objectives...........................................................................................................5Workshop Process...............................................................................................................5Introduction of the participants............................................................................................5Participant’s expectations from the workshop.....................................................................6Approach and Understanding..............................................................................................6What is CLTS?....................................................................................................................7Knowledge and Skills..........................................................................................................8Scaling up Sanitation...........................................................................................................8Monitoring...........................................................................................................................8Sharing Experience..............................................................................................................8Challenges of CLTS............................................................................................................9Why CLTS?.......................................................................................................................10Why Scaling-Up Community Led Total Sanitation in East & Southern Africa?..............13What is CLTS?..................................................................................................................15Our Attitudes and Behaviors.............................................................................................15Process of Total Participatory Community Sanitation......................................................27Ignition process using PRA tools: What it involves?........................................................28Practical steps in ignition PRA..........................................................................................28Responsibilities of members of CLTS facilitation group..................................................30Names of Groups and distribution of Participants.............................................................30Favourable and Unfavourable conditions..........................................................................34Favourable.........................................................................................................................34Policy and organisational environment.............................................................................34Current conditions and practices.......................................................................................34Physical conditions............................................................................................................34Social and cultural conditions............................................................................................35Timing of triggering..........................................................................................................35Unfavourable.....................................................................................................................35Policy and organisational environment.............................................................................35Current conditions and practices.......................................................................................35Physical conditions............................................................................................................36Social conditions................................................................................................................36Timing of triggering..........................................................................................................36Depending on context, either favourable or unfavourable................................................36Community Presentation...................................................................................................36Evaluation of the Workshop..............................................................................................38What could be done during follow-up of CLTS?..............................................................40All triggers of CLTS don’t produce same flash.................................................................41Conducive Institutional Environment and arrangements..................................................41Possible shifts in monitoring indicators.............................................................................42Is your strategy right and in line with the spirit of community led total sanitation approach?...........................................................................................................................43
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Recommendations..............................................................................................................46At the community level.....................................................................................................46At the national level...........................................................................................................47Regional Level...................................................................................................................49Training and capacity building of Plan staff of RESA countries......................................51Regional resources facilitators...........................................................................................51CLTS literature/training materials in local language.........................................................52Suggestion of monitoring setup.........................................................................................53Sources of global information on CLTS............................................................................54Recommendation on resource mobilization for CLTS......................................................55List of Participants of the Workshop.................................................................................56
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IntroductionThe Regional East and Southern Africa (RESA) office of Plan International and Plan Ethiopia had jointly organized the five days training workshop on Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Awassa, SNNPR region in Ethiopia from 21st to 24th February 2007. Following Tanzania CLTS workshop this workshop was organized mainly for the WATSAN Managers of Egypt, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and all water and sanitation staff members of Plan Ethiopia. Mr. Amsalu Negussie, Regional WATSAN Advisor and Global Net Work Leader of Water and Sanitation for Plan countries at Johannesburg, South Africa and Dr. Tezara, Programme Support Manager of Plan Ethiopia participated in the workshop. Dr. Khairul Islam, Regional Programme Support Manager of Plan International (RESA), Mr. Samir Shah, of Plan UK in London and Mr. …..of Plan Netherlands joined the last days National Workshop and the following days regional advisors meeting. Senior officers from the health ministry and NGOs participated in the national workshop of 24th February where members from at least eight different communities presented their collective plans of actions of cleaning up their villages using CLTS approach. All the above mentioned countries excepting Sudan and Zambia had sent their field staff responsible for sanitation to Dar es Salaam CLTS training workshop in Tanzania. The field staff at the end of the training had developed their plans of actions for the next six months for their respective countries. These plans prepared by the field staff were reviewed by the WATSAN advisors of respective countries and were further fine tuned for implementation after the workshop. Plan Ethiopia had deputed a good number of field staff in the workshop drawn from all the Programme Units of the country. Unlike in Tanzania where all the PU Managers had participated in the CLTS training workshop along with their front line staff, only one PUM participated in Ethiopia workshop. However the PSM of Plan Ethiopia was a full time participant who ensured piloting of CLTS approach in all the programme units in Ethiopia.
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Workshop ObjectivesThe five days workshop has the following objectives;
1. To expose the participants on the Community Led Total Sanitation approach, it’s origin, development, methodology spread and applicability in East Africa
2. To impart knowledge and kills of facilitation of CLTS to the participants
3. Through field exercise, triggering CLTS in villages and sharing experiences of selected communities with all interested institutions working on sanitation in Ethiopia
4. Based on the first-hand experience of CLTS triggering, developing a plan of action of introducing and implementing CLTS by the participating organizations for the next six months.
5. All the WATSAN Advisors of Plan Africa (RESA) countries to review and finalise the plans of actions developed by their respective field staff in Dar es Salaam workshop.
Workshop ProcessThe details of the workshop process have been meticulously documented by Matebu Tadesse, Communication Officer, Plan Ethiopia. A more detailed report is available with the Plan Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 5696, Addis Ababa, E-mail: [email protected] However in this report some of the major portions of the workshop process has been documented which are as follows:
Introduction of the participantsDay-I Welcome and inaugural address by Dr Tezera Fisseha, Program Support Manager, Plan Ethiopia.
Background and objectives of the workshop by Mr. Amsalu Regional WATSAN Advisor of Plan, Johannesburg, South Africa
Opening presentation by Guest of Honor Dr Shiferaw, Head of Health Bureau of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia
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Dr Kamal Kar the trainer requested the participants to introduce each other, and exchange the following information: Professional background, personal and family information and stories, your hobby, your favourite drink, date of your last open defecation and any other information you think important.
He then asked all the participants to stand in small groups according to the countries they came from. Participants came from eight different countries in Africa. Then he asked the small groups to shout what “shit” was called in their respective languages. He also urged them to call “shit” with its raw local name (the way local people call it) and not to use the polite, sophisticated and urban version for the purpose of producing disgust and shame that would trigger action. Trainees called it differently like ‘ar’ (Amharic), ‘chilo’ (Sidaminia), and more. Local terminologies of Shit used by the rural and urban communities of SNNPR of Ethiopia (in Sidama) Shit = ‘Chilo’ or ‘Kakka’ in Sidaminia in Sidama Region of EthiopiaShit = ‘Aarr’ in Amharic in Amahara region of Ethiopia Shit = ‘Mavi’ in Kisohili
Please see list of participants in annex.
Participant’s expectations from the workshop After that Dr Kamal Kar asked about participant’s expectations and requested them to write them one in each card. A good participatory exercise followed. Trainees wrote their expectations on cards, one in each card. Expectations were read out and were shared and then categorized under seven headings as follows:
Approach and Understanding- Learn how to approach the community
to understand basic hygiene and sanitation promotion approaches- learn about how to involve
communities in sanitation and how to initiate behavioral changes
- know about how communities in Ethiopia regard sanitation issues- learn more about challenges and best practices in sanitation in rural communities
- know about how to avoid hazards (sanitation related)- have a clear understanding of CLTS approach and how to apply it.- understand how communities can be mobilized for total sanitation- know about How to change the
community attitude to use clean water, latrine services, refuse pit and compound sanitation and general sanitation
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- understand behavior change strategies related to CLTS- update information about CLTS approach- know what water and sanitation mean- see good number of people buying the idea- know how to integrate with other programs- know about hygiene promotion in CLTS integration- learn new approaches on how to address community sanitation
- know about our sanitation coverage as compared to other regions- learn concepts of Community Sanitation- know about general sanitation education- know about what we should do to improve our sanitation coverage.- know about how to promote hygiene sanitation in the community- know about how to translate the 99%
hygiene awareness to 99% positive behavior in hygiene for the communities
What is CLTS?- To know what CLTS approach is- Know all about CLTS- To gain more knowledge about sanitation- To understand more about total sanitation- To define CLTS
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Knowledge and Skills How we reach 100% coverage using available resources- Tools to facilitate total sanitation- Materials for CLTS- Acquire more skills about sanitation- Know tools (communication to promote sanitation and hygiene education- Learn more on CLTS practical steps-Acquire skills related to implementing CLTS-Approaches to empower people in the villages-Better understand the methodologies associated with CLTS-Mechanisms of CLTS-I will know communication strategy to bring about behavioral change-Learn different participatory methodologies of hygiene and sanitation promotion along with their strengths and drawbacks- Gain knowledge from others -Compare other approaches with CLTS-Learn effective methods to enhance communities’ participation in total sanitation -Learn simple and replicable methods of sanitation promotion- Learn the methodology-Fully understand the concepts underlying CLTS
-Learn some words in the local languages - SNNPR-Fully understand what CLTS is- Easily understood messages-How to increase behavioral change in the community on Hygiene and Sanitation- Methods to increase CLTS-Practical application of methodologies- Gain knowledge about sanitation- Methods/approaches to do CLTS- Equip trainees with basic tools of CLTS- Learn good facilitation skills related to hygiene and sanitation- Knowledge and skills of CLTS-Learn effective tools for BCC for sanitation-Real and new strategies and methods for improving hygiene and sanitation practice-How to break communication barriers-Applicability of CLTS methodology-Learn of new methodology to mobilize the community to total sanitation concepts-Learn how to operationalize CLTS in different situations-Know more on approaches and methodologies to meet 100% sanitation coverage
Scaling up SanitationUpdated sanitation scaling-up approaches-How can we scale-up sanitation using CLTS approach?
-Expect to know tools to community sanitation scale-up- How to see strategy through to total sanitation
Monitoring - How to monitor CLTS in the villages
Sharing Experience To acquire CLTS knowledge and concepts-Learn experiences on scaling-up CLTS
-Get different experiences from different countries
-Experience sharing about community sanitation from hers and how to scale it up- Exchange experiences on sanitation promotion strategies-Experience sharing about promotion and practice of sanitation at the community level-Expected to know sanitation experience to different African countries
- Picture of current sanitation stats-Enable participants to establish/strengthen network and partnership on sanitation and hygiene-Trainer from countries similar in economic and social aspects to Ethiopia-Learning from others on Sanitation interventions-Experiences from different countries about CLTS
Challenges of CLTS-Sustainable strategies for intervention- Challenges and opportunities in CLTS
-Learning hygiene and sanitation problem solving in the communities
Workshop participant’s expectation cards are being categorized in groups
Why CLTS?Next, Dr Kar gave a brainstorming presentation about ‘Why CLTS?’ All the participants were divided in to four groups and were given an assignment to discuss about any sanitation project of the past which failed or didn’t meet its objectives. The groups were asked to document the main reasons of failure and present. The groups were given 15 minutes time to prepare their presentation.
Group presentation on Challenges of sanitation and reasons for failures: Group –I The villagization programme of Government of Ethiopia Wolmera (1980–85), sanitation was a sub-component; The reasons of failure:1. People used the toilets as storage not as toilets2. A lot of toilets were built but very little was used3. Community built the latrines for the fear of the Government4. It was Government driven5. No discussion was done with the communities6. Community didn’t realize the need for the toilets. They thought it was a government
order to do it7. Lack of ownership8. No follow up and monitoring mechanism was there9. Supply driven project and Package based Policy10. Forced intervention: It was government driven; thus people shifted to pit latrine11. Supply-driven, rather than demand driven12. People didn’t appreciate having toilet13. No room for awareness creation14. Cultural problem: In the village pits were used to store grain not waste15. Privacy problems as the latrines were communal.
Group –II Massive latrine construction in Ethiopia, North Shewa, 6 yrs backIn north Shewa of Amahara reagion in Ethiopia a massive latrine construction drive was done about 5-6 years ago which failed due the following reasons: The challenges were:
1. Lack of community participation2. Ideas were forced from outside and community thought it meaningless3. Forced intervention by Govt. and some NGOs as a reaction to diarrhea epidemic4. No initiative generated amongst the community5. Awareness not created6. Lack of integrated approach7. Similar cases in Kenya
Challenge: No movement toward effecting behavioural change People don’t believe that using latrine is beneficial to their health
Group-III
A comparative study of projects from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan and Zambia (Health Bureau of Government of Tanzania in the past and the present project which are implemented in the form of Campaign mode, NGOs were also involved in the campaign) + (In Sudan Domestic Latrines, Community + Government and Plan. Community provided sand, stone and other materials, Plan and the Government provided materials for construction of sub-structure and super structure)(In Zambia it was DWASHI of the government who prescribed an expensive toilet model. Communities were asked to build big toilet house with mud bricks on their own while cement, iron rods and other toilet materials were provided by the government. Masons were supposed to be paid by the households which were difficult for the communities at times. The masons were trained by the DWASHI)Reasons of failure:
1. Lack of involvement of local people/community2. It was being implemented in a campaign mode and then stopped3. Lack of simple technologies which the local communities could afford4. People were forced to mobilize resources and money5. Expensive technology prescribed6. When rain came the latrines collapsed (due to soil movement the pits collapsed)7. Not need-based; outsiders’ concerns not insiders’ concern8. Community demanding expensive toilets9. Latrine construction emphasized over bringing behavioural change10. Bad construction: One toilet in Sudan slide down and the rest of the community refused
to use toilets. Plan, communities and Water and Environmental Sanitation Department financed the project
11. People asked for lot of money12. Expensive technology13. Lack of good strategy14. Facilities like san-plates provided for free both for sub-structures and super structures,
still true in Ethiopia15. Lack of integration of sanitation to water supply and hygiene education16. Inclination to mere figures rather than to usage and real coverage17. In Zambia: around 1990
a. Government financed the project with money from NORADb. Communities contributed some amount, may be 40 %c. Model was provided. Latrines were VIP type not always suitable for rural areas
Group-IV A community project at Zimma in Ethiopia (Domestic latrine) It was an NGO project which was used as a pilot project by the Zimma UniversityThe Objectives were to:
1. Build structures and 2. Distribute latrine slabsReasons for failure:
1. Human element was not considered2. People wanted to use human excreta as manure than wasting them3. People felt that the toilet materials like pipe, and other materials, e.g. cement could
be used in other better purposes (e.g. improving their dwelling houses) rather than in latrines construction. For example in improving their mud dwelling houses, exhaust smoke pipe for their kitchen etc.
4. Project was formulated wrong 5. Community involvement was seriously lacking
Some additional comments from the participantsi) Hand washing is a recent fad, it was there but it is re-emphasized too heavily.
When people in villages don’t have a proper anal cleaning practice it is suggested to wash hands at critical times It has been taken for granted that anal cleaning practice is already there and is existing. This was referred as another outsider’s idea forced on the community. Communities are being educated by outsiders and are told what to do, but not given a chance to analyze and decide on their own.
ii) Nothing was said about open defecation before, suddenly a jump from open defecation to nice toilet construction and hand washing are outsider’s perceptions of improving insiders’ sanitation profile.
Why Scaling-Up Community Led Total Sanitation in East & Southern Africa?
Amsalu Nigussie’s presentation and facilitationMr. Amsalu Regional WATSAN Advisor and Global Net Work Leader of Plan International introduced the topic “Why CLTS?” and facilitated discussion.
• Why do we need to scale-up Sanitation in Africa? • How can we do it?
Why? • Lack of Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation is one of the Main
Causes of Child Poverty in Africa.• Africa has the lowest safe water supply and sanitation coverage in the
world.• Out of 905 million people of Africa, about 300 million lack access to
clean water and about 313 million lack basic sanitation• Relatively the Eastern and Southern African Countries have lower
coverage of sanitation in the Continent. Ref. Human Development Report 2006
Sanitation National Coverage %– HDR06Eastern & Southern African Countries
Percentage of Sanitation Coverage
Ethiopia 15Mozambique 32Sudan 34Rwanda 42Kenya 43Uganda 47 43Tanzania 47Zimbabwe 53Zambia 55Malawi 62
Why Community-Led Total Sanitation Training
• In the past there were many approaches like PHAST etc but they were not scaled-up spontaneously.
• REAS has been looking for innovative approaches to sanitation that empowered local people to lead 100% sanitation promotion.
• Recently we learnt about CLTS approach which could create conducive environment to promote total sanitation at scale led by communities.
• This training is designed to introduce CLTS in the E&S Africa Region to introduce and enhance the skills of facilitation of Plan and Partner Staff
DiscussionQuestion raised on whether the toilets have water supply and hand washing facilities. Rxn: Hand washing used to be done traditionally; it is already there. It is not a new phenomenon. As of about three years, there is also a WASH movement. It promotes integration of sanitation, water supply and hygiene problems. But, anal cleaning is a problem with the wider community. Even though it is practiced, people clean their anus with inappropriate materials; no soft papers, no use of water—used papers, leaves, stone, are commonly used. However, anal cleaning practices are not the causes of piles and hemorrhages; they may only aggravate the already existing problem.
Recently, sectoral emphasis (by outsiders to insiders) has been given to: Integration of sanitation, water supply and hygiene Hand washing at critical time Dig latrines Keep water safe
While it is good that outsiders have concern about problems of insiders, outsiders assume that insiders lack knowledge, awareness, resources, and skill for sanitation and hygiene. This implies that we outsiders are more part of the problem: we usually go to communities to subscribe, to order, to force. CLTS is about addressing these problems. It entails a shift in approach: we should be to the communities to facilitate their discussions and decisions.
Dr Tezera (Reminder): This shift in approach applies not only for sanitation and hygiene but also for all development activities like family planning. Our efforts over the past 40 yrs didn’t yield meaningful results due to approach
problems. These should be redressed and the CLTS approach should be applied to development projects in different sectors.
Afternoon: Dr Kamal presented about CLTS: CLTS slides from Resource persons\CLTS_update_for_WP_257_final.pdf
Problem: Approaches in implementing sanitation projects leading people to develop philanthropic attitude and doling out mentality.
Solution: Ignition PRA needed to redress the problems
What is CLTS?What is Community Led Total Sanitation?
They are total (meaning involve/affect everyone in the community, e.g. total elimination of open defecation, total freedom from hunger or starvation)
Collective community decisions and collective local actions are the key
Social solidarity and local cooperation are seen in abundance They are often locally decided and not dependent on external
subsidies, prescriptions and pressure Natural Leaders emerge from the collective local action and they lead
the future collective initiatives They don’t follow externally decided blueprint or models of
development Local diversity and innovations are some of the main elements
Our Attitudes and BehaviorsNon-VerbalAll participants were divided in to four groups and were given 10 minutes time to prepare a role play and present in the plenary. The roles given to the groups were:
1. Group –I : Role play depicting a conversation between outsiders and insiders on sanitation issues in a “Top Down” mode.
2. Group-II : Role play on “Friendly gesture” a discussion on sanitation between the insiders and outsiders
3. Role play on “Participatory gesture” on the same topic4. Role play on “Dominating-top down gesture” on same topic
The groups were given two minutes each to perform the role plays. The others were given the roles of observers. After each role play the observers
were asked to report their observations which were documented. Many interesting points on attitude and body language emerged from the four role plays. The ended with a short evaluation of the day
Day-IIRecap of day-IDiscussion on defecation area transectQuick review of all the important tools for triggering CLTS through group dry runs
Then, participants went out for field exercise in pre decided groups; to Midre Genet Kebele Abonsa Village, Leku town Kebele 03 nearby Nigat KG School, Morocho and Midre Genet Poltery . The Shit/Chilo Group worked at Midre Genet Kebele Abonsa Village, the Buticho Group at , Leku town Kebele 03 nearby Nigat KG School, the Moroncho Group at Midre Genet Poltery and the ‘Duresa’ Group at Morocho village.Groups returned to base in the evening and worked on their analysis of the day’s work
Day-IIIGroup preparation till 9.30 amGroups organized reports about the field exercise.
Before group reports, each group expressed the experience in one sentence. Strengths, weaknesses, challenges and solutions of yesterday’s exercise were discussed.Duresa GroupIt was good and we enjoyed it.Shit GroupIt was good and we enjoyed it thoroughly.Buticho GroupIt was difficult to trigger. We didn’t trigger much. Morocho GroupIt was next to perfect. It went well.
Group presentations1. Morocho Group
Steps/processes What went right What went wrong Introduct
ion Adults’ and children’s groups Many children
to manage Mapping Good number of communities. Cards are
attractive to children: latent manipulation
Shit estimation
Friendly responses from community Few children participated in the mapping
Flow diagram
Good participation by adults, children, men, women
Noise as adults and children were too close
Glass exercise
Much triggering
Community promised to construct latrines They called a spade a spade: no resistance to say
“ar” or “chilo” No translation problem; good interaction Active participation: Adults were able to map
their houses and shitting areas Showed the proportion of Rich’s shit and Poor’s Perfect chaos Drunk 1st glass but refused the 2nd with shit
DiscussionQ. Out of the tools like; flow diagram, mapping, glass water exercise, which
tools was most powerful in triggering? An; The glass exercises.Q. Did you ask what should be done? - Yes. Q. Did you show a diagram of simple latrine?- YesDid you meet natural leaders? - Yes, male female.Q. Any language barrier? - No
2. Duresa GroupVisited Morocho VillageProcesses
• Community members were waiting• Started with greetings and prayers by the community• We were welcomed and offered chairs, but we insisted on sitting on
the ground• We had introductions of all present• We introduced the purpose of the visit
• We requested the children to form their own group apart from the adults
Adult group• Mapping of their village• Identified households, main road, and water source• Agreed on the local word for shit – “chilo”• Identified regular defecation places for adults, emergency and
children• Community computed the amount of shit generated per day, week,
month and per annum and wrote the data on a flip chart• We asked them what happened to the shit
– Water to water points, carried by animals and feet or shoes– They said the food and water they were consuming were
contaminated by shit
• We asked them about their about their children who are barefoot come who eat without washing and get infected and asked them whose fault it was, to which they replied it was due to poverty
• At this point one ‘gatekeeper’ tried to steer the discussion to community poverty issues away from their willingness to address sanitation issues
• The gatekeeper was pulled aside by Work and Numeri to explain poverty issues away from the main meeting
• At this point the mood of the participants was very high towards sanitation, and we told them thank you very much and asked them if they were willing to continue in the same situation.
• At this point, there was an ignition and the community was triggered. Everybody raised their hands and said they did not want to continue eating shit.
• We invited those who wanted to construct latrines to the centre and all came.
• Dr. Mohamed showed them a picture of low cost latrine and the promised to do it.
• They promised to construct the latrines within three months.• We then informed them about our planned meeting at Awassa on
CLTS and they expressed desire to attend. • They elected two representatives and two children to attend.• We made a transect work (homes and ponds)• We had a general discussion on environmental health hand washing
• Closing ceremony with prayers
Children Group• Drew map on paper• Did the same as adults • Interludes of music and dance made it exciting • Children presented their findings to the adults and the adults were
very impressed• Two children were selected by the community to attend the Awassa
meeting
Challenges• Women were few• There was a gatekeeper• We needed to agree with children on appropriate symbols for homes,
schools, water sources etc for clarity of the map.
Recommendations• Plan Ethiopia needs more presence in the community
Discussion on Duresa Report
Q. What were the triggering/ignition points? When too much ar was found (calculation), when we ask them whether they will continue eating ar, at the point where we asked what should be done and by whom.
Points:Children participation was high‘Enset’ (falls banana) leaves that are used to rap up edible matter were found
contaminated with shit, children showed this to their elders.Q. How did the community realize the disgust before the glass of water test?
The mood was high and we didn’t need to wait that exerciseQ. Many HHs say they latrine. But didn’t use. How many don’t have? How
many do use? Was the mapped quantity in line with the reality?A. During our transect walk, we cross-checked that there is too much ar as
calculated; many HHs don’t use latrines (latrines have no seets and substructure), many don’t have toilets.
3. Buticho Group
What went well?• The introduction process went well• Group Formation• Mapping for the children’s group• Transect Walk for the children’s Group
Part B • Natural Leaders• Time line (2 months for the children’s group)
What went wrong?• Place for the meeting was not conducive• Group composition for the adults was not good, there were many non
residents• Time for the meeting was not convenient• Women Participation was very low • No transect walk for the adult group
Challenges• Wrong expectation from the insiders• Environmental setting• Facilitation Skills
Lessons Leant• Methods to be used depends on the community setting (Urban Vs
rural)• The approach requires skill• Timing and site of the meeting need to be properly planned
Discussion on Buticho Report Children group too triggered They mentioned of diarrhea cases and compared treatment costs
against latrine costs Children requested us to help them end the problem Adults’ group was disorganized and resistant Damp matchbox
Challenges Poor facilitation Cultural resistance from aged people
People appear to have superficial knowledge of the problem: we know all this< please tell us what to do and help us do it.
It is you who should tell us what to do. Much chaos as it is near a school
o Two gangsters: Are you preachers? What are you doing here if you don’t support?
Lesson: Approaches for children and Triggering point: Transect walk. Dr Tezera stood in the middle of the
faces and asked for water. Adults resistant while children were too triggered. Eventually, all were convinced. “We should stop consuming shit” Too many outsiders; insiders were scare of outsiders No transect walk Some insiders were too drunk
Facilitator, together with insiders, should have been strong to convince them. We should face all these challenges
1. Chilo/ar GroupWhat went well?
• Mingled very well with the insiders/greetings• Had introductions done very well• Insiders drew the map with easy, good participation• Insiders seemed to be enjoying what was taken place• Children’s group had good participation• Co lead facilitators quickly assisted where there were gaps• Gate keepers dealt very well (aside)• Transect walk was done – defecation area was seen having shit• The community was looking forwarding to learn something• Community wasn't embarrassed to name shit in their local language
What went wrong?• Didn’t introduce ourselves on at right time• Sometimes, facilitators gave lectures• Some body language was inappropriate (standing up, hands in pocket,
carrying bags, sitting on chairs) • Didn’t manage the gate keepers very well• Didn’t utilize the opportunities• Didn’t create enough fear/disgust
What went wrong?
• No transect walk with children• Wanted to prepare action plan in our presence• Children were not told to combine map with adults• Mission was not adequately done• People expectant of donations• Facilitators grouped themselves• The meeting was not inclusive to all (women)• “Pushing” for the agenda (Eating shit)• Insiders pretend don’t know what to do!!!!• No trigger!!
Challenges• Insistence on getting help• School children (passer-by) kept disturbing the process• Early reports indicated high sanitation coverage but villages had only
pitsProcedure followed
Greetings The translator invited the leader The leader told the community who we are, the purpose of our visit Asked the community what shit is mean in Sidamigna The group is introduced to the community The community is asked to draw the map and they drawn the
boundary Located the last houses in every direction Located their houses in the map
Procedure followed• Wrote the name of the house hold head• Located common, individual, emergency and children shitting area• Out of common shitting area the worst is visited through transect walk• Returned back and done shitting calculation
Proceeding: Children group• Mapping the village with ash• Assign them selves on the village• Wrote the households head name put it where the house is on the map• All members of the group were facilitating• put yellow color representing shit • Showed shitting areas
• Calculated the weight of shit with the highest 13.5 kg and the lowest 6kg
Proceeding: Children group • Weight calculated by children: 275.5kg/day, 1928.5kg/week,
7714kg/month, 92,569kg/year• They ate and drunk food and water brought from one home. But after
they touch the yellow powder representing shit they refused to do so.Discussion
Not enough disgust created in adults; but promising flames Less triggered Why did you fail to trigger? Is it because we missed some important
exercises like the shit flow diagram, the glass exercise that are important to trigger action? These should have been done as they trigger action.
The group had the chance of triggering some disgust. Latter, one of the trainees (Francis) the issue of photographing and exposing that to other parts of the world
Animal and human waste was here and there. This is strange while shiting in open areas is common in Africa.
Latrine design was problematic.
Dr. Kamal’s observations:Lots of learning Subsidy raised expectations; influence of Plan’s subsidy in Plan
villages were prominent. Also in the neighboring villages. Chilo and Duressa sites were not Plan villages.
One case: We met some villagers leaving the CLTS meeting earlier and we asked them why. They told us that they had tasks to do. We asked them whether or not sanitation is their problem. They said it is, and that is due to passers by and outsiders. So, why not you involve and reflect your concerns.
o Villagers said, “They don’t listen to us! Please go and tell the Kebele Administration to employ a guard and look after the village sanitation.” This was surprising.
*Dr. Kamal presented about Conducive and non-conducive conditions for CLTS.
* Then participants joined their previous groups and refined their CLTS strategy based on the previous day’s experience.
Refined strategies revised after day-II field experience by GroupsBased on the experience of day-I of field visit all the groups reviewed their second day’s strategy. Buticho Group1. Roles
For Adults’ Group1.1.Lead facilitator: Alemayehu1.2.Co-facilitator: Mussie1.3.Process recorder: Genene/Migel1.4.Environment setter: Tamirat/Girma
For Children’s GroupKosheTezeraGetnet/PhoebeKuri
Ignition part1. Introduction
Proper orientationSeparation of insiders and outsidersArranging meeting siteEncourage women to participate
2. Mapping2.1.logistic arrangement by co-facilitators2.2.adequate time for mapping2.3.a good deal of work on mapping
3. Transect walk3.1.transect walk after mapping
PART-B: Remains the same
*Then trainees and trainer went out to Remeda, Fura Kebele Huwo village, Taremessa, and Hobolso sites for field exercise. Duressa Group worked at Remeda, Shit/Chilo Group at Fura, Buticho Group at Taremessa, and Morocho Group at Hobolso.
Day VI
Groups compiled field reports of the second day’s field workEach Group’s impressions
Duresa Group Much successful Better than the previous day’s We learnt a lot Excellent facilitation Much triggered Gatekeeper managed
Chilo Group It was successful More than ignition: matchbox in the gas Insiders actively participated, highly irritated Shame and disgust; some insiders even crying Well facilitated
Buticho Group Worked in a rural setting unlike yesterday’s No resistance from insiders Huge crowed Well facilitated Insiders much triggered They blamed their ignorance Some said let’s start now, others said let us get organized Much better than the previous day’s Weakness: few members of outsiders
Morocho Group Better than the previous day; successful Children started saying ‘chilancho’, meaning aram More triggered
Innovative facilitation
Dr Kamal: involving children is good. Give them some whistle to blow when they see a shitter and they will manage it.
Group presentations
Morocho GroupVisited Hobolso
What went right? EVERYONE had fun (lots of joking) – both insiders and outsiders First word out of mouth was “chilo” “How to discourage open shitting” role play: children clap and sing
“R’um” and “chilancho” Several natural leaders emerged – varying ages Community noted outsiders openly shitting in their village on their
way by Going to build communal toilets in areas where passersby are shitting
à go to those villages to disseminate messages Environment setters played a strong role à e.g. pulling women out
from behind the group to participate No gatekeeper issue
What went wrong? Team was late Low number of children à no children’s group Location was by the roadside and thus there were many curious
onlookers Mapping was difficult at first à e.g. husband and wife marking
separate houses Boundary mapping was problematic and had to be adjusted Outsiders talking too much/lecturing Unsure whether community participation/enthusiasm was genuine à
Plan employees well known within the community and responses may have been “too” positive
Participation of women was sometimes low
Chilo Group
CLTS field practice What improvement?
The greeting Introduction at the right time Where we came from, who we are The whole process was started by prayer Objective was stated and they were asked to start the job Mapping was very nice: they indicated boundary, road, churches in
addition to houses and defecation area. Women participation was excellent There were praying and songs The facilitator was very good The dominant person was managed very well: Interviewed for one
hour. The Ignition was a matchbox in the gas station before we even use
other tools like transect walk etc Time management was very good Representative of the participant who would come to Awassa was
elected democratically children were very cooperative Children participation was very good Dependency syndrome was not seen The children presented their map to elders The method to trigger was excellent and the people reaction was also
very nice. They were shouting to respond They said they would be chilo free in two months time The elder person once again closed the meeting with prayer. We all
were surprised that in the prayer he nominated chilo and prayed for his community to be free from eating each others chilo
Process of Total Participatory Community Sanitation
Dr Kamal Kar facilitated the session on ignition of CLTS when he introduced a few basic participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools, which were modified for detail sanitation profile analysis.
Ignition process using PRA tools: What it involves?1. Defecation area transect 2. Situation mapping (defecation area mapping)
3. Collective calculation of shit and flow diagrams4. Visual tools for accumulation and spread of feces through different
agents5. Planning for collective and household action and implementation6. Children as agents of change
Practical steps in ignition PRA Outsiders (development facilitators
from outside the community) greet insiders (community members) at the planned meeting site/ in different parts of the village
Outsiders introduce themselves to insiders and exchange greetings and explain the purpose of the visit (it is a learning visit)
Outsiders explain their purpose and request insiders to draw map of their village, including who lives where
Insiders draw their village, indicating with lines where the poor, medium and rich live (different colors used),
Insiders stand near their home on the big map drawn on the ground
They write name of the household head on yellow card and put the card to the ground
Each insider draws lines to connect the places where he/she goes everyday to defecates in the open or in toilets (indicates if it is a open pit)
Insiders put cards on places where they defecate (on the ground map)
Communities identify emergency defecation areas and common shiting areas, like children’s shiting areas
They start realizing from the visual mapping analysis that their own village and backyards of each household had so much accumulated shit and well defined areas of shiting
Outsiders then facilitate household shit calculation by community members
Household heads count their household size and calculate the quantity they shit in a day, 2 kg, 3
kg, 5kg, etc. and write them on the cards and place them on the ground map
Households who shit more and those who shit less are identified at this stage
Reasons why some families shit more and others less are probed by all
No criticism against more families those shit more; no outsider interference
Shit quantity of each household added
Insiders know the quantity they shit per week, per month and per year which they write on a displayed chart paper
If daily shit per household is 20.5kg, per week shit of will be around 143.5kg, the per month 615kg and per year about 72 quintals
Outsiders ask where all that shit goes to
Insiders respond, “the shit is washed away by flood when it rains; hens eat it, wind takes it away when it dries, animals swipe it with their hooves, some is brought back home by children’s shoes, etc”
Outsiders ask where the flood drains to? Where wind blows to? Where all the shit carried to?
Insiders respond that flood drains to rivers/springs/ponds; and so may wind add the litter it carried onto surface water
Outsiders ask where insiders get water supply from.
Insiders respond, “from rivers, springs, ponds, etc”
Outsiders ask insiders, “You told us that your shit gets to rivers, springs, ponds, etc. From where do you collect your water for drinking? You said from the river. What does this mean? Do you mean that you drink the water mixed with shit”?
Insiders agree and feel ashamed and disgusted to realize their own reality; regret about their open defecation practices on wrong places
Insiders ask for a glass of water and then give it to one of the insiders to drink it. Insider drink it
Then the facilitator take another glass of water and dips a hair after touching it on shit
Facilitator now offers that glass of water to insiders
Insider resists. Outsider asks why Insider responds I have already
realized that the water contains soup of shit
Outsider asks, “What will happen to you if you drink it as you used to?”
Insider: “I will get sick” Outsiders again ask if colonies of
flies rest onto the shit. Insiders say ‘yes’ Outsiders ask whether flies rest on
leaves, utensils, open meals, washed clothes etc
Insiders: “Yes” Outsiders: what do the flies carry on
their feet when they come from raw shit?
Insiders: Shit Outsiders: What happen when the
flies rest on leaves, utensils, and open meals, washed clothes, etc?
Insiders: They drop the shit there Outsiders: What happens when you
eat that food, use those utensils, etc? Insiders: Again ashamed of and
irritated about their defecation practices
Outsiders: Don’t be ashamed of us. Tell us (Probing)
Insiders: We consume the…shit together (ashamed and disgraced)
Outsiders: Whose shit is that? Insiders: (shame and disgrace again)
ours!! Then, outsiders: What do you use
for anal cleaning? Insiders: Leaves Outsiders: But leaves are
contaminated with shit by flies. And you are cleaning shit with shit.
Insiders: Shame and disgrace again Outsiders: do you wash your hands
after defecating? Insiders: Not usually Outsider brings a stick with shit at
one of its tips and asks the people to smell the shit
Insiders: Effff…. Outsiders: Why? Insiders: It is bad Outsiders: But, look, you are eating
each others’ shit, drinking soup of each others’ shit, cleaning with each others’ shit.
Insiders: Shame and disgrace again Outsiders: So would you again
defecate in the open? Please feel free to continue your own practice of open defecation. Please don’t misunderstand us. We are not here to tell you to stop open defecation or not to eat each other’s shit
Most insiders (including children) set out to clean their village and not to shit in the open again. Some resist
Outsiders: Why you resist? Resistant insiders: We have no
option Outsiders: Then all of you will be
consuming the shit. Most insiders: No, we will stop
them. Outsiders: How? Insiders: We will construct latrines.
NB: Outsiders should approach: in a friendly manner, should facilitate not dictate or
lecture
consider themselves as members of the community
Only if asked for outsiders should share construction drawing of simple, low cost models of pit latrines those could easily be constructed using locally available materials by communities.
encourage communities to come out of the bond of cultural taboos and talk and discuss openly
Encourage women to speak more. Ask who suffers most from open defecation ‘men’, ‘women’, ‘children’?
be creative in handling gatekeepers
Responsibilities of members of CLTS facilitation group Each group that practices CLTS should design its implementation strategy. It should have ‘key questions’, sequence of use of tools, alternative plans of facilitation in case of unforeseen circumstances, and also have designated roles for each member of the group. The group should have:
1. lead facilitators2. co-facilitators3. content recorder4. process recorder5. environment setter
Trainees were assigned to four groups with proper distribution of men, women, speakers of local languages, Plan local staff, Advisors, field staff, NGO members, government officials and all other mix. The groups were asked to select their own name. They named Shit/Chilo Group (to encourage trainees to call shit with its disgusting name and come out of the prejudice of calling sophisticated names), ‘Duresa’ (better off) Group, ‘Buticho’ (poor) Group, and ‘Morocho’ (very poor) Group. The group names refer well being status of people in Sidamigna. And the idea was that the amount of shit of people might differ according to wealth status. Those who eat more, shit more???? To check with the community!
Names of Groups and distribution of ParticipantsDuresa Group
1. Paulos Markos 2. Lamrot Mulat3. Dawit Desalegn 4. Atnafe Beyene5. Robert Njorege 6. Nimeri Ali-
Ahmed7. Yalew Tizazu 8. Mohamed
Ismail9. Yirga Ewnetu 10.
Shit/Chilo Group1. Hussien Hassen 2. Abiyot Abera3. Francis Mtitu 4. Demissie Dalke5. Kassie Chekole 6. Negesse Dibissa7. Byman hamududu 8. Abiyot Fisiha9. Worku Nigussa 10. Yamrot Fekadu11. Messele Kada 12. Yimenu Adane13. Dawit Bekele 14. Negesse Dibissa
Buticho Group1. Kassoga Phoebe 2. Mudimida Nigel3. Kuri Mamo 4. Musse Duressa5. Genene Kawiso 6. Girma Hailu7. Tamirat Sadamo 8. Koshe Karfafa9. Alemayehu Awoke 10. Tezera Fisseha11. Demissie 12. Getnet13. 14.
Morocho Group1. Martha Wood 2. Reshida Abadiga3. Getachew Demissi 4. Abebe Alemu5. Amin Abas 6. Teweldebirhan
Girma7. Biruck Desalegn 8. Joseph Phiri9. Seyoum Getachew 10.Cherkos Tefera11.Daniel Brook 12.Ashebir Dejenie13.Matebu Tadesse 14.
A group work was given to all the groups when they were asked to meet, discuss and work out group strategies to trigger CLTS in their respective villages. Each group designed its CLTS implementation strategy in two parts: 1. Action Process, and 2. Action Plan. Group representatives presented their strategy. Each group also elected lead facilitators, co-facilitators, process recorder, and environment setter.
Groups’ strategies/methods
Duresa Group A) Roles
Lead facilitator: Paulos
Co-facilitator: Dr Dawit Process recorder: Lamrot Environment setter + community setter: Paulos + Use children: Gizework + Lamrot
B) Tools1. Defecation area mapping (calculation of shit + flow chart)2. Transect walk: selection of houses (select randomly)3. Finding ignition moment and building on it4. Identifying persons who are willing to start and bringing them up
front & clap and make them speak
C) Steps/process plan to ignite (Part I) Greeting, introduction and explaining purpose Mapping houses: Name of HHs Draw line of shitting Identify emergency shitting places Children shitting area Calculate amount of shit produced per day, per week, per month, per
year Allow insiders to announce the amount of shit produced. Encourage
those who produce more and vice versa Ask where the shit goes Draw line of shit movement: chicken eat, people step on it Ask for a glass of water and ask them to drink it Add shit to some portion of the water Ask them whether they eat shit or not Bring shit and ask them to smell
Steps/process plan after ignition (Part II) Clap for the first one who shouted ‘stop open defecation’ Bring him/her forward and ask him/her to repeat it louder to the
community Ask the community “who will agree with this? Raise your hands” Start discussion with those who didn’t raise their hands. Ask reasons:
may be cost is high? Tell them that other villagers are doing it with little cost Form committees from community members Appoint them that we will visit them with journalists and other
villagers to celebrate about this village 100% free from OD
Favourable and Unfavourable conditions
CLTS triggering and the achievement of ODF status are more likely to succeed in some conditions than in others. Starting in favourable conditions and spreading into less favourable is a commonsense strategy. These lists of favourable and unfavourable conditions are based on brainstorming and consultation with practitioners and others.
Comments and suggestions please to [email protected]
Favourable
Policy and organisational environmentWhere there has been and is no programme of hardware subsidies and none is proposed. Where CLTS triggering facilitators are strongly motivated, well trained, have appropriate attitudes and behaviours, and are flexibly supported by their organisations Where there is provision for follow up encouragement and support after triggeringWhere finding and supporting natural leaders who can spread CLTS laterally is a priority
Current conditions and practicesFavourable community sizeHigh incidence of diarrhoeal disease and child mortalityWhere defaecation is constrained by lack of privacyWhere open defaecation has little or no economic valueWhere it is easy for people to see visually, and analyse, the links between their defaecation habits and ingestion of faecesWhere during rains or the night people defaecate nearby
Physical conditionsLack of cover in the surrounding area leading to lack of privacyWet, moist and/or visibly filthy and disgusting conditions where faecal contamination is offensiveSettlement patterns provide adequate space for latrinesShrinking space for open defaecation due to construction of roads, buildings, deforestation, desertification etc
Soil is stable and easy to digNearby wells will not be polluted Water supplies are unprotected and vulnerable to contamination
Social and cultural conditionsSocially homogeneous community with high cohesionProgressive local leadershipA tradition of joint actionWomen have a voiceWhere latrines and cleanliness give social status
Timing of triggeringWhen bad effects of open defaecation are most evident At the beginning of a slack labour period
Unfavourable
Policy and organisational environmentHardware subsidies; Where there has been a recent or is a current programme for hardware subsidies, or one is thought or known to be proposedOrganisations with big budgets for subsidies, and targets and reporting based on latrines constructedOpposition from the staff of such organisationsCLTS triggering organisations and staff with top-down teaching cultures and practicesLack of staff and resources for follow up, encouragement and support after triggering
Current conditions and practicesExisting use of nearby water that carries faeces away (stream, river or the sea)Economic use of faeces for fish farming or agriculturePrivate, accessible and convenient places to go (e.g. latrines with running water)Plenty of cover of bushes, trees and/or topography in surrounding area
Physical conditionsHard rock in which it is difficult to digHighly collapsible soil Dense settlement where it is difficult to find space, and storage may fill upDangers of polluting nearby wells
Social conditionsPeople are very healthy with little diarrhoeaSocially divided community with low cohesionWeak tradition of joint actionWomen have little voice and/or few resourcesConcepts of modesty and taboos which act as deterrentsHistory of and stories about latrine collapse or failure or danger (eg of children falling in)Likely resistance from influential people
Timing of triggeringDuring peak labour demandWhen faeces are less filthy and disgusting, eg during hot dry or very cold/freezing weather periods
Depending on context, either favourable or unfavourableNucleated dense settlementCultural and religious values and beliefs
Community PresentationAt least eight communities were invited to the workshop venue on the last day to present their plans of local action for cleaning up their villages. It was a great event when the different communities made fascinatingly exciting presentations and charged everyone. Especially the children presenters’ presentations were absolutely exciting. For details of the community presentation please see the detail documentation of Plan Ethiopia’s report.
Feedback on community presentations It was a big success; beyond trainees’ expectation Hot ignition; Reactions came from-the-heart /real feelings of the community All agreed that they realized they were consuming their shit Community seemed to moved out of dependency on subsidy; seemed
empowered and committed
The time trainees spent in the workshop was so fruitful Young natural leaders created: they may be good educators of
tomorrow. These people will be tomorrow’s leaders. A move from physical construction to shaping human mind Real representation of the natural leaders, not manipulators. They
presented it the same way we saw on the field. The word chilo/shit changed from sacred to secular Too much need for immediate action
*Having produced all these impacts, we should keep the speed and momentum move fast. Follow immediate actions. Don’t let the flames come down and defuse. Thus, you need action plan.
*Dr Kamal Kar presented about what could be done during CLTS. CLTS slides from Resource persons\ Guidelines_for_triggering_CLTS.pdfCLTS slides from Resource persons
*Then, groups developed action plans for six months.
Action Plan of a sample group Institutionalize CLTS Empower community Advocacy and networking for CLTS through the CRDA-led WWG;
involve Water Working Group Pilot CLTS in our project Monitor and evaluate all activities Document and disseminate experiences
Resources Personnel costs Training costs
CommentsSet time frameIndicate how many HHs/villagers will be open defecation free (ODF).
*Dr Kar requested each country groups to refine the action plans prepared by their field staff at Dar es Salaam CLTS workshop and submit for documentation on Monday February 26, 2007.
Then, the final evaluation of the training followed.
Evaluation of the WorkshopThe five day CLTS workshop was evaluated by the workshop participants on the last day. The evaluation was carried out in a non conventional manner. On five corners of the training hall five posters were posted which read “bellow 20%”, “20- 40”, “40-60%”, “60- 80%” and “80% and above”. All the participants were asked to stand in the middle of the training hall and the following questions were asked in a sequence. After each question they were asked to move to the respective poster of their choice on the wall in response to each question. After each question small groups were formed around a few posters. Number of persons stood under each poster were counted and posted in the following evaluation table. The small groups under each poster reflected their scoring on a particular question asked to them. Each response group gave reasons as to why he/she evaluated the training at that particular level.The questions and the scoring done by the participants are as follows:
Evaluation Questions Less than 20%
20-40 %
40-60%
60-80%
80% and above
1. To what extent your expectations from the workshop have been met?
- - 13 28
2. To what extent do you think you gained clear knowledge and understanding about CLTS?
- - - 12 29
3. To what extent do you feel confident to trigger CLTS in communities?
- 1 4 19 17
4. To what extent do you think the learning from this workshop will be helpful in your work?
- - 2 16 23
5. To what extent do you think your institutional environment is conducive to do CLTS?
1 4 12 4 20
6. To what extent do you think the success of this training in terms of facilitation, logistics, setting (place, time), and accommodation?
- - - 19 22
After each question when participants went and stood near the poster of his/her choice, they were asked to comment as to why they were there. One or two comments from the group was invited. The comments were as follows:
Q: 1.Comments from the 60–80% response group (Why they were there?)
I am beyond 50% and the rest will be acquired through reading and practice.
I have got the basics about CLTS and I can develop it further through reading.
Comments from the 80% and above response group (Why they were there?)
I found the approach and presentation skills appropriate for development activities.
Theoretical staff was concretized by practical exercises.Q: 2.Comments from the 60–80% response group (Why they were there?)
I need more practice in order to be able to apply CLTS in the community.
I am at 75 and the rest comes through reading.Comments from the 80% and above response group (Why they stood there?)
I can perfectly exercise the approach. Though knowledge and understanding about something is
relative, I have got good knowledge. The first day, I was asking as to how the tool could be applied. But, after the practical exercises, I am above 80%.
Q: 3.Comments from the 20–40% respondent (Why he stood there?)
My country reality (Zambia) is not conducive: less populous and thus cannot get huge gathering to implement CLTS.
My supervisor may not allow doing this.Comments from the 40–60% response group
Triggering depends on favorable and unfavorable conditions. For cultural reasons in Sidama, male, female and children
defecate on different places.Reasons from the 60–80% response group
I need to further strengthen my facilitation skills through reading and practice.
Reasons from the 80% and above response group
I have understood the additive effects of each process and the interrelationship of each tool.
I have learnt from the field work that I can catch the mood of the people. Communities seem to absorb the lessons.
Q: 4. No comments were invitedQ: 5.Reasons from the less than 20% response group
My supervisor is not positive towards me.
NB. Dr Kar said Plan needs to empower its staff in order to empower people in communities.
The evaluation ended here and then Ato Amsalu Nigussie, RESA WATSAN Advisor gave few closing remarks.
Finally, closing remarks, words of thanks, and commitments were made by Plan, the trainer and the trainees.
The Awassa CLTS training workshop ended on February 24, 2007 at 7.30 PM in the evening.
What could be done during follow-up of CLTS?Often it is noticed that the same old practices are being done during the follow up of CLTS. Hardly any change in the IEC material or in the mode of delivery of messages is noticed. Old top down prescription in IEC are not in line with the CLTS approach. New scripts and stories with a different mode of delivery need to be designed. The following actions are being suggested to ensure sustained follow up:
1. Immediate follow up visits by the core team of facilitators of the district to CLTS triggered villages
2. Review the social map with all members of the community on a weekly basis, recognize those stopped OD
3. Appreciate/ encourage the children to conduct processions with slogans
4. Arrange live demonstrations of low cost simple pit latrines in village by NLs
5. Demonstrate low cost sanitation hardware and other technology options available in the market (provide contacts & sources) only after behavior change is being initiated
6. Identify Natural Leaders and make inventory at district level (Categorize them ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’)
7. Look for, encourage and support women natural leaders 8. Look for diversity in ‘toilet designs’, ‘local monitoring methods’,
‘locally innovated funding methods’, ‘informal ways of scaling up and spread’, local collective action beyond CLTS, e.g. garbage cleaning, drainage etc.
All triggers of CLTS don’t produce same flash1. MATCHBOX IN A GAS STATION Where the entire community is
fully ignited and all are prepared to start local action immediately to stop open defecation
2. PROMISING FLAMES where a majority has agreed but a good number are still not decided
3. SCATTERED SPARKS where the majority of the people are not decided (and there are many fence-sitters) to initiate collective action, and only a few have started thinking about going ahead
4. DAMP MATCHBOX, where the entire community is not at all interested to initiate any local action to stop open defecation.
Conducive Institutional Environment and arrangements1. Monitor and facilitate existing or emergent, informal sub-community
groups2. Formation of ‘Core Team’ at the district level for regular monitoring
and scaling up of CLTS3. Adequate freedom and flexible funding may be ensured to enhance
community facilitation and spread4. Build linkages with local communities, local government
representatives and government and traders/markets5. All seniors in government and NGOs should handover the stick to the
lower level and empower all actors6. Identify officials who have strongly demonstrated examples of
attitude behavior changes leading to real community empowerment. Appreciate, encourage, invite them to most mass gatherings and
district and state level meeting for sharing their experiences with others.
7. Identify headmasters/teachers of schools who are willing to work with the children and students to ensure that there was none in the school who defecates in the open either during school or at home. Publicize and recognize such schools as the first ODF School in the district. Arrange substantial reward for these schools. Felicitate and honor the teachers of these schools. Arrange study visit of other schools to ODF schools.
Possible shifts in monitoring indicatorsHints and tips on the possible shifts in monitoring indicators were given to workshop participants in both the states. It has been suggested to thoroughly check the sanitation profile of a village before declaring it as ODF. These evaluations must not be done by outside agencies alone. Members of village communities from other ODF villages should be invited to join in the evaluation teams as evaluators. Members of village local body and Natural Leaders from neighboring villages should also be involved in the process.
Present Monitoring Criteria
Monitoring for CLTS
Success determined by Number of toilets built Number of ODF hamlets and villages
Emphasis given on Infrastructure Emergence of Natural Leaders from CLTS
Monitoring mostly done by Outsiders Communities and insidersNorms and criteria of monitoring defined by
Outsiders and externally designed projects
By insiders and local communities who sets penalty and rewards
Toilet models Few and as prescribed by outsiders
Many and locally innovated designs
Cost of toilets High and fixed standard Low and variableChances of sustenance of institutional structures
Low; till the externally controlled projects continue
High; and are being maintained by the Natural Leaders emerging in each village
Spread and scaling up Slow and depends largely on external agencies
Spontaneous and by the Natural Leaders
Community cooperation Very low; often community divides on the issue of subsidy
High and in abundance, better off helps the poor in villages
Innovations in financing, monitoring, rewards and penalty set by
As prescribed by outsiders
Mostly locally innovated and community designed
Usage and sustainability of structures created
Low and transient High and semi permanent
Is your strategy right and in line with the spirit of community led total sanitation approach?The following tips could be useful to check whether the strategies are on the right track:
Is your strategy capable of moving from a few villages to entire district/larger area (e.g. from AP to GP series)? Ideally the spread under CLTS approach should be much faster as compared to externally driven sanitation improvement programmes.
Are you facilitating to create social structures where the communities are in the driving seat being supported, helped and guided by the others, experts?
Is your strategy an ‘output’ or ‘outcome’ orientated approach? Outputs are number of latrines built etc. and outcome could be sustained behaviour change or total elimination of open defecation.
Have you been able to create an institutional frame work with dedicated special teams at the district, block, village and Community level?
Is it promoting hard ware sanitation subsidy or it is dependent on some kind of reward from outsiders?
Is implementation of the strategy heavily dependent on government officials and cells/structures?
To what extent the elected people’s representatives and community are involved in the entire process of planning and implementation?
Is there a clearly defined system of involving the emerging Natural Leaders and using them as community consultants? Are they involved as token or equal partners of scaling up of CLTS?
Are the local NGOs, CBOs who are supposed to create demand, are looked down as contractors of the government or are committed and empowered?
Is their provision for adequate training and capacity building at all levels?
Are the members of the core teams are clear about the specific steps to be taken as follow up after triggering of CLTS?
Is the five day TOT on CLTS enough for the district? Does the strategy have any scope for further capacity building or follow up on CLTS?
To what extent your strategy follows the same old style and activities in developing IEC materials like instructive posters, handouts etc those used to be produced before introduction of CLTS?
Do you have the details of all CLTS trained people of your district/PU? What are they doing? Did all of them conduct CLTS training, Triggering in their own villages after CLTS training? Who didn’t do any thing?
How many CLTS trainers of your district emerged as champions and are requested by other villagers to visit them as resource person?
How many times you invited them to participate in district, PU level meetings with senior government officials? Did they participate as a token?
How many non-conventional monitoring indicators emerged from community led total sanitation approach in your district? Example; income of village quacks dropped drastically, sharp drop in number of referral cases to subdivision hospitals or admission in block HC, sharp increase in sale of sanitary hardware in local shops.
How the children participate in daily monitoring of campaign against Open Defecation?
How many indicators of your monitoring are quantitative and how many qualitative??
At what stage your district is introducing/ dictating sanitation technologies? Are you bringing it before the desired behavioral change?
Are you providing a ‘basket of choices’ of technologies or imposing outsider’s ideas on technology? Are we empowering ‘community engineers’
Are we serious about ‘technology assessment’ and ‘technology refinement’ or straight away prescribing technology?
Are we sure that our rural communities are moving up along the “Sanitation ladder”? What steps in the ladder of toilet improvement are being followed? Are we expecting the communities to climb on the top the sanitation ladder in one jump?
RecommendationsThe five day workshop on CLTS ended with a high degree of excitement, interest and enthusiasm amongst the participants. The last day of the workshop (National Workshop in Hotel Hilton, Addis Ababa) was dominated by enthusiastic presentations by the CLTS triggered communities from Awaasa area who were invited to participate. Based on different discussions, decisions, suggestions and overall outcome of the workshop the following recommendations are being made:
At the community level
1. I would suggest ensuring immediate follow up to all the seven villages where CLTS have been triggered by the four groups of workshop participants. It is essential to extend support to develop all these communities as open defecation free, which could be used as show cases CLTS village.
2. Once declared ODF by the respective communities, it would be essential to arrange a joint evaluation of the status with selected members of neighboring communities, local NGOs, officials from the respective government departments and local elected people’s representatives. The evaluating members of the communities should be given ample freedom to use their own evaluation criteria. They might use very interesting criteria to evaluate one ODF village using their innovated methodology. These should be encouraged.
3. Once a community passes the joint evaluation, a board stating the ODF status of the village may be put up at the entry of the village for others to see and take message home. The contents of the board must be decided by the respective communities themselves.
4. As soon as these villages declare themselves as ODF it is essential to arrange big celebrations for the occasion where representatives from at lest 5-10 neighboring communities could/should be invited to participate to know and learn about their neighbouring community’s collective strength. In such celebrations, lead roles should be given to the Natural Leaders emerged from the CLTS campaign in that village. Outsiders shouldn’t take lead but work from the back seat and
continuously empower the NLs to come up front. The NLs and the community must be encouraged to speak about the process of implementation of CLTS and how do they describe ‘Open Defecation Free’. What does it mean by ODF according to community’s perception? Before CLTS what was the condition in that particular village and how does it differ from that now? These celebration meetings must be organized in innovative ways to allow extensive discussions between the CLTS community and the non ODF village communities so that the underlined message of collective behaviour change is clearly understood by all invited there.
5. It is likely that some members of the invited communities might be interested to clean up their own villages using CLTS approach. If they show interest to learn the techniques of triggering CLTS in their respective villages, it would be essential to build linkages between the two communities where the NLs could play a very important role as Community Consultants. Initial help should be extended so that the NLs from the ODF villages could visit and trigger CLTS and help their neighbours in achieving ODF status and train them the way. Arrangements may be made for basic logistics and transport if required. Plan field staff should work with the NLs in early triggering exercises of CLTS in other villages and help them in facilitation. Gradually some NLs would come up as champions of spread and scaling up. The idea is to promote the extension process of “Community Led Total Sanitation” through “Community Led Scaling up” and not an outside institution led scaling up of CLTS. Outside agencies could take the facilitative and local empowerment role.
At the national level6. A core team of CLTS facilitators need to be developed at the national
level from amongst the promising staff of Plan Ethiopia, Water Aid, and other agencies who participated in the CLTS workshop. Many others could also emerge from the process of implementation of CLTS in different Peogramme Units in the coming months.
7. Support to the field facilitators (CDFs of Plan) must be ensured by the respective Programme Unit Managers and from the national level. As not more than one PUM had participated in the CLTS training workshop, it might be difficult for those PUMs to allow the field staff
to do different things in their rural sanitation work. As this approach is totally different from the traditional approach, the field staff would need a great deal of flexibility and support to try it out in their respective Programme Units. They must be allowed to commit mistake and learn from their mistakes. I would therefore request the senior management of Plan Ethiopia to arrange visits for those PUMs (who couldn’t participate in the CLTS workshop) to ODF villages and allow face to face interaction with the successful communities, the field staff and the PU Manager who had participated in the workshop.
8. At the national level all the WATSAN Advisors of Plan countries in
East, Southern and Northern Africa who are interested in using CLTS approach in sanitation, should try to look beyond the Plan’s areas of operation and take the approach beyond Plan’s programme intervention areas. As far as I understood, in terms of scaling up of sanitation, Plan personnel are thinking to cover a few more Kabales in addition to those where they have been working. In fact the scaling up plan is restricted within Plan’s working area only. It seems there is no systematic strategy to scale up sanitation activities beyond Plans working areas. Once the success of CLTS is known, it is likely that many agencies including the government departments would be interested to participate in the total sanitation campaign led by the local communities. At that stage Plan could play a leading role in facilitating the process of institutionalization of CLTS approach amongst the interested institutions and agencies in Ethiopia. The chances of faster spread and the pace of scaling up might be reduced if Plan doesn’t strategize for a wider sanitation coverage involving all interested agencies in sanitation in Ethiopia. I would suggest Plan UK to extend support and think in terms of scaling it up to the entire country.
9. I would suggest Plan Ethiopia to arrange a review workshop for 2-3 days in Awaasa sometime in July/August. All the Ethiopian participants of this workshop and those practicing/implanting in other PUs and a few selected Natural Leaders may be invited in that workshop. Joint visit to ODF villages, review of implementation strategies, and discussions on problems faced and the way forward may be discussed extensively. Such experience sharing workshop
would further strengthen the capacity and would be useful in clarifying many doubts amongst the field facilitators. I might visit Ethiopia in July 07 and if possible I will try to visit some of the CLTS villages.
Regional LevelI would suggest Plan to develop an interactive methodology for improving the community hygiene issues alongside CLTS. True CLTS doesn’t stop at achieving ODF status, but goes on further in sustained improvement in hygiene behaviour. As the implementation process of CLTS moves on and the community learns to stop all the fecal-oral contamination routs, it would be essential to initiate a Community Led Hygiene Behavior Change campaign drawing experiences from the different countries. Hygiene behavior changes like hand washing with soap, safe drinking water etc become easier once the community achieve success in CLTS. Experience from Indonesia in this regard has been remarkable. Conscious efforts must be initiated along side introduction of CLTS.
10.It is strongly suggested to arrange orientation workshops and training
on CLTS for the CDs, PSMs and selected PUMs from different Plan countries in East and Southern Africa. It became very clear from the deliberations of the WATSAN Advisors meeting in Addis Ababa that it is often much harder to persuade any new idea in Plan unless the CD, PSM or the PUMs are not on board. Furthermore Plan is more concerned about spending the budget allocation which is often quite substantial and huge with more emphasis on hardware. While it is easy to spend fast through construction of sanitation infrastructure, the fear of WATSAN advisors was that CLTS might slow down the burning rate (speed of spending). This is not necessarily a correct assumption always. In CLTS it is said that spend less initially to spend more latter. In fact expenditure on sustainable behaviour change paves the way for much greater demand for sanitary hardware later. Whether the hardware is supplied by the private sector on cost or it comes as free/ subsidy from any development agency is a different question. In most cases when the community decides to stop open defecation, a great deal of social solidarity builds up and the better off of the village helps the poor to construct toilets and stop open defecation.
11. It became very clear from the presentations of seven country plans
and activities on CLTS by the respective WATSAN advisors that most of the proposed activities were more or less the same as was done before. Although a new empowerment approach was adopted most activities planned were traditional and stereo type. A serious discussion followed on this. RPSM raised the important question whether we were going to do the business as usual or prepared to do things differently?Many suggestions emerged as to how a lot could be done differently
keeping in mind the major elements of “community empowerment”, “Community Led”, “Total coverage rather than partial” and “Wider coverage.” The following suggestions were given to the group members:
Producing IEC materials in many different ways and not following the same old style. Powerful and great ideas could emerge through consultation with the NLs from ODF villages.
Taking other Programme Advisors of Plan in to confidence and explaining them as to how CLTS could be a good entry point strategy to ensure community participation in areas other than sanitation. E.g. ‘Education programme’ ‘Health programme’, ‘Livelihoods security’ and so on. This way it would be important to take their support and involve the PU staff and Managers in the scaling up of CLTS which guarantees local participation and enhances the efficiency of any programme implemented by Plan.
It has been suggested to the WATSAN Advisors to develop a band of 50 to 100 Natural Leaders/ Community Consultants from at least 20-30 villages in the next six months who could be the agents of change, spread and scaling up in their respective countries. This way the front line field staff (COs) would be able to tackle the difficulties associated with working alone in the field of sanitation and water supply. CLTS demands group work at the initial stage (at least 2-3 people). The COs would be able to make progress in transforming villages in to ODF from Arithmetic Progression (AP) series to Geometric Progression (GP) series and scale up sanitation much faster.
Promote, advertise and appreciate the good work of emerging NLs their achievements in creating totally ODF villages and setting examples.
Training and capacity building of Plan staff of RESA countries13. As discussed after the workshop in Addis Ababa, I would strongly recommend Plan RESA to arrange at least three more ‘hands-on’ training workshops on CLTS for the field staff and the Programme Unit Managers of Plan countries with larger sanitation programmes. It was decided agreed that a training workshop for Plan Kenya and Plan Zambia or Plan Malawi would be organized within the next few months (tentatively in May or June 07). I would also suggest that CLTS facilitators from Tanzania and Ethiopia be invited as resource persons in these training workshops. I would suggest that all the east African Plan countries soon develop show cases of CLTS villages in all of their PUs as soon as possible. Once a few example villages are developed, it would be much easier to scale up the approach from there.
14. I would like to recommend that Plan RESA organize at least two exchange visits of field staff, PU Managers and PSMs from the predicating countries to India/ Bangladesh or Indonesia. Such exposure visits would certainly widen the horizon of the CLTS practitioners and would build confidence.
Regional resources facilitators15. As I have already suggested, it would be extremely useful rather essential to form a team of Regional Resource Facilitators on CLTS in Africa. This team could be formed by drawing people from all the eight countries in Africa who had participated in Tanzania and Ethiopia CLTS workshops and have started implementation in their respective countries. I have already identified a few potential people from the two workshops. I would suggest that the team be formed during the next follow up meeting/workshop on CLTS. If the plan for training in Kenya and Zambia/ Zimbabwe is followed up as discussed, it would be essential to bring those potential trainers/ resource persons and run a special Training of Trainer’s Course for the CLTS trainers.
16. I had also suggested recruiting a regional Coordinator for CLTS to be based in Nairobi/ Johannesburg or elsewhere who would extend constant support to the Regional Training and Resource team. If Plan wishes to emerge as leader in Community Led Total Sanitation in Africa (which is quite possible) and take lead in transforming the sanitation scenario, a lot of supportive activities need to be initiated along with the introduction of CLTS in Africa. The role of the Coordinator would be very crucial in this respect. As I have seen Plan countries begin CLTS with lots of excitements but tend to fall back to old/ traditional approach gradually. Why that happens is understandable. In fact pressure of spending always pushes the project people towards hardware subsidy and construction of nice infrastructure. When one travels from La Paz, the capital city of Bolivia towards Lake Titicaca in the north, one would see the entire rural landscape dotted with nice toilets constructed by Plan with big Plan logo painted on them. They all look alike and clearly exhibit outside intervention as they don’t always fit with the existing local rural infrastructure scenario.
The point I would like to mention is that if an efficient/talented Coordinator is put in place, perhaps it would be possible to carry out some kind of action research to find out ways of ensuring larger spending with no-subsidy-CLTS as an entry point. This could benefit many agencies who often mistake CLTS approach as ‘Neo-Liberal’ /anti poor. It would be great if Plan RESA take an initiative in breaking this misconception of CLTS approach.
CLTS literature/training materials in local language17. I had discussed the possibility of Plan UK’s support in printing and production of training materials and literature on CLTS with Mr. Samir Shah of Plan UK. Mr. Shah visited Addis Ababa and attended the National Workshop on CLTS followed by WATSAN Advisors net work meeting. In fact on my request, IDS Sussex, UK had sent about 50 copies of the Working Paper 257 and Guidelines for triggering CLTS to Plan Tanzania, which were distributed to workshop participants. Due to shortage of copies only one set of the WP-257 and Working Guidelines were given to each country representative. All the participants couldn’t get one copy each. Some copies were also distributed to selected participants in Awassa workshop. Although there is a high demand for the literature on CLTS, due to shortage of funding more copies of the WP-257 and Guidelines couldn’t be printed. I had suggested Mr. Shah to look in to the possibility of funding for printing thousand copies of the WP-257, CLTS Guidelines and one especial Working
Paper based on the emerging experience of CLTS from Plan Africa countries. These papers could jointly be publications by Plan UK and the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex, UK. As a visiting Fellow of IDS I am associated with the IDS –CLTS Research. I might be visiting IDS in May for a couple of weeks and will be working on CLTS research. During this time I will try to update the CLTS guidelines and write recent advances and experiences on CLTS including Africa. I would like to request Plan UK to explore the possibility of funding RESA to document, distill and distribute the emerging experiences on CLTS in Africa. On request, I have collected the cost of reprint of WP-257 from IDS which are as follows: Prices below for WP 257 re-print.50 copies = £125500 copies = £12501000 copies = £2500CLTS guidelines50 copies = £50500 copies = £5001000 copies = £1000Any queries please let me know.
Gary Edwards,Sales and Marketing Assistant, IDS CommunicationsDirect Line + 44 (0) 1273 678269Web: www.ids.ac.uk
Suggestion of monitoring setup18. It is extremely important to monitor the quality of spread and scaling up of CLTS. In most cases CLTS started with very high quality participation and truly community led. But as it moved on things started deteriorating especially the implementing agencies started compromising with quality for faster spending of budget. In some countries ‘subsidized’- ‘top down’ WES programmes were implemented, and were also called CLTS, which increased confusion. Again in some other countries CLTS attracted lot of donor interest and received funding which killed the spirit of CLTS. As a result many villages are being declared as ODF which in reality are not.
Setting up of proper monitoring arrangement right from the beginning would be essential in guarding against such quality deterioration.
I would also suggest engaging a central team (periodically drawn from the RESA countries) to assess and document the emerging lessons and innovations on CLTS at the community level from the RESA countries of Plan. These should include: a) Low cost technological innovations of toilet models, b) Community’s style of triggering and facilitation, c) Community innovated reward and penalty for not obeying collective norms developed by the respective communities d) Innovative financial/savings mechanisms if any of the communities in solving the problems of cash availability for toilet construction, e) Evolving mechanisms of the local leadership and the NLs in spread and scaling up of CLTS in neighboring areas and many more. Such documentation of new learning would not only strengthen the community led total sanitation approach but would be very useful for many other countries in Africa. Many international institutions and donor agencies who have adopted CLTS approach in some country or the other are still grappling with the problem of subsidized traditional approach to sanitation. Strong experiences from the community level would be useful in achieving a conceptual clarity for all.
Sources of global information on CLTS
19. I would also like to suggest that the following web-links for further information on CLTS may please be forwarded to all the participants of Dar es Salaam and Awassa workshops.
CLTS website: http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/CLTS.html which contains the following types of resources:
Introduction to CLTS: Summary introduction plus links to key background documents and “how to” guides
CLTS lessons from around the world: Highlights, challenges and reports of CLTS in practice organised by country or region.
Other papers on CLTS: Further general reading on CLTS in theory and in practice.
News and events: Highlighting conferences, meetings, funding opportunities, and other news relating to CLTS
Organisations: Links to relevant organisations that are documenting their experiences with CLTS
Recommendation on resource mobilization for CLTS20. As already discussed with Dr. Khairul Islam, Mr. Amsalu, and Mr. Samir Shah of Plan UK, I would like to request RESA to plan a meeting with some of the interested donors like DFID, Irish Aid, Plan Netherlands, Plan UK and a few interested Country Directors of Plan countries in Africa in London sometime in May to discuss and explore possibilities of funding Plan RESA and Plan countries of East, Southern and Central Africa for regional capacity building, introduction and scaling up of CLTS. It was DFID who funded scaling up of CLTS for the first time in Bangladesh with 17.5 Million Pounds. Poverty in Africa is the present focus of DFID. Ethiopia and East African countries are also priority countries of Irish Aid. I think there would possibly be great deal of interest amongst the donors to support CLTS in Africa especially when there is so much pressure in achieving MDG goals and the CLTS approach is doing so well in Asia. If required I can start informal dialogue with some of the senior people I know in DFID London and In Irish Aid in Dublin and request them to participate in ‘Sanitation in Africa’ discussion organised by Plan International and Plan RESA Africa. I could also participate, present and explain the need to support CLTS in Africa. We could also seek suggestions from Dr. Niras Rose of Plan UK. I already have had some discussion with Niras and have informed her on these emerging issues.
List of Participants of the WorkshopName of Organisation Name of Participant Position Telephone # FAX # Mobile # e:mailPlan RESA Amsalu Nigussie Regional WATSAN Advisor [email protected]
Consultant Dr. Kamal Kar Consultant [email protected], [email protected]
Egypt Dr. Mohammed Ismail WATSAN Advisor 2010233400 [email protected]
Kenya Robert Njoroge WATSAN Advisor254 20 3870216
254 722 349903 [email protected]
Malawi Joseph Phiri WATSAN Advisor 265 1770699 265 8323239 [email protected]
Sudan
ELNIMIERI ALI AHMED FADALLA Program Unit Manager
249 611822316
249 122 651550 [email protected]
Tanzania Francis Mtitu WATSAN Advisor255 713 494916 [email protected]
Uganda Phoebe Kasoga WATSAN Advisor256 772 523434 [email protected]
Zambia Byman Hamududu WATSAN Advisor 260 1260074 260 96436799 [email protected]
Zimbabwe Nigel Murimiradzomba WATSAN Advisor263 04791601-4
263 091314305 [email protected]
Plan Ethiopia Country Office Dr. Tezera Fisseha PSM114670175-82 114161542 [email protected]
Dr. Dawit Belew Health Advisor114670175-83 114161542 911405553 [email protected]
Martha WoodReproductive Health Technical Advisor
114670175-84 114161542 911939081 [email protected]
Cherkos Teferra WATSAN Advisor114670175-85 114161542 [email protected]
Atnafe Beyene Sr. Research Coordinator114670175-86 114161542 911123144 [email protected]
Matebu Tadesse Communication & Admin. Off.114670175-87 114161542 [email protected]
Teweldeberhan Girma Research and Evaluation Adv.114670175-88 114161542 916826374
Plan Ethiopia Shebedino PU Daniel Brook PUM 046 226 0389 [email protected]
Seyoum Getachew Research Officer 046 226 0389 911142495 [email protected]
Dawit Bekele Program Officer – WATSAN 046 226 0389 916828958 [email protected]
Plan Ethiopia Lalibela PU Yalew Tizazu Program Officer – WATSAN 333360007 [email protected]
Yirga Ewenetu Program Officer – Health 333360007 [email protected]
Plan Ethiopia Jimma PU Worku Nigussa CDW 047 112 2444 911763243 [email protected]
Yamrot Fekadu CDW 48 112 2444 917823332
Water Action Girma Hailu Health & Comm. Dv't Div. Mgr 116515875 116518939 911123693 [email protected]
Water Action - Shebedino PO Ashebir Dejene Health & Sanitation Jr. POC/O 462260142
Water Action - Shebedino PO Abyot Fisseha Health & Sanitation Jr. POC/O 462260142
Name of Organisation Name of Participant Position Telephone # Fax # Mobile # e:mailKersa Woreda Health Desk Gizework Kassahun Health Officer 471121993 911852507 Tiro Afeta Wooreda Health Desk Sr. Abiyot Aberra 917807412
Kersa Woreda Water Desk Reshida Abadiga Water Qulity Controll 917820077
Tiro Afeta Wored Water Desk Amin Abass Head Water Desk 473320211 917807529 Shebedino Woreda Admin Office Musse Duressa Head Admin Office 462260021 916580299 Shebedino Woreda Health Office Getnet Kassa Health Officer 462260343 911805749
Shebedino Woreda Water Dept. Getachew Demisse Sanitation Officer 462260454
Sidama Zone Health Bureau Paulos Markos Sanitation Officer 462206337 912065854
SNNPRS Health Bureau Demissie Bubamo Department Head 462205950 462205972 912050659 [email protected]
Oromia Health Bureau Gedamo Bushan Department Head 115510808 115533629 911788345
Lasta Woreda Health Office Kasse Chekole Head 333360292 333360004 911543478
Amhara Region Health Bureau Yimenu Adane Team Leader 582200991 918700228 [email protected]
Water Aid Kuribachew Mamo Hygen & Sanitation Officer 114661681 911419044 [email protected]
Intermon Oxfam Hussien Hassen Water Program Officer 116610045 116615578 [email protected]
Translator Genene Kawisso Sub-sahara co.plc 916825295 [email protected]
Translator Melese Kada Water Bureau 462212472 911755176 [email protected]
Hawassa University Biruk Desalegn Head, Department of EH 911422660 [email protected]
Hawassa University Negasse Dibissa Lecturer- Environmental Health 911093551
Shbedino PU Abebe Alemu CDW 916833107 [email protected] PU Alemayehu Awoke CDW 462214703