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ANNEXES

COSTA RICA TELECOMMUNICATIONS ESMF - ANNEXES

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LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Telecommunications, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)

Annex 2 EBRD Sub-Sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications

Annex 3 World Bank Safeguard Polices

Annex 4 Geographic Information System Maps

Annex 5 Inventory of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector

Annex 6 Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR)

Annex 7 Protocol for Establishing Telecommunications Facilities in Costa Rica

Annex 8 Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts

Annex 9 Environmental and Social Assessment Manual for Subprojects Funded by FONATEL

Annex 10 Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses

Annex 11 World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria

Annex 12 Content of an Environmental Monitoring Report

Annex 13 Guidelines for Regulations for Environmental Protection in the Telecommunications Sector

Annex 14 Photo Log of the Environmental Assessment during ERM site visit (June 2007)

Annex 15 Data Sources

Annex 16 Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF)


ANNEX 1

World Bank Group Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines:

Telecommunications, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety,

Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)


ANNEX 2

EBRD Sub-Sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications


ANNEX 3

World Bank Safeguard Policies


ANNEX 4

Geographic Information System Maps


Map 1. Topography of Costa Rica


Map 2. Rivers in Costa Rica


Map 3. Land Cover, Costa Rica, 2005


Map 4. Wetlands, Mangroves and Protected Areas, Costa Rica


Map 5. Protected Areas, Costa Rica


Map 6. Technical risk Assessment Map, Costa Rica


Map 7. Technical Risk Assessment Map, Zoom on the Central Valley


ANNEX 5

Inventory of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental Impacts in the Telecommunications

Sector


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INVENTORY OF INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE FOR MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR 3

1.1SUSTAINABILITY CONTEXT 31.2INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE 31.3TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE 41.3.1 Site Selection for Towers 41.3.2 Tower Co-location/Sharing and Siting 61.3.3 Tower Design and Landscaping Criteria 61.3.4 Tower Height 71.3.5 Guy Wires 81.4ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 81.4.1 Lighting 91.4.2 Air Emissions91.4.3 Hazardous Materials Management 101.5SOCIAL IMPACTS 101.5.1 Noise 101.5.2 Occupational Health and Safety 111.6ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING 111.7PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND COMMUNICATION 121.8CELL PHONES INTERFERENCE WITH AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 131.9IMPACTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ON HUMAN HEALTH 131.9.1 Background 141.9.2 Summary of Literature Review 141.9.3 Conclusions 15

APPENDICES

Appendix A List of references

Appendix BUnited States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary Guidelines for Telecommunication Towers


1 INVENTORY OF INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE FOR MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR

1.1 Sustainability Context

Given Costa Rica’s preeminence as an ecotourism destination and the country’s significant avifauna, both resident and migratory1, this inventory of best practice gives special emphasis to the potential effect of telecommunications towers on birds and developing best practice for mitigation. Though the potential effect of towers on birds in Costa Rica is not well understood, and may in fact be small, measures to mitigate potential impacts have been developed in the United States and could be integrated with the project’s overall environmental management program for the sector in Costa Rica. Background on the potential issue and mitigation measures is provided below.

Telecommunications tower collision-related deaths, in particular for migratory birds, have been well documented in the United States. Migratory birds tend to fly in flocks at night to avoid predators, and the most significant collisions tend to occur at lighted towers on foggy or low ceiling nights, as the birds appear to be attracted by the diffused light from certain types of tower warning lights and yet cannot see the towers. The effect of towers on non-migratory birds is less well understood, but is assumed to be less significant than for migratory birds.

The full impact of telecommunications towers on migratory birds has only been recognized by the industry in the last ten years. Research in the United States has led to the development of measures for mitigating the impact of towers on birds by federal agencies. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Voluntary Guidelines on Communications Towers Siting, Construction, Operation and Decommissioning (USFWS Guidelines) are the primary source of information for best practice in mitigating potential impacts on migratory birds. A copy of these, as well as a list of documents reviewed for this inventory, can be found in the Appendices.

1.2 International Best Practice

This inventory of international best practice for managing potential environmental impacts in the telecommunications sector is designed to serve as a guideline for sustainable solutions that telecommunication operators can use to avoid, minimize, and mitigate potential 1 An estimated 3 million migratory birds pass through Costa Rica each year (Personal communication, M. Julio Sanchez, National Museum of Costa Rica


environmental impacts caused by the telecommunication facility construction, operations, and maintenance. The inventory covers the following areas:

Management measures for preventing, minimizing, and mitigating potential environmental and health and safety impacts associated with the telecommunications sector (i.e., impacts to natural habitat, migratory birds, landscape aesthetics);

Management of the telecommunication facilities and their potential effects on the environment (i.e., air emissions, hazardous materials management, and waste);

An overview of the potential risks of electromagnetic waves to human health.

1.3 Telecommunications Infrastructure

1.3.1 Site Selection for Towers

The site selection process provides the greatest opportunity for preventing or minimizing potential environmental impacts from telecommunications towers. Locating towers on steep slopes, or on ridges that require the construction of access roads up very steep slopes, should also be avoided because of potential erosion risks associated with the roads. Consideration should also be given to the visual impact of towers on the landscape and efforts made to site towers to reduce visual impact or to use existing infrastructure to install transmission and reception devices (e.g., antennae).

The site selection process should endeavor to avoid sites that are important and/or protected natural areas or habitats (e.g., wetlands, nature reserves, national parks, etc.). Projects in mountain passes and in areas within about 2 km the coastline should also be avoided, particularly where there is frequent nocturnal cloud cover during February-April (northward migration) or September-October (southward migration). The siting of towers is typically permitted in Protected Areas; however, such sitings are generally subject to special approval by the relevant Ministry(ies) and must comply with stricter conditions. Two case studies, from Australia and France, illustrating how telecommunications facilities are managed in protected areas are provided in Box 1.1.

Geography and topography greatly influence the locations of bird migration routes and the movements and habitats of other species. Bird migration paths typically follow major landscape features such as coastlines, mountain ridges, and river corridors. The USFWS Guidelines recommend that towers should not be sited in or near wetlands, other known bird concentration areas, known migratory or


daily movement flyways, or the habitat of threatened or endangered species. Also, towers should not be located in areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low cloud cover. Migratory birds typically travel at night and are far more likely to crash into towers under foggy or low cloud ceiling conditions (see Lighting below).

Box 1.1 Managing Telecommunications Facilities in Protected Areas



France, National Charter on Environmental Recommendations between the State and Mobile Phone Operators A National Charter on Environmental Recommendations was signed by the Government and the three national operators (July 12, 1999). It divides the country into four distinct categories: ‘Regular areas,’ with no special attributes, regulated by the common law; ‘Areas under surveillance’ (e.g., with protected historical sites, vulnerable

species, etc.) ‘Landscape areas,’ some parts of which are of high environmental value

and may be protected by the State; and ‘Protected areas.’The Charter assigns different levels of obligation for each of the above-mentioned categories to the operators that want to site towers. Towers in protected areas can only be installed on an exceptional basis and are highly regulated. Their environmental footprint must be minimal and they must be integrated into the scenery. Reference: National Charter on Environmental Recommendations between the State and Mobile Phone Operators (July 12, 1999), France.

Australia, National Parks and Wildlife ActThe National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1974 states that the Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government may authorize installation of telecommunications facilities in National Parks, provided that the following conditions are met: “There is no feasible alternative site for the proposed telecommunications

facility concerned on land that is not reserved under this Act, and The site of any proposed above ground telecommunications facility

covers the minimum area possible, and The proposed telecommunications facility is to be designed and

constructed in such a manner as to minimize risk of damage to the facility from bushfires, and

The site and construction of the proposed telecommunications facility have been selected, as far as is practicable, to minimize the visual impact of the facility, and

If feasible, an existing means of access to the proposed site of the lease, license, easement or right of way is to be used, and

The proposed telecommunications facility is essential for the provision of telecommunications services for land reserved under this Act or for surrounding areas to be served by the facility, and

The telecommunications facility is to be removed and the site of the facility is to be restored as soon as possible after the facility becomes redundant (for example, due to advances in technology), and

The site of the proposed telecommunications facility has been selected after taking into account the objectives set out in any plan of management relating to the land concerned, and

The proposed telecommunications facility is, if feasible, to be co-located with an existing structure or located at a site that is already disturbed by an existing lease, license, easement or right of way on the land concerned.”

Reference: National Parks and Wildlife Act, Australia, 1974.

1.3.2 Tower Co-location/Sharing and Siting

The first principle to be applied by operators when considering the siting of new telecommunications tower facilities is to locate the new equipment on existing structures. Co-location of antennae on existing towers or other structures is standard practice in the United States and Europe to reduce the need for new towers and minimize environmental and visual impacts. In France, 80% of the new antennae in 2004 were situated on existing structures; only 20% of antennae necessitated construction of new infrastructure. Co-location is in the business interests of operators, as it reduces costs and maintenance burden.

The most common existing structures for locating antennae and related equipment are billboards, water towers, utility poles, and buildings. In certain U.S. and Canadian cities, operators must prove that a new tower is needed and that there are no suitable co-location options. For example, the Policy for Telecommunication Towers for the City of Surrey, Canada requires all applicants for freestanding telecommunication structures to “identify any other structure within a radius of 1,640 feet of the proposed location and to provide reasons why other existing structures within that radius are not acceptable for use.” Due to this, carriers build new towers only when there are no other suitable options.

In the United States and Canada, certain zoning laws require future co-location options for new antenna. It is therefore best practice for local authorities to require every new freestanding tower to be designed and constructed to optimize future co-location functionality. It should be noted, however, that there may be complexities in applying such a requirement given the potential range of technical requirements must also be met (e.g., distance requirement between each antenna on the same tower).

1.3.3 Tower Design and Landscaping Criteria

New technologies and materials can minimize the visual impacts of towers, antennae, and supporting structures. For new freestanding towers, the following best practice is recommended:

The visual impact of the lower portions of towers can be mitigated by either building shelters in the local architectural style or establishing plant screens. In cases where plant screens are to be installed, attractive native species should be utilized.

In rural areas, towers and antennae can be camouflaged or disguised by constructing masts or towers that look like trees, as well as “hidden”in architecture (e.g., church steeples and bell towers).


For new antennae, the following best practice used by the French Association of Mobile Phone Operators (AFOM) is relevant:

Using colors and materials that resemble that of the existing structure the antennae is being built on helps harmonize the antennae with its surrounding environment;

Preserving the local architecture style; Taking into account the existing shapes and buildings in the area

where the antennae will be built: for example, respect the vertical lines in a city;

Operators should avoid using mechanical “tilts” to direct radio waves towards the zones to be covered (that are visible), and instead use electrical “tilts” to direct the radiation, thereby minimizing visual impacts; and

When constructing new antennae on water towers, the three main operators in France have agreed to (1) either place the new antennae on the side wall so that the new antennae merges with the side of the water tower; or (2) install the new antennae on a mast placed on the top center of water towers. This unique technique minimizes the visual impact to the maximum extent possible.

In France, the wireless operators (AFOM) and the French Association of Mayors, representing village and city mayors, have agreed since 2003 to follow a guide of best practices when constructing new towers for antennae. This guide provides a framework and process for operators and mayors or local authorities to work together to minimize visual impacts of towers and antennae. The guide also provides a number of techniques and approaches for minimizing visual impacts of towers and antennae.

1.3.4 Tower Height

Several studies in the U.S. positively correlate the greater height of freestanding towers to higher bird mortality. The results from Gehring (2004)2 in particular document this relationship. The USFWS Guidelines recommend that: “If co-location (e.g., the installation of antennae on existing structures) is not feasible and a new tower or towers are to be constructed, communications service providers should be strongly encouraged to construct towers no more than 199 feet (or 60.70 meters) above ground level (AGL).”3

In some cases, however, various technical and service factors may call for towers in excess of 60 meters, such as population density in the

2 An avian collision study plan for the Michigan Public Safety Communications System (MPSCS), Central Michigan University, Gehring, 2004.

3 Service Interim Guidelines for Recommendations on Communications Tower Siting, Operations, and Decommissioning, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000.


service area; the propagation characteristics of radio signals at different frequencies on the radio spectrum; and the size of the target service area. Different types of wireless services also have different technical and construction requirements. The United Kingdom Policy Guidance on Telecommunications states that “Authorities will need to ensure that they have before them all the relevant planning information, including details of any related mast proposals and of how the proposal is linked to the network, to enable applications to be properly considered.”4

In a number of countries, local legislation regulates the maximum height authorized for new freestanding towers in cities. Telecommunication policies, protocols, or general development policies in Canada set maximum tower height (e.g., 12 meters in the case of the City of Surrey, Canada), and 30 meters in the City of Guelph, Canada). New freestanding telecommunication tower proposals that exceed the maximum height are required to apply for a variance, which may or may not be granted5.

1.3.5 Guy Wires

Guyed towers cause higher mortality among birds than guyless towers due to increased surface area for potential collisions. The Gehring study reports that guyed towers kill close to ten time more birds than non-guyed towers6. The USFWS Guidelines encourage “using construction techniques which do not require guy wires (e.g., use a lattice structure, monopole, etc.).”

The USFWS recommends that “Tower designs using guy wires for support which are proposed to be located in known raptor or waterbird concentration areas or daily movement routes, or in major diurnal migratory bird movement routes or stopover sites, should have daytime visual markers on the wires to prevent collisions by these diurnally moving species.” Daytime wire marking devices include marker balls, swinging plates, bird flight diverters, spiral vibration dampers, or other visible devices placed in various configurations depending on the line design and location.

4 Planning Policy Guidance on Telecommunications, United Kingdom Department for Communities and Local Department, 2001.

5 City of Surrey, Canada, Policy for Telecommunication Towers, 2002, http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf

6 Scientific Basis to Establish Policy Regulation Communications Towers to Protect Migratory Birds, Land Protection Partners, 2005.


1.4 Environmental Impacts

1.4.1 Protected Areas

Telecommunication Infrastructure installation must be avoided in natural protected areas. In cases where construction of infrastructure is necessary in protected areas, it is recommended that a payment for environmental services be required. This payment should be used to strengthen the management and protection of natural protected areas or protect an area with similar environmental characteristics in another location (offsite). The revenues for this type of projects must be administered by the entity in charge of administrating protected areas and involve academic and research entities.

1.4.2 Lighting

Lights on towers and supporting infrastructure are probably the most important factor in bird mortality. Most migratory birds fly at night to avoid predators and are attracted to and/or disoriented by the lights, resulting in greater mortalities. This phenomenon is exacerbated on foggy or very low ceiling nights, as the fog/mist further diffuses the light and results in even greater mortality.

The USFWS recommends that “If taller (>60 meters of 199 feet AGL) towers requiring lights for aviation safety must be constructed, the minimum amount of pilot warning and obstruction avoidance lighting required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) should be used. Unless otherwise required by the FAA, only white (preferable) or red strobe lights should be used at night, and these should be the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum number of flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowable by the FAA. The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights at night should be avoided. Current research indicates that solid or pulsating (beacon) red lights attract night-migrating birds at a much higher rate than white strobe lights. Red strobe lights have not yet been studied.”

Lighting towers is necessary when the towers are close to airports; hence, another impact avoidance strategy is to avoid or minimize the construction of new towers near airports or other areas where aviation activities would require lighting for public safety (i.e., the strategy in such locations should be to install necessary antennae on existing towers or other existing infrastructure - see below).

1.4.3 Air Emissions

In this sector, air emissions are caused mainly by the use of diesel-fueled emergency backup power generators, service vehicles, and cooling and fire suppression systems.


Generally, the backup generators used are small and air emissions low; however, the use of a generator as a permanent source should be avoided. In the United States, the use of cleaner-burning liquid natural gas (LNG) (e.g., bottled gas or propane) is recommended instead of diesel when size allows.

Regarding the cooling and fire suppression systems, best international practice recommends against the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. If the substitution is not possible, CFCs and halons should be managed by trained and certified personnel.

1.4.4 Hazardous Materials Management

The construction and operation of telecommunications infrastructure typically requires minimal use of hazardous materials; however, backup power systems such as batteries and emergency generators may require the handling and storage of certain hazardous materials (e.g., optical fibers, batteries, fuels, lubricating oils, and grease) that require special management measures.

Batteries often contain sulfuric acid. Best practice recommends managing the disposal of spent sulfuric acid batteries (from storage to final disposal) as a hazardous material and waste. Another option is to use batteries that do not contain sulfuric acid. This solution is more expensive but presents fewer risks.

Spill prevention control and countermeasure plans and procedures are required to ensure the safe management of fuel and other hydrocarbon and chemical storage associated with the operation of backup generators. Best practices recommend secondary containment and overfill prevention.

1.5 Social Impacts

1.5.1 Indigenous Peoples

The development of infrastructure in indigenous peoples’ territories may constitute a risk for the customs and cultural traditions on these populations. The construction projects and the presence of workers in their territories can affect their customs and lifestyle, with the subsequent loss of identity.

In the past, the indigenous communities of Costa Rica have opposed the development of infrastructure in their territories. Among their concerns, they objected to the visual impact of the paint on the towers. Regardless of this issue, as indigenous peoples have begun using


cellular phones and thus requiring these services, towers are placed on the border of indigenous reserves. It is possible that in the future these communities will require more telecommunication services.

1.5.2 Noise

The backup power generators of the telecommunications towers are the main source of noise. Noise pollution can be minimized by locating the equipment in non-residential areas and using noise suppression shields and mufflers.

1.5.3 Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety hazards may occur during construction, maintenance, and operation of telecommunications facilities, and must be carefully managed. The occupational health and safety hazards include the following: Electrical safety Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) Optical fiber safety Elevated and overhead work Fall protection Confined space entry Motor vehicle safety

In particular, prevention and control measures must ensure that only trained and certified workers access the facilities, or any area that could present occupational health and safety hazards, with the necessary safety devices and respect for minimum setback distances. Injuries related to electric shock should also be prevented, minimized, and controlled.

Furthermore, workers in proximity to electric power lines are more likely to be affected by EMFs than the general population. Best practice recommends that an appropriate EMF safety program be developed and implemented. This should include:

Identification of EMF exposure levels at the various workplace sites; Provision of training to workers; Establishment of safety zones where potential levels of exposure

would be higher than those accepted for the general population and that only trained workers should be allowed to enter; and

Development of plans to limit exposure levels within the admissible levels developed by organizations such as the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).


1.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring

Environmental monitoring should address all possible effects that the telecommunications sector could have on the environment. Environmental monitoring should encompass vegetation loss, effects on natural terrestrial and aquatic habitats, erosion, air and water quality, EMFs, and bird mortality as well as social surveys, impacts on indigenous peoples, traffic safety and health, and other safety and occupational issues.

In order to monitor the impact of towers and masts on migratory birds, the USFWS in the United States requests that operators allow USFWS personnel or researchers to access the site to evaluate bird presence and search for dead birds. Researchers are authorized to set up radar and other necessary equipment to assess and verify bird movements to gather information on the effects of the towers on birds.

At the time of this report, the North American telecommunications industry was resisting full adoption of these practices, but it would be advisable for Costa Rica to promote these, considering Costa Rica’s reputation as an ecological paradise/ecotourism destination and the large numbers of migratory birds flying through Costa Rica, over an estimated 3 million yearly (Personal communication with M. Julio Sanchez, National Museum of Costa Rica).

It would also be extremely useful to develop Costa Rican knowledge of the effects of towers on migratory birds. The following devices are recommended for this purpose: radars (for tracking, marine surveillance, and NEXRAD), infrared devices, acoustical devices, and ceilometers7.

1.7 Public Consultation and Communication

It is recommended that operators and local authorities hold discussions before rolling out plans and specific development proposals. The Planning Policy Guidance for Telecommunications developed by the United Kingdom Department for Communities and Local Government in 2006 recommends that discussions also take place with other organizations that have an interest in the project, such as environmental organizations, residential groups, and any community groups. In particular, local authorities should consult with potentially affected schools and colleges before installing a mast or tower in their vicinity.

In residential areas, it is also best practice for operators to openly communicate about projected plans and impacts by means of public 7 Avian Mortality at Communication Towers: A Review of Recent Literature, Research, and Methodology, 2000, prepared for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


meetings or publication of the impacts (particularly visual ones). Open communication through local city council meetings and local community zoning laws pertaining to cell tower construction are routinely carried out in the telecommunications sector in the United States.

When the subprojects are located in indigenous reserves, the indigenous peoples must be consulted in a culturally appropriate way and their concerns and suggestions must be included to the project. Measures must be designed to minimize, mitigate, and when necessary, compensate these populations with social benefits, sustainable economics and culturally appropriate. A system for communicating and presenting concerns and issues must be established and maintained open during the operation of the project and to assist the indigenous peoples.

1.8 Cell Phones Interference with Aircraft Navigation Systems

Several studies highlight the disruptive impact cell phones may have on aircraft navigation systems. A recent study conducted by Carnegie Mellon University in 2006 found that “the risk posed by these portable devices is higher than previously believed” (Bill Strauss, Carnegie Mellon University). The devices are found to disrupt normal operation of electronics of the plane, in particular the Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers8.

The impact of cell phones on aircraft security has also been debated in the United States, in particular by two Federal agencies the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). The use of cell phones on commercial aircraft was reconsidered in 2006 but the decision was taken to continue the ban of cell phone usage on board airplanes, which has been the law since 1991 in the United States, as it is in most other countries. As a precaution, it is recommended that the same ban be respected in Costa Rica.

1.9 Impacts of Electromagnetic Waves on Human Health

This section provides an overview of up-to-date literature on the possible human health effects of electromagnetic waves derived from the use of wireless technologies, with an emphasis on mobile phones and their base stations. The literature review covered reports and studies from the following international and national organizations (see the Annex A for a detailed list of literature reviewed): World Health Organization (WHO), International Finance Corporation (IFC);

8 http://www.cmu.edu/PR/releases06/060228_cellphone.html


International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP); COST Action 281 (a network of leading European research groups); and the United States Department of Heath and Human Services, as well as the report from the Independent Group of Experts on Mobile Phones and Health (‘The Stewart Report’).

Based on the literature reviewed for this study, there has been no empirical evidence that exposure to radio frequency (RF) waves from the use of telecommunications technologies has adverse human health effects. Empirical data excluding any adverse health effects is still weak, however, and precautionary approaches are recommended by international organizations - including WHO, IFC, and ICNIRP - to limit exposure of the general public and industry workers to electromagnetic fields (EMFs).

1.9.1 Background

EMFs are generated from either natural or man-made sources. Man-made generation of EMFs dramatically increased during the twentieth century and continues to grow. EMFs are emitted by virtually all electric devices and electric equipment. Electric fields exist wherever a positive or negative electrical charge is present; the higher the voltage, the stronger the electric field. Magnetic fields are produced by the flow of electric current and increase in strength as the current increases. EMFs are either low-frequency or high-frequency. Mobile phones and base stations produce high-frequency EMFs, also called RF fields. These waves are used to transmit information over long distances and make telecommunications possible.

The widespread and increasing use of mobile phones and wireless telecommunications has been accompanied by concern from the scientific community and the public about possible human health impacts associated with the use of these technologies.

1.9.2 Summary of Literature Review

In the telecommunications sector, the concern over exposure to RF relates primarily to RF emissions from mobile phones and wireless base stations. For mobile phones, RF waves are emitted only while phone calls are made, with exposure to the head if a hand-held phone is used or the parts of the body that are closest to the phone if a hands-free phone is used. Base stations will result in RF exposure to the entire body of anyone proximal to the station.

One of the health concerns related to exposure to RF fields is an increase in body temperature (over 1°C) that can be caused by exposure to very high field intensity. Such intensities can be found in certain industrial facilities such as RF heaters. Regarding the levels of


transmission from base stations, antennae transmit a beam of radio waves that spreads out almost parallel to the ground. The level of exposure in close proximity to the area surrounding the base station is likely to be high. The strength of RF waves decreases with distance from the source and is generally several hundred or thousand times lower at ground level than required in international guidelines. For nearby residents, RF exposure due to base stations and wireless networks is so low that the associated temperature increases are insignificant and are considered not to affect human health (WHO).

Mobile phone users are exposed to much higher levels of RF fields than residents living near base stations; therefore, research has focused on the distribution of absorbed energy in the head, rather than the heating effect across the body. Based on this research, it appears that the energy absorbed from a mobile phone does not exceed the current international guidelines (WHO).

Over the past 15 years, epidemiologic studies have been conducted and published on the possible relationship between RF transmitters and cancer. To date, there is general agreement among experts that these studies have not provided evidence that exposure to RF waves increases the risk of cancer. A paper published by the ICNIRP, however, reviewing epidemiologic studies on the effects of RF fields on human health, notes that the studies reviewed have too many deficiencies (mainly the quality of the RF exposure assessment) to rule out an association. The report also points out that there is no available data on the consequences of childhood exposure, which may differ from adult exposure.

Some individuals are afflicted by a variety of non-specific symptoms which have been attributed to exposure to EMFs. The symptoms differ from individual to individual and vary in their severity, and the condition is known as Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS). EHS can become a disabling problem for an affected individual. According to the WHO, however, there is no scientific basis to link EHS symptoms to EMF exposure.

The Stewart Report, published in 2000, concludes that “based on human laboratory studies of the acute effects of exposure to mobile phone signals, exposure to mobile phone signals at exposure levels that fall within existing exposure guidelines has biological effects that are of sufficient magnitude to influence behavior. The causal mechanism is unclear, but could include a small, localized heating effect. Human studies (on brain function) have, however, yet to provide evidence directly relevant to the question of the safety of mobile phones in the long term.” The technology is also too new to gather information about the long-term effect of exposure to low levels of RF waves.


1.9.3 Conclusions

Overall, the current balance of evidence suggests that exposure to low levels of RF fields (as emitted by mobile phones and base stations) does not cause adverse health effects; however, there is no empirical evidence excluding any potential health impact.

In general, the literature reviewed for this study is quite cautious about drawing conclusions regarding the effects of exposure to RF waves from mobile phones and base stations. International organizations such as WHO and ICNIRP, in particular, recommend that further studies should be undertaken to comprehensively assess the human health effects of telecommunications technologies.

Even though the literature generally agrees that exposure to base station-generated EMF radiation is not harmful to nearby residents, frequencies can reach very high levels in close proximity, representing an occupational health issue for workers accessing base stations on a regular basis.

ERM recommends that a precautionary approach be followed in Costa Rica and, in particular, that exposure levels to all EMFs remain below the levels of international guidelines published by the ICNIRP.


Appendix A

List of References


1. Inventory of International Best Practice

Policies and Guidelines

City of Surrey, Canada, Policy for Telecommunication Towers, 2002, http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf

EBRD Sub-sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications.

Guide on Best Practices Between Mayors and Operators, French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association, 2003.

Guide on Best Practices for Installing Antennae, French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association.

IFC EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications, April 2007.

IFC’s General Environmental, Occupational, Health and Safety Guidelines.

National Charter on Environmental Recommendations between the State and Mobile Phone Operators, July 12, 1999, France.

National Parks and Wildlife Act, Australia, 1974.

Planning Policy Guidance on Telecommunications, United Kingdom Department for Communities and Local Department, 2001.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Voluntary Guidelines on Communications Towers Siting, Construction, Operation and Decommissioning (http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html)

Reports

An avian collision study plan for the Michigan Public Safety Communications System (MPSCS), Central Michigan University, Gehring, 2004.

Avian Mortality at Communication Towers: A review of Recent Literature, Research, and Methodology, Paul Kerlinger, Curry & Kerlinger, L.L.C., 2000.

Communication Towers: A Deadly Hazard to Birds, American Bird Conservancy, 2000.


http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html

http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf

Report on the National Antenna Tower Policy Review, University of New-Brunswick, Canada, 2004.

Scientific Basis to Establish Policy Regulation Communications Towers to Protect Migratory Birds, Land Protection Partners, 2005.

Websites

American Bird Conservancy: http://www.abcbirds.org/policy/towerkill.htm

Federation of Canadian Municipalities, www.fcm.ca

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: www.fws.gov, May 2007.

2. Literature Review of Impacts of Electromagnetic Waves on Human Health

Documents and reports

Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure, ICNIRP, 2004.

Independent Expert group on Mobile Phones, Mobile Phones and Health (“The Stewart Report”), United Kingdom, 2000.

Watchdog Report 2003, Potential Health Implications from Mobile Telecommunication Systems, COST Action 281 (network of leading European research groups), 2003.

WHO Handbook, Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic fields, 2002.

WHO Fact Sheet No. 296, Electromagnetic fields and public health: Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity, 2005.

WHO Fact Sheet No. 304, Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Base Stations and Wireless Technologies, May 2006.

Websites


http://www.fws.gov/

http://www.fcm.ca/

http://www.abcbirds.org/policy/towerkill.htm

ICNIRP: www.icnirp.de

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: www.fda.gov/cellphones/

WHO: www.who.int/peh-emf/en/

3. Cell Phones Interference with Aircraft Navigation Systems

Carnegie Mellon Press Release, February 28, 2006

FCC Fact Sheet: http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/cellonplanes.html

Appendix B

United States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary guidelines for

telecommunication towers


http://www.who.int/peh-emf/en/

http://www.fda.gov/cellphones/

http://www.icnirp.de/

United States Department of InteriorFish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, DC 20240

Service Interim Guidelines for Recommendations on Communications Tower Siting, Construction, Operation, and

Decommissioning

1. Any company/applicant/licensee proposing to construct a new communications tower should be strongly encouraged to collocate the communications equipment on an existing communication tower or other structure (e.g., billboard, water tower, or building mount). Depending on tower load factors, from 6 to 10 providers may collocate on an existing tower.

2. If collocation is not feasible and a new tower or towers are to be constructed, communications service providers should be strongly encouraged to construct towers no more than 199 feet above ground level (AGL), using construction techniques which do not require guy wires (e.g., use a lattice structure, monopole, etc.). Such towers should be unlighted if Federal Aviation Administration regulations permit.

3. If constructing multiple towers, providers should consider the cumulative impacts of all of those towers to migratory birds and threatened and endangered species as well as the impacts of each individual tower.

4. If at all possible, new towers should be sited within existing “antenna farms” (clusters of towers). Towers should not be sited in or near wetlands, other known bird concentration areas (e.g., state or Federal refuges, staging areas, rookeries), in known migratory or daily movement flyways, or in habitat of threatened or endangered species. Towers should not be sited in areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low ceilings.

5. If taller (>199 feet AGL) towers requiring lights for aviation safety must be constructed, the minimum amount of pilot warning and obstruction avoidance lighting required by the FAA should be used. Unless otherwise required by the FAA, only white (preferable) or red strobe lights should be used at night, and these should be the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum number of flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowable by the FAA. The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights at night should be avoided. Current research indicates that solid or pulsating (beacon) red lights attract night-migrating birds at a much higher rate than white strobe lights. Red strobe lights have not yet been studied.


6. Tower designs using guy wires for support which are proposed to be located in known raptor or waterbird concentration areas or daily movement routes, or in major diurnal migratory bird movement routes or stopover sites, should have daytime visual markers on the wires to prevent collisions by these diurnally moving species. (For guidance on markers, see Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC). 1994. Mitigating Bird Collisions with Power Lines: The State of the Art in 1994. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C., 78 pp, and Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC). 1996. Suggested Practices for Raptor Protection on Power Lines. Edison Electric Institute/Raptor Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., 128 pp. Copies can be obtained via the Internet at http://www.eei.org/resources/pubcat/enviro/, or by calling 1-800/334-5453).

7. Towers and appendant facilities should be sited, designed and constructed so as to avoid or minimize habitat loss within and adjacent to the tower “footprint”. However, a larger tower footprint is preferable to the use of guy wires in construction. Road access and fencing should be minimized to reduce or prevent habitat fragmentation and disturbance, and to reduce above ground obstacles to birds in flight.

8. If significant numbers of breeding, feeding, or roosting birds are known to habitually use the proposed tower construction area, relocation to an alternate site should be recommended. If this is not an option, seasonal restrictions on construction may be advisable in order to avoid disturbance during periods of high bird activity.

9. In order to reduce the number of towers needed in the future, providers should be encouraged to design new towers structurally and electrically to accommodate the applicant/licensee’s antennas and comparable antennas for at least two additional users (minimum of three users for each tower structure), unless this design would require the addition of lights or guy wires to an otherwise unlighted and/or unguyed tower.

10.Security lighting for on-ground facilities and equipment should be down-shielded to keep light within the boundaries of the site.

11.If a tower is constructed or proposed for construction, Service personnel or researchers from the Communication Tower Working Group should be allowed access to the site to evaluate bird use, conduct dead-bird searches, to place net catchments below the towers but above the ground, and to place radar, Global Positioning System, infrared, thermal imagery, and acoustical monitoring equipment as necessary to assess and verify bird movements and to gain information on the impacts of various tower sizes, configurations, and lighting systems.


12.Towers no longer in use or determined to be obsolete should be removed within 12 months of cessation of use. http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html



ANNEX 6

Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR)


ANNEX 7

Protocol for Establishing Telecommunications Facilities in Costa

Rica


PROTOCOL FOR ESTABLISHING TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES IN COSTA RICA

The purpose of this Protocol is to present general procedures that telecommunication applicants (‘project proponents’ or ‘carriers’) will follow to establish telecommunication facilities in Costa Rica. The procedures outlined will provide guidance to applicants, municipalities and members of the public about the process to establish telecommunication facilities, in compliance with national regulations.

The objective of this Protocol is to promote a sound and sustainable expansion of the wireless telecommunication facilities in rural Costa Rica that reaches the goal of maximum efficiency and coverage, while minimizing the visual and environmental impacts of support structures of antenna.

Site Selection

Once a subproject investment is defined and the project area has been selected, the project proponent will fill out a screening form for up to five different locations, in the same area. This form will allow for identification and assessment of impacts related to: environmental sensitivities critical natural habitat migratory birds threatened or endangered species or critical habitat for those

species floodplains and wetlands areas of historical, religious or cultural interest Indigenous Peoples territories potential land acquisition public health and safety

The project proponent will select the location with less environmental, social and health impacts, if economically and technologically feasible. Project proponents should consider the following evaluation criteria during the site selection process:

Project proponents should not construct telecommunication facilities in the following areas: protected areas, except if allowed by a special authorization

granted by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and adequate mitigation measures are taken.

critical habitats for endemic or endangered species. areas with high probability of existing critical archaeological

findings.


areas with high risk of natural disasters (flooding, landslides, earthquakes, slopes).

residential areas closer than 50 meters from vulnerable populations (children, elderly and disabled).

Project proponents should avoid constructing towers in the following areas: wetlands and other locations where migratory birds are known to

concentrate or pass through in large numbers. areas with security issues sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency regulations sites with no existing infrastructure sites with no road access residential areas closer than 100 meters from vulnerable

populations (children, elderly and disabled) Indigenous Peoples territories

Regarding migratory birds, the project proponent should consider the following: if significant numbers of breeding, feeding, or roosting birds are

known to habitually use the proposed tower construction area, relocation to an alternate site should be encouraged.

if this is not an option, seasonal restrictions on construction should be considered in order to avoid disturbance during periods of high bird activity.

observing migrating bird patterns can be done by conducting radar studies before the construction of towers.

If a tower or mast is established in a Protected Area, the project proponent shall implement financial compensatory measures either through a research fund or the Protected Area’s agency or through the protection of an area with similar environmental characteristics in another location.

Antenna Siting

When considering appropriate siting for antenna, the construction of a new standing free tower should be the option of last resort.

The project proponents should make every effort to locate new equipment on existing structures that may be suitable for telecommunications transmission, such as billboards, water towers, hydro transmission towers, utility poles, building mounts and roof-tops.

Carriers and other telecommunication tower owners must also work co-operatively in reaching agreements which allow for sharing tower structures so as to minimize the total number of towers. In particular, the project proponent must contact other carriers on their interest in


locating an antenna in the same area to discuss co-location and request information. If co-location is not possible, new towers may be placed on the same site.

The project proponent shall submit to the Municipality a document outlining steps taken to investigate all reasonably acceptable structures, and co-location options, including rationale supporting new construction (if petitioning for new construction) and an alternative analysis if necessary.

New towers should be constructed in a way to accommodate other carriers, if technically, financially and legally feasible.

Tower design and Landscaping Criteria

Project proponents should use technologies and materials to construct towers and masts in such a way as to minimize visual impacts: The use of monopoles is encouraged; Towers and shelters should be designed in a way to fit their

surroundings; In rural areas and indigenous peoples territories carriers are

encouraged to construct camouflaged towers or masts (i.e. that look like trees);

Landscaping shall be placed around towers and ancillary facilities to minimize visual impacts on neighbors, i.e. forestation, etc.;

Antenna on existing structures should be done using colors and materials that minimize the visual impact.

Project proponents will design towers in the most bird-friendly way possible, by using technologies that minimize impacts on migratory birds: Guyed wires should not be used, except if required for technical

reasons (their usage should be justified by written request to the municipality);

To the extent possible, keep the height of towers above ground level low enough not to be required to install lighting by the Dirección General de Aviación Civil;

Lights on towers and masts should be used only when required by the Dirección General de Aviación Civil; any lighting installed on towers should be white strobe lights, with relatively long intervals between each flash (not solid, nor pulsating, red or white lights);

Security lighting for on-ground facilities and equipment should be down-shielded to keep light within boundaries of the site.

The height of new standing towers and masts should be limited to the extent feasible and if other factors permit, in particular in environmentally sensitive areas, protected areas, and known migratory


birds’ corridors. New towers should be no higher than 30 meters in urban areas and 50 meters in rural areas.

Environmental, Socioeconomic and Occupational Health Monitoring

Regular environmental monitoring should take place and encompass in particular: vegetation loss, impacts on terrestrial and aquatic natural habitat, erosion, air and water quality, electromagnetic field emissions, bird migration, as well as physical cultural resources, social surveys, public and community participation and occupational health and safety.

If a tower is approved for construction in a protected area, a condition of the approval should be that personnel from the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) be allowed access to the site, following construction, to conduct monitoring for the following: evaluate bird use; conduct dead-bird searches; place equipment as necessary to assess and verify bird

movements; gain information on the impacts of the tower size, configuration and

lighting systems; monitor endangered or endemic species (both terrestrial and

aquatic); and develop inventory of plant species.

Access to tower sites for ecological monitoring and research should also be permitted for towers outside of protected areas.

Disclosure and Public Consultation

Prior to site selection for the construction or modification of a tower or mast, the project proponent will contact the municipality responsible for the project area. Prior to construction, the project proponent must acquire construction permit from the municipality. In cases where subprojects are implemented in indigenous peoples territories, the subproject proponent must coordinate with CONAI for the establishment of services, after a consultation process and the integration of benefits that are culturally and beneficial appropriate to the indigenous peoples.

The project proponent is required to hold public consultations for construction of towers or masts in the following areas:

areas closer than 100 meters from a school, hospital, or any other residential building with vulnerable populations


protected areas, and other environmentally sensitive areas areas where physical cultural resources are likely to be impacted by

the project indigenous peoples territories

For the construction of towers that do not fall within any of the above-mentioned categories, the project proponent shall provide written notice to all residents within 300 meters of the proposed location. The project proponent may also wish to organize a public meeting to inform residents about the planned construction. Information given to the public about the facility will include:

the proposed location; physical details of the tower and structure; name and telephone number of a contact person from the project

proponent; health and environmental information related to the project

(including potential impacts of electromagnetic waves); and schedule of construction works and workforce.

The project information (i.e. Environmental Impact Study, Forecast of an EMP, or a Sworn Statement of Environmental Commitments) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. municipality, town hall, etc.) and in a form, manner, and language they can understand. It should be made available during the appraisal, review and implementation process.

Tower Decommissioning

The project proponent shall remove a tower if the telecommunication facilities on the tower are deactivated or unused continuously for more than six months. Environmental management measures shall be considered for decommissioning.


ANNEX 8

Measures for Mitigating Environmental, Socio-Economic and OHS Impacts


MEASURES FOR MITIGATING ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND OHS IMPACTS

The following mitigation measures have been developed based on the following best practice guides: IFC General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (available at http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS/$FILE/Final+-+General+EHS+Guidelines.pdf); IFC EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications (see Annex 1); EBRD Guidelines (see Annex 2); Inventory of international best practice developed by ERM for this project (see Annex 5); and recommendations made by ERM following a field visit to Costa Rica in June 2007 (see Section 5 of the ESMF report).

The referred guidelines should be addressed for further details.

Table 1 Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts

Issue Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring IndicatorsConstruction (including

access roads)Operation and Maintenance

Terrestrial habitat

Loss of vegetation coverage and deforestation

Avoid construction of new infrastructure in Protected Areas; constructions in Protected Areas must get approval from MINAE prior to construction, with participation of the relevant Conservation Area.

If a tower/mast is established in a Protected Area, implement financial compensatory measures either through a research fund or the Protected Area’s agency or through the protection of an area with similar environmental

Revegetation and reforestation with native plant species of disturbed areas that will not serve as regular access.

Access control to prevent colonization of adjacent areas (especially in protected and sensitive areas).

Vegetation loss (area) by means of satellite image.




characteristics in another location.

Consider pedestrian or aerial mobilization to sites located in protected areas to avoid road access

Favour sites where impacts on terrestrial habitat will be minimal

Minimize natural habitat alteration in environmentally sensitive areas

Use existing ancillary and transport infrastructure, especially for linear projects (i.e. rights-of-way, access roads, fixed lines, and towers).

Modify linear routes to avoid deforestation.

If vegetation clearing is imminent in protected, forested or sensitive areas, develop a forestry inventory and a Management Plan to obtain permits for logging and transportation of wood.

Alteration of natural habitat and fauna biological corridors

Identify the presence of endemic or endangered species in the area and contact SINAC for advice.

Avoid construction activities during the breeding season and other sensitive seasons or

Establishment of corridors such as reforestation with canopy trees that allow for species to cross the road at the upper level.

In protected or sensitive areas, install signs to

Presence or absence of species identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the




times of day. For long linear projects (i.e.

access roads), establish corridors such as reforestation with canopy trees that allow for species to cross the road at the upper level.

prevent accidents with local fauna.

When necessary, coordinate with SINAC (or park rangers) to monitor endemic or endangered species in the subproject area.

Establish and maintain an ecologically similar protected area.

area.

Significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats

The project will not be supported by World Bank financing.

Migratory Birds

Fatal physical risks on birds caused by collisions with tower infrastructure during migration flyways

Monitor bird flights during construction.

Avoid critical habitats such as nesting grounds, heronries, rookeries, wetlands, foraging corridors, and migration corridors.

Avoid mountain passes and areas within about 2km from the coastline, particularly where there is frequent nocturnal could cover during February-April (northward migration) or September-October (southward migration).

Avoid construction activities during the breeding or

Support SINAC (or park rangers) in bird monitoring in areas of known migratory routes.

Remove decommissioned or unused towers.

Unless otherwise required by the Aviation Agency, use only white (preferably) or red strobe lights at night; reduce to the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowed.

The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights

Bird death counts near telecom infrastructure.

Presence or absence of avian species identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the area.




migrating seasons and other sensitive seasons.

Avoid areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low ceilings

Avoid areas with topographical features that affect bird migration (conduct radar studies during site selection to avoid areas of night migrants).

Avoid sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency regulations, where lighting and height of towers is regulated and required.

Collocate equipment on existing infrastructure (especially cellular antennae).

Design infrastructure prepared for sharing equipment.

To the extent feasible, limit the tower height and give preference to non-guyed tower construction designs (e.g. monopoles).

at night should be avoided. If guy wired towers are

located near critical bird habitats or migratory routes, install visibility enhancement objects such as marker balls, bird deterrents, or diverters on the guy wires.

Aquatic Habitat

Alteration of aquatic habitat, wetlands and water resources.

Avoid critical aquatic habitat (i.e. watercourses, wetlands, riparian areas, fish spawning habitat, and critical fish over-wintering habitat).

Avoid construction of corridors crossing aquatic habitats with the potential to disrupt

When necessary, coordinate with SINAC (or park rangers) to monitor endemic or endangered species in aquatic habitats.

Monitor water quality (i.e. sediments and turbidity; BOD and COD).

Presence or absence of species identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the area.




watercourses, wetlands, coral reefs, and riparian vegetation.

Minimize clearing and disruption to riparian vegetation.

If crossings of watercourses are unavoidable, maintain fish access by utilizing clearspan bridges, open-bottom culverts, or other approved methods.

Coordinate with SETENA on water quality thresholds for the activity.

Water quality levels above established threshold

Surface water contamination

Install and maintain a drainage system to prevent erosion of the site during and after construction

Provide intermediate waste storage containers and ensure appropriate disposal of wastes depending on the type and regulations.

Supervise and monitor handling and disposal of construction wastes.

Provide intermediate waste storage containers and ensure appropriate disposal of wastes depending on the type (hazardous or non hazardous) and regulations.

Supervise and monitor handling and disposal of wastes during maintenance activities.


Records of final waste disposal in appropriate site.

Erosion control

Loss of soil ecosystems and land capacity (due to erosion in steep slope).

Assess risk of erosion during site selection (i.e. soil characteristics, topography, climate, etc.).

Avoid construction of towers on steep slopes (>30º)

Design access roads across the slope and with the minimum slope.

Install erosion control measures (i.e. barriers, drainage, current

Supervision and maintenance of erosion control measures.

Cases of landslides recorded per site.

Cases of road inaccessibility due to erosion.




control, revegetation, etc.). Reforestation with native

species on road edges.Landscape Visual impacts in

protected areas, tourist destination, rural areas and residential areas.

Minimize construction of infrastructure by collocating equipment on existing structures (i.e. billboards, water towers, hydro transmission towers, utility poles, building mounts and roof-tops).

Develop and follow sharing tower contracts.

Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes) .

In protected areas, paint structures in green and avoid red and white.

Plant vegetation (i.e. trees) around installations to minimize visual impact of equipment huts.

Local authority and community participation in aesthetic issues (i.e. planting, painting, etc.)

Number of sites with infrastructure camouflage (i.e. painted in green, planting, etc.)

Noise pollution

Nuisance and noise

Use of noise suppression shields and mufflers for workers

Avoid night construction works, especially in residential areas

Minimize noise levels and vibrations (i.e. sound insulation, select equipment with lower sound power levels, install acoustic enclosures for equipment, install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and compressors components).

Monitor emissions levels on regular basis to ensure that levels meet national standards and standards set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines

Meet the noise emission levels set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines (i.e. residential areas: 55dBA during day time (7am-10pm) and 45dBA during night time (10pm-7am); industrial areas: 70Db at all times).

Noise levels below established threshold

Hazardous Soil Minimize waste generation, Place waste disposal Weight of




materials and waste

contamination (non hazardous: dust and construction materials; and hazardous: lead acid batteries, backup power batteries, optical fibers, mercury and PCB containing oils, diesel fuel)

reuse and recycle materials. Develop a Solid Wastes Plan Provide segregated waste

storage containers with appropriate signs (hazardous or non hazardous) at the construction site.

Train personnel on waste handling and segregation.

Ensure appropriate disposal of wastes in certified landfill or based on the local authority requirements

Keep records of waste generation (i.e. type of waste; hazardous or non hazardous; weight or volume; properties; destination; date; etc.)

Identify chemical products and store in storage area with restricted access, controlled with security sheets on personnel access restrictions in Spanish clearly indicated.

Place dust-barriers around construction sites, especially in residential and recreational areas

In case of spillage of hazardous substances, immediately report to supervisor and initiate cleanup and remediation, if necessary.

containers at the site and organize regular waste collection.

Avoid the use of batteries with sulphuric acid.

Develop and implement procedures for the management and disposal of lead acid batteries, including temporary storage, transport and final disposal (see IFC’s General EHS Guidelines for further details).

Purchase electronic equipment that meets international phase out requirements for hazardous materials contents (see IFC’s General EHS Guidelines for further details).

Train personnel on hazardous waste management.

Mark areas for maintenance works and provide proper waste containers.

Identify chemical products and store in storage area with restricted access, controlled with security sheets on personnel access

hazardous and non hazardous wastes disposed of.

Weight of reused and recycled wastes.




restrictions in Spanish clearly indicated.

Groundwater contamination (diesel in bulk storage tanks and/or oil from generators and transformers)

Install signs in all the hazardous substances.

Provide secondary containment and overfill prevention for fuel storage tank.

Train personnel in the manipulation of hazardous spillage.


Treat residual waters in accordance with current permits

Develop and implement fuel delivery procedures and spill prevention and control plans applicable to the delivery and storage of fuel for backup electric power systems.

Provide secondary containment and overfill prevention for fuel storage tank


Install a residual water treatment system, approved by the Health Ministry when necessary.

Number of hazardous substance spillages

Air emissions

Air pollution and ozone depleting from vehicle fleets, backup power generators, and the use of cooling and fire suppression systems.

Minimize the use of vehicle fleet and backup power generators.

Implement of vehicle fleet and power generator emissions management strategies as described in IFC’s EHS Guidelines

Substitute the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in

Favour the use of batteries or LNG run generators and engines.

Consider the use of alternative sources of energy, i.e. solar

Implement preventive maintenance to generators, vehicles and engines.

Implementation of vehicle

Number of battery or LNG ran generators.

Number of repairs during preventive maintenance.

Monitoring of emissions above




cooling and fire-suppression systems.

Use contractors who are properly trained or certified in the management of CFCs

fleet and power generator emissions management strategies (see IFC’s EHS Guidelines).

Monitor emissions levels to ensure they meet standards set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines.

threshold levels

Dust generation Minimize dust by damping roads.

Consider wind direction and existent vegetation prior to initiating construction works to avoid dust emissions to households and sensitive receptors.

Table 2 Mitigation Measures for Socio-Economic Impacts

Issue Impact Mitigation measures Monitoring IndicatorsConstruction works Operation and

MaintenanceInvestments Geographic and

socio-economic range extension of telecommunications.

Positive impact. No mitigation measures required.


Mobile phones per 100 people

Fixed lines per 100 people

Internet access per 100 people

Price and service advantages to consumer through competition.

Number of people with access to telecom services



Maintenance Enhanced quality

of service and efficient allocation of scarce resources.

Number of claims to telecom companies

Number of repairs

Economic and Social Conditions

Changes in living conditions

Estimate demands in goods and services and inputs needed for the development of the project and the storage of these.

Ensure that the project does not decrease access to goods and services, but rather creates greater revenues, to the local population.

Identify public infrastructure that may be affected by the project and take measures to mitigate impacts.

Maintain infrastructure developed for the project

Investments in local infrastructure in dollars

Employment generation

Positive impact. Identify the available

working force and local living conditions

Communicate in clear and effective way the quantity and duration of employment in order to avoid creating expectations.

Wages of local employees in dollars

Training Training and capacity building for the community.

Involve local community in bird and fauna monitoring. Provide training and

Number of local people involved in monitoring



Maintenancematerials to identify migratory birds, endemic or endangered species and other relevant daily basis data (meteorological conditions, etc.).

Involve local community in reforestation and revegetation activities as part of their local activities.

Number of local people involved in reforestation activities

Indigenous Peoples

Impacts on traditions and traditional living customs

Avoid the construction of telecommunication towers/masts in indigenous reserves and/or other locations that may affect indigenous peoples.

If a tower/mast is installed in an indigenous reserve or territory, the subproject must comply with the World Bank Safeguard Policy OP 4.10.

Prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan and implement specific measures to mitigate impacts and increase socioeconomic benefits of projects in a culturally appropriate way.

Implement a prior, free and informed consultation process and include concerns and suggestions of



Maintenanceaffected population in the project.

Coordinate with CONAI for the installation of services

Access to telecommunication services



Percentage of indigenous peoples that have access to telecommunication services

Visual Impacts Minimize construction of infrastructure by collocating equipment on existing structures (i.e. billboards, water towers, hydro transmission towers, utility poles, building mounts and roof-tops).


Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes)





Land acquisition and land use

Agreed compensation to landlord.



USD in agreed compensations

Changes in land use (i.e. from

Minimize subproject area, especially in rural areas.

Area of land use change.



Maintenanceagricultural to transport and services).

Respect the required distance between infrastructure and closest residential building.

Minimize construction activities to the concession area.

Request construction permits from Municipality and comply with its requirements.

Access to previously non-colonized areas (i.e. clearing of forests for access roads in remote, undeveloped or protected areas).

Prevent access and forest clearing of undeveloped areas for colonization.

Avoid road construction by the use of existent accesses

When construction of access roads is imminent, minimize road length to a pathway for colonization of new areas.

Camouflage the road entrance with local vegetation or similar landscape features.



Provide local people with information on the secondary impacts associated to road access construction.

Physical cultural resources

Damage to physical cultural resources

Towers should not be constructed on sites with high probability of existing critical archaeological findings.

Assess the potential for existence of physical

Number of findings



Maintenancecultural resources during site selection.

Identify the relevant authorities to be contacted (name and phone numbers of the responsible institutions and individual experts) in case of a cultural resource finding prior to construction.

If physical cultural resources may be lost, full site protection should be implemented.

Provisions for managing chance finds, salvage and documentation.

In other sensitive sites, have experts supervise construction works, and stop work for removal in case findings are encountered.

Training of personnel for recognition of findings and notification to supervisor.

Protect finding prior to removal and immediately report to supervisor for coordination with expert from local cultural heritage authority.

Control access to site where



Maintenancefinding occurred.

Interruption of cultural, religious or scientific values of an irreversible damage to an area (impacts may be physical or visual).

Avoid culturally sensitive areas and areas that were or are used for cultural or religious purposes or that contain or are likely to contain archaeological sites, historical sites or landscapes.

If archaeological sites cannot be avoided, then they may be removed with participation of the national cultural heritage agency.

Develop and implement communication strategy with communities neighboring the facilities.

Public health and EMF

Health effects from exposure to typical EMF levels

Evaluate potential exposure to workers against the reference levels developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)

Follow good engineering practice in the siting and installation of directional links (e.g. microwave links)

Take into account public perception about EMF by consulting with the local community during the siting process of antenna towers

Average and peak exposure levels should remain below the ICNIRP recommendation for General Public Exposure

Limit public access to antennae tower locations

Take into account public perception about EMF by consulting with the local community after the siting process of antenna towers

Levels of EMF in workplace

Public safety Structural failure of masts or towers;

Assess risk of erosion during site selection (i.e. soil

Implement erosion control measures.

Number of infrastructure



Maintenanceespecially in vulnerable areas with risk of earthquakes, flooding or steep slopes

characteristics, topography, climate, etc.).

Do not sit towers in areas with high risk of natural disasters: (landslides, earthquakes, flooding or slopes >30º)

Take into account public perception safety issues by consulting with the local community.

If location in residential area is necessary, respect the required distance between mast and closest residential building.

Construction of towers or masts will not be permitted in residential areas closer than 50 meters from vulnerable populations (i.e. children, elderly and disabled).

Design and installation of tower structures and components according to good international industry practice

Develop and Implement Emergency Plans for Construction collapses and Emergency Plan for Natural Disasters

collapses Number of

accidents related to infrastructure collapses

Physical security

Thieves entering facilities to steal equipment.

Increase in security issues in

Erection of fences and signs forbidding entry.

Placement of guards to protect the premises surrounding the sites where intrusions have been reported.

Number of theft intrusions

USD in theft



Maintenanceneighborhood. Promote neighborhood

active participation in reporting suspicious activities or verified theft.

Aircraft security

Aircraft accidents due to interference with telecom infrastructure (i.e. radar or physical)

Avoid sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency regulations.

If siting within the Aviation Agency area is required, comply with the agency’s design and construction requirements

Consultation with Aviation agency prior to installation and adherence to national air traffic safety regulations

Use strobe lights and other safety devices as required by the Aviation agency guidelines.

Maintenance of security devices.

Number of collisions or accidents proven to be related to telecommunication infrastructure.

Visual impacts

Visual impacts in protected areas, tourist destination, rural areas and residential areas.



Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes).





Table 3. Measures for Mitigating Occupational Health and Safety Impacts

Note: Occupational Health and Safety requirements must be included in bidding documents and contracts; compliance of sub-contractors and workers should be monitored and enforced (including penalties to sub-contractors and workers for non-compliance). Workers and sub-contractors must also comply with national and local legislation.


MaintenanceContingencies

Contingencies and emergencies during construction and operation

Design and implement a contingency plan to manage potential accidents or natural disasters in situations of normal operation as well as under state of emergency, based on the vulnerability of the country to natural disasters; the plan must include an Occupational health plan and be approved by the Ministry of Health.

Train personnel and workforce in the implementation of the contingency plan

Schedule drills before construction start-up.

Provide all the equipment and resources needed to put in place the plan.

Schedule drills during project maintenance.


Have a Sanitary Permit.

Number of drills Number of

workers trained Number of

contingencies

Electrical safety

Contact with live power lines

Only allow trained and certified workers to install electrical equipment

Deactivate and properly ground live power distribution lines before work is

Mitigation measures for Construction works are applicable to operation and maintenance

Only allow trained workers to install, maintain or

Number of incidents related to electrical safety

Number of workers trained



Maintenanceperformed on or in close proximity to the lines

Ensure that live-wire work is performed by trained workers with strict adherence to specific safety and insulation standards

Workers not directly associated with power transmission and distribution activities who are operating around power lines or power substations should adhere to local legislation, standards and guidelines relating to minimum approach distances for excavations, tools, vehicles, pruning, and other activities

Measures to prevent, minimize and control injuries related to electric shock must also be developed and implemented

repair electrical equipment

When maintenance and operation is required within the minimum setback distances, specific training, safety measures, personal devices, and other precautions should be defined in a health and safety plan

Electromagnetic fields

Higher exposure to EMF due to working in proximity to electric power lines

Identify potential exposure in the workplace

Train workers in the identification of occupational EMF levels and hazards

Identification and establishment of safety zones to differentiate

Levels of EMF emissions




Maintenancebetween work areas and public areas

Development and implementation of an EMF safety program, as set out by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications

Optical fiber safety

Risk of permanent eye damage due to exposure to laser light during cable connection and inspection activities

Train workers on specific hazards associated with laser lights

Prepare and implement laser light safety management procedures


Perform a medical surveillance program with initial and periodic eye test

Number of incidents related to optical safety


Microscopic glass fiber shards that can penetrate human tissue through skin or eyes, or by ingestion or inhalation.

Train workers on fiber management

Prepare and implement fiber management procedures

Avoid exposure to fibers through use of protective clothing and separation of work and eating areas




Risk of fire due to the presence of flammable materials in high-powered laser installation areas.

Idem as above Number of incidents related to optical safety


Elevated and overhead work

Physical hazard due to the potential for falling

The area around which elevated work is taking place should be barricaded to

Mitigation measures for Construction works are applicable to operation

Number of incidents related to elevated and



Maintenanceobjects. prevent unauthorized access.

Working under other personnel should be avoided

Hoisting and lifting equipment should be rated and maintained and operators should be trained in their use

Equipment and fall protection measures should be used and implemented by individuals

Ladders should be used according to pre-established safety procedures (proper placement, climbing, standing, use of extensions)

and maintenance overhead work Number of

workers trained

Fall protection

Risk of fall when working at elevation during construction, maintenance, and operation activities

Implementation of a fall protection program that includes training in climbing techniques and use of fall protection measures; inspection, maintenance, and replacement of fall protection equipment; and rescue of fall-arrested workers, among others

Establishment of criteria for use of 100 percent fall protection (typically when working over 2 meters (m) above the working surface, but sometimes extended to 7m, depending on the activity). The fall protection


Number of incidents related to fall protection




Maintenancesystem should be appropriate for the tower structure and necessary movements, including ascent, descent, and moving from point to point;

Installation of fixtures on tower components to facilitate the use of fall protection systems

Provision of an adequate work-positioning device system for workers. Connectors on positioning systems should be compatible with the tower components to which they are attached

Safety belts should be of not less than 16 millimetres (mm)

(5/8 inch) two-in-one nylon or material of equivalent strength. Rope safety belts should be replaced before signs of aging or fraying of fibers become evident

When operating power tools at height, workers should use a second (backup) safety strap.

Confined space entry

Underground fixed line infrastructure in urban areas

Develop and implement confined space entry procedures, including: require work permits for all confined


Number of incidents related to confined space entry



Maintenancespace entries; install appropriate access controls for non-permitting personnel; use ventilation and oxygen/explosive level detection and alarm equipment prior to access


Motor vehicle safety

Frequent use of ground transportation for maintenance activities increases risk of car accident.

Prepare and implement motor vehicle safety programs

See general IFC EHS Guidelines for further detail


Number of incidents related to motor vehicle safety


Government of Costa RicaMinistry of Environment and Energy (MINAET)

ANNEX 9

Environmental and Social Assessment Manual for Subprojects

Funded by FONATEL


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................56

1.1 PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS MANUAL....................................................561.2 OVERVIEW OF THE SUBPROJECT EVALUATION, CATEGORIZATION, AND APPRAISAL PROCESS.................................................................................................................................571.3 DISCLOSURE OF SUBPROJECT INFORMATION...........................................................59

2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PROPOSED SITE LOCATIONS..........................................................................................61

2.1 RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL VALORIZATION.................................................................612.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL SITE SENSITIVITY COMPLIANCE CRITERIA..........63

3 MONITORING OF ENVIRONTMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SUBPROJECTS.......................................................................................................................65

3.1 MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SUBPROJECTS...............663.2 REPORTING ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SUBPROJECTS......

..................................................................................................................................683.3 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS.........................................68

4 CONTRACTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROTOCOLS...................................................................................71

4.1 CONTRACTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS................................................714.2 IMPLEMENTATION PROTOCOLS.................................................................................71

5 GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS............................................................................72

5.1 PURPOSE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.........................................725.2 CONTENTS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN......................................73

6 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE FOR MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR....................75

6.1 SUSTAINABILITY CONTEXT......................................................................................756.2 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE.............................................................................756.3 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE..............................................................766.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS......................................................................................806.5 SOCIAL IMPACTS......................................................................................................826.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING..........................................................836.7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND COMMUNICATION......................................................84

7 aPPENDICes.....................................................................................................................86

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix ASETENA Project Categorization and Appraisal Process

Appendix BSETENA Form D1

Appendix C SETENA Form D2

Appendix DRapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR)


Appendix E World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria

Appendix F Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts

Appendix GEnvironmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica

Appendix HWorld Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Telecommunications, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)

Appendix I EBRD Sub-Sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications

Appendix J Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses

Appendix KProtocol for Telecommunications Facilities

Appendix L Contents of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Appendix M United States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary Guidelines for Telecommunication Towers

Appendix NList of References of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector

Appendix O Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework Plan (IPPF)


1 INTRODUCTION

1.10 Purpose and Organization of this Manual

This Manual is intended for project proponents interested in developing subprojects to be financed by the Universal Service Fund for Telecommunications, FONATEL, foreseen in the draft telecommunications law, currently in discussion in the Legislative Assembly, and administered by SUTEL, the Project Implementation Agency (PIA).

This Manual will assist project proponents in screening proposed subproject sites for potential environmental and social impacts in accordance with criteria defined by Costa Rican and World Bank standards prior to submitting proposals to the PIA for funding.

For subprojects that have been approved by the PIA, the Manual also provides guidelines for developing appropriate mitigation measures and developing necessary monitoring protocols during subproject implementation.

The Manual is organized into the following sections:

Section 1. Overview of the approval process for subprojects being considered for funding by FONATEL;

Section 2. Criteria for environmental and social evaluation and classification of sub-project sites;

Section 3. Standards for environmental and social monitoring programs;

Section 4. Recommendations for contractual environmental requirements for inclusion in bidding documents and concession contracts, as well as subproject implementation protocols with municipalities;

Section 5. Guidelines for preparing an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for subprojects, to identify potentially adverse impacts and necessary mitigation measures; and

Section 6. An inventory of international best practice for managing potential environmental and social impacts in the telecommunications sector, designed to serve as a guideline for sustainable solutions that project proponents can implement to avoid, minimize, and mitigate impacts during the construction, operation, and maintenance of telecommunications facilities.


1.11 Overview of the Subproject Evaluation, Categorization, and Appraisal Process

Project proponents will pre-classify sites based on environmental and social criteria (see Section 2, Environmental and Social Criteria for Evaluating Proposed Site Locations) and submit selection forms for sites that are rated above the “pass” level for review to SETENA.

1.11.1 Evaluation Criteria

SETENA will evaluate all subprojects to ensure that the following pass-fail criteria have been considered:

Issue Criteria Pass/FailProximity to

vulnerable populations

Telecommunication subprojects will not be developed within 50 meters of vulnerable populations such as: hospitals; clinics; elderly homes; childcare centers; and schools. Subprojects within 100 meters of these areas should be avoided.

Proximity to protected areas

The installation of subprojects within 50 meters of the boundary of protected areas; wetlands; bird migration corridors; tourism destinations; and indigenous reserves should be avoided. Projects in mountain passes and in areas within about 2 km the coastline should also be avoided, particularly where there is frequent nocturnal cloud cover during February-April (northward migration) or September-October (southward migration). Subprojects are encouraged to be sited in lands already converted (i.e. with access roads or existent telecommunication infrastructure). If there are no feasible alternatives to subproject siting and a protected area is selected; the subproject will include specific and more stringent mitigation measures, consultation and information disclosure to minimize the impacts.

Archaeological sites or areas of physical cultural resources

Archaeological sites or areas of physical cultural resources should be avoided. A site screening will be performed by an expert to assess if there is a possibility to encounter physical cultural resources. Whenever the probability exists; specific mitigation measures and salvage procedures will be followed and institutional capacity will be developed if necessary.

Landscape and land use

Landscape impacts should be avoided; sharing of infrastructure is highly encouraged. Site seeing; bird watching areas and tourism destinations should also be avoided. Regarding land use, areas already converted are preferred, especially where access roads and existent infrastructure are available. Sites where land value would decrease due to the subproject should be avoided.

Existent telecommunication

Sites with existent telecommunications and ancillary infrastructure are encouraged. Sharing of infrastructure as well as the use of


and ancillary infrastructure

existent public buildings is preferred. However, it should be noted that the subprojects to be financed under FONATEL will be prioritized in rural areas and disadvantaged regions where public services such as telecommunications are less developed.

Security Sites with safety issues such as delinquency; drug trafficking; smuggling; theft; etc. will be avoided.

Vulnerability to natural disasters

The site emplacement will preferably avoid areas of steep slope; volcanic risk; soil instability; flooding and proximity to surface water. If no other alternatives are feasible, engineering measures will be taken to prevent damage to the installations or surrounding areas.

Indigenous Populations

The construction of towers and posts will be permitted in Indian Reserves only if a consultation and early notice of the project is done, in a free transparent and informative way that results in social and economic benefits for the affected indigenous peoples (see Annex 16, Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework). The proposed project must assure that the socio-economic benefits be culturally appropriate. Also the proposed project proponent must develop an Indigenous Peoples Plan.

1.11.2 Evaluation of Site Criteria

Subsequent to the evaluation of the site selection form, SETENA will screen subprojects and assign a preliminary classification (See Appendix A):

Subprojects classified as “A,” “B1” or “B2 without PR” (without land use plan approved by SETENA): the proponent will be required to complete Form D1 (see Appendix B) and submit it to SETENA for appraisal.

Subprojects classified as “C” or “B2 with PR” (with land use plan approved by SETENA): the proponents will be required to complete Form D2 (see Appendix C) and submit it to SETENA for appraisal.

When deemed necessary, SETENA will perform a field appraisal in conjunction with the project proponent to complement the evaluation process.

Additionally, SETENA will consider the World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria rating (see Section 2, Environmental and Social Criteria for Evaluating Proposed Site Locations) in its preliminary classification.


1.11.3 Categorization

Based on the pre-classification of subprojects as submitted by project proponents and field appraisal (when required), SETENA will evaluate subproject Form D1 or Form D2, as applicable. If the information presented in the form is consistent with its classification and substantiates the category of the subproject’s risk level (high, moderate, or low), then SETENA will proceed to grant the final environmental category to the subproject as follows:

Form D1: SETENA will determine whether the subproject is of high (“A”), moderate (“B1”) or low (“B2 without PR”) risk.

Form D2: SETENA will determine if the subproject risk level is low, and will grant either category “C” or “B2 with PR.” If SETENA considers the subproject of a higher risk category, the project proponent will be required to complete Form D1.

1.11.4 Appraisal

Once SETENA has evaluated Form D1 and Form D2, and has assigned a final environmental category to the subproject, the project proponent will be required to complete one of the following environmental instruments as required under Costa Rican national legislation1 and consistent with World Bank Safeguard policy requirements:

Risk Category Relative Impact Environmental Instrument

A High Environmental Impact Study (EsIA)

B1

Moderate Forecast – Environmental Management Plan (P-PGA)

B2 without PR

Moderate to Low Sworn Statement of Environmental Commitments (DJCA)

B2 with PR Moderate to Low No further action requiredC Low No further action required

Costa Rica’s environmental appraisal and review procedure is described in more detail in the Investor Manual of the Ministry of Trade (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, COMEX) available at http://www.tramites.go.cr/manual/.

1.12 Disclosure of Subproject Information

In compliance with World Bank guidelines, before a subproject is approved, the applicable environmental instruments (i.e., EsIA, P-

1 See Decree N° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC 28 Jun 2004.


http://www.tramites.go.cr/manual/

PGA or DJCA) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people, such as at a local government office (i.e., community council, town hall, municipality, etc.) and in a form, manner, and language they can understand.

Prior to any construction or modification to a subproject, preliminary consultation will occur between the project proponent and the municipality responsible for that area. The proponent, whether from a state-owned or private-owned company, must also acquire the necessary construction permits from the municipality.

For subprojects planned in indigenous reserves, the subproject proponent will develop an Indigenous Peoples Plan, within the environmental and social management instrument, which will be available to affected communities in an appropriate manner during the evaluation of the subproject, in order to include their concerns and suggestions. After the evaluation, the Indigenous Peoples Plan must be made available to the indigenous communities in the same form that the previous versions were presented (see Annex 16, Indigenous Population Framework Plan).

Additional Information and ToolsAppendix A SETENA Project Categorization and Appraisal ProcessAppendix B SETENA Form D1Appendix C SETENA Form D2


2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PROPOSED SITE LOCATIONS

Project proponents are expected to consider different site locations (up to five options) that are technically and financially suitable for a subproject. Project proponents are encouraged to make use of existing telecommunications infrastructure by sharing with competing service providers and/or carriers, and/or mount antennae on buildings, (see Section 6, International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector).

The location of sites within proposed subprojects (i.e., cell towers, masts, etc.), should be screened for environmental and social criteria that may potentially impact, the following among others: critical habitat and natural areas, environmentally sensitivity ecosystems, areas of historical/cultural interest, and areas with conflicts of use. The selection of sites as well as the construction of telecommunication facilities should also follow best international practice (see Section 6, International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector).

To screen sites for potential environmental and social impacts, project proponents are expected to use the following tools:

Rapid Environmental Valorization World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance

Criteria

Project proponents may also want to use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to supplement the site selection process. This tool allows the proponent to select certain locations while excluding others from the site selection process, based on pre-established criteria (e.g., presence of wetlands, protected areas, migratory bird flyways, etc.).

2.1 Rapid Environmental Valorization

The project proponent will complete a site selection form known as Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR, see Appendix D Rapid Environmental Valorization) for all site options. The VAR facilitates the analysis of socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, biological, and natural risks as well as other criteria in the area of direct and indirect influence of the proposed subproject. The VAR can be adjusted and modified as necessary during the course of implementation of a subproject, in order to take into account any new proposed investment activities, or changes in the environmental legal and regulatory system in Costa Rica (e.g., new decrees regarding the local EIA classification and approval process).


The VAR enables rapid identification and assessment of impacts related to:

Environmental sensitivities Critical natural habitat Migratory birds Threatened or endangered species or critical habitat for those

species Floodplains and wetlands Areas of historical/cultural interest Indigenous peoples Public health and safety

Through the VAR process, a final score is assigned for each site location, which determines its preliminary classification:

Category “A” with high impact: > 1000 Category “B1” with moderate impact: > 300 and ≤ 1000 Category “B2 without PR” with moderate to low risk: ≤ 300

There is a minimum target threshold for a site location to be even considered. Within the final score, certain elements of the VAR will trigger a red or orange flag.

Red Flag. A red flag for a site automatically results in a “no-go” decision. Red flags will be triggered if a site is located in the following areas:

protected areas, except if allowed by a special authorization granted by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and adequate mitigation measures are taken;

critical habitats for endemic or endangered species; areas with high probability of existing critical archaeological

findings; areas with high risk of natural disasters (flooding, landslides,

earthquakes, slopes); and residential areas closer than 50 meters from vulnerable

populations (children, elderly and disabled).

Orange Flag. An orange flag will activate an alert and/or alarm. However, the existence of an alert or alarm does not mean that the site is not suitable, but that there is a potential for higher environmental, social or health risk, and that specific mitigation or management conditions need to be implemented for that site (see Section 3, Mitigation and Monitoring of Environmental and Social Impacts).

Some of the criteria that can result in an orange flag are:

Swamps and other locations known as areas migratory birds reproductive areas


Areas with security issues Sites that are located within areas under the control of the

General Office of Civil Aviation Locations without road access Residential areas with less that 100 meters from vulnerable

populations (children, senior citizens, handicapped) indigenous peoples territories

2.2 World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria

Project proponents will rate the impacts (low, medium, or high) in terms of the site sensitivity of proposed sites in accordance with the World Bank safeguard criteria for environmental site sensitivities (see Appendix E). Overall site sensitivity is determined based on the number of low, medium, and high ratings received for each sensitivity issue. Table 2.2 outlines the risk categories (A, B, and C) as defined by the World Bank that are associated with examples of telecommunications subprojects.

Table 2-2 Risk categories for telecommunications subprojects Types of activities High

(Category A)

Medium(Category B)

Low(Category C)

Installation of masts and towersInstallation of fixed line cables and connectorsConstruction of landing stationsEquipment housing (e.g. shelters, cabinets, auxiliary power units)Construction of access roads and ROWs on greenfield sitesMaintenance of access roads or other existing linear infrastructure which does not require ROW expansionLand acquisition Installation of Infrastructure in indigenous reserves

For subprojects which are deemed high risk, as they may result in significant impacts, the project proponent will re-assess the location and design of the subproject to ensure that there are no alternatives which may minimize or avoid these potential environmental and social impacts.


Subprojects for which the overall site sensitivity is determined to be “high” does not necessarily indicate that a site is unsuitable. However, this indicates a real risk of resulting in undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts. In these cases, more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects.

Additional Information and ToolsAppendix D Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración

Ambiental Rápida or VAR)Appendix E World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance

Criteria


3 MONITORING OF ENVIRONTMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SUBPROJECTS

Appendix F describes the environmental, socio-economic, and occupational health and safety impacts, mitigation measures, and monitoring indicators of potential issues associated with all phases (pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance) of subprojects in the telecommunications sector in Costa Rica. All subprojects must comply with all relevant Costa Rican environmental, social, health and safety (ESHS) regulatory requirements (see Appendix G).

A summary of impacts and relevant monitoring indicators is provided in the table below.

Impacts per Category Monitoring IndicatorsEnvironmental ImpactsTerrestrial habitat Vegetation loss (area) by means of

satellite image. Presence or absence of species

identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the area.

Migratory birds Bird death counts near telecom infrastructure.


Aquatic habitat Presence or absence of species identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the area.


Erosion control Cases of landslides recorded per site. Cases of road inaccessibility due to

erosion.Landscape Number of sites with infrastructure

camouflage (i.e. painted in green, planting, etc.)

Noise pollution Noise levels below established threshold

Hazardous materials and waste

Weight of hazardous and non hazardous wastes disposed of.


Air emissions Number of battery or LNG ran generators.

Number of repairs during preventive maintenance.

Monitoring of emissions above threshold levels

Socio-Economic ImpactsDistributions of

investments Mobile phones per 100 people Fixed lines per 100 people Internet access per 100 people Number of people with access to

telecom services Number of claims to telecom

companies Number of repairs


Economic Conditions Dollars in investments in local infrastructure

Number of local employees in the phases of construction and operation

Payment in dollar to local employeesIndigenous Peoples Dollars in investments in local

infrastructure Percentage of indigenous peoples that

have access to basic public services Percentage of indigenous peoples that

have access to telecommunication services

Number of sites with camouflage infrastructure (green paint, vegetation, etc.)

Number of complaints and claims per year

Land acquisition and modification of land use

USD in agreed compensations Area of land use change.

Cultural and archaeological findings

Number of findings

Public health and Electromagnetic fields (EMFs)


Public safety Number of infrastructure collapses Number of accidents related to

infrastructure collapsesPhysical Security Number of theft intrusions

USD in theftPhysical and aircraft

security Number of collisions or accidents

proven to be related to telecommunication infrastructure.

Occupational Health and Safety ImpactsContingencies Number of drills

Number of workers trained Number of contingencies

Electrical safety Number of incidents related to electrical safety

Number of workers trainedElectromagnetic fields

(EMFs) Levels of EMF emissions Number of workers trained

Optical fiber safety Number of incidents related to optical safety

Number of workers trainedElevated and overhead

work Number of incidents related to

elevated and overhead work Number of workers trained

Fall protection Number of incidents related to fall protection

Number of workers trainedConfined space entry Number of incidents related to

confined space Number of workers trained

Motor vehicle safety Number of incidents related to motor vehicle safety

Traffic safety

3.1 Monitoring Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects

Potential environmental and social impacts associated with all phases (pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance) of a subproject will have been identified by project proponents (in SETENA’s environmental instrument) and submitted


for review and approval by the PIA (see Section 1, Introduction). Project proponents will monitor the environmental and social performance of subprojects to ensure that the mitigation measures that are implemented have the intended result. Remedial measures need to be undertaken if the proposed mitigation measures are inadequate or the actual impacts were underestimated within SETENA’s environmental instruments.

Project proponents will develop a monitoring program to measure the environmental and social impacts of subprojects at all phases (pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance), as identified in SETENA’s environmental instruments submitted for review to the PIA. The monitoring program, including all relevant indicators, will be developed on a project-specific basis and incorporated in the subproject’s Environmental Management Plan (EMP, see Section 5, Guidelines for Environmental and Social Management of Telecommunications Projects).

The monitoring program for all phases of the subproject should include the following elements:

Parameters to be monitored. Identification of indicators to be measured for proposed mitigation measure;

Location. Selection of sampling locations, including a control and treatment area;

Responsibilities. Tasks and responsibilities assigned to trained individuals, including procedures for record-keeping, analysis of trends and comparison with accepted standards and national regulatory limits, and reporting;

Measurements. Methods to be used for measurement, including use of properly calibrated and maintained equipment; and

Frequency of measurements. Sufficient to provide representative data.

The EMP for each subproject will outline the appropriate budget required to implement measures for mitigation and monitoring. It will also indicate the costs of training and capacity building required. Costs should be calculated based on estimates provided by contractors for any mitigation measures required during the civil works. For example:

costs of ensuring the appropriate dust suppression mechanisms are in place during excavation works must be calculated and included in the tender documents;

costs of installing erosion control measures should be estimated as part of the engineering costs;

training of staff on environmental and OHS issues should be outlined in detail (see Table 3.2); and

costs of monitoring noise during construction should be calculated based on the frequency of monitoring and cost of equipment.


The EMP table provided in the Manual in Appendix L provides guidance on how to outline these costs.

Table 3.2. Awareness raising and training for civil work contractors and supervision consultants

Topic Input

Awareness raising 1 dayEnvironmental impacts and the importance of effective mitigation

0.5 day

Practice mitigation measures and environmentally sound construction techniquesCompliance with international environmental, social and OHS standards for the telecommunication sector

0.5 day

Compliance with Costa Rican regulations and World Bank requirementsTechnical training 1 dayReference Framework and Action Plan 0.5 day Supervision of the implementation of environmental instruments (EsIA, P-PGA, DJCA), contract clauses, protocols and others.Supervision and assessment of monitoring based on the environmental instruments requirements.

0.5 day

Preparation and verification of budgetsTotal 2 days

3.2 Reporting on Environmental and Social Performance of Subprojects

Once a subproject has been implemented, a monitoring report must also be submitted by the project proponent to the PIA once a year for review (see Section 5, Guidelines for Environmental Management of Telecommunications Projects). The purpose of these reports is to provide:

A record of subproject environmental and social activities, to demonstrate that all issues with potentially significant environmental and social impacts during normal operations and upset conditions are being addressed through appropriate mitigation measures as stated in the EMP; and

A record of direct or indirect indicators that can be used for identifying areas of improvement in environmental and social performance from year-to-year, applicable to subproject.

A report of the adequate implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) for the subprojects that are developed in indigenous reserves.


3.3 Relevant Environmental and Social Standards

3.3.1 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (April 30, 2007)

The World Bank Group developed Environmental, Social, Health, and Safety Guidelines (ESHS Guidelines, see Appendix G, ESHS Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica), to serve as technical reference documents with general and industry-specific application:

IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, Telecommunications (April 30, 2007);

IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines: Environmental (April 30, 2007);

IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines: Occupational Health and Safety (April 30, 2007); and

IFC’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines: Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007).

These guidelines were revised in 2007 and are used by the World Bank Group as a technical source of information on environmental, health, and safety requirements during project appraisal activities. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to IFC and are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology.

Industry-specific guidelines were developed for Telecommunications and are designed to be used together with the General EHS Guidelines. Together, the Telecommunications and General EHS guidelines provide guidance to project proponents on common EHS issues that are potentially applicable to subprojects. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs.

When host country regulations differ from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less stringent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of human health and the environment.

The EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications are applicable to telecommunications infrastructure such as fixed line and wireless voice and data transmission infrastructure, including long distance terrestrial and submarine cables (e.g. fiber optic cables), as well as radio and television broadcasting, and associated


telecommunications and broadcasting installations and equipment2. The Guidelines set out recommendations for common/typical monitoring parameters for emissions and effluents especially during construction operations or from administrative and maintenance facilities.

The General EHS Guidelines provide guidance on monitoring the following parameters:

Environmental: air emissions and ambient air quality; energy conservation (usage); wastewater and ambient water quality; water conservation (usage); hazardous materials management; waste management; noise; and contaminated land.

Occupational Health and Safety: general facility design and operation; communication and training; physical hazards; chemical hazards; biological hazards; radiological hazards; personal protective equipment (PPE); and special hazard environment.

Community Health and Safety: water quality and availability; structural safety of project infrastructure; life and fire safety; traffic safety; transport of hazardous materials; disease prevention; and emergency preparedness and response.

3.3.2 EBRD Sub-Sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Sub-sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications (see Appendix I) summarize key environmental risks/liability factors associated with the telecommunications sector. They specifically address: habitat destruction and adverse visual impacts; hazardous materials; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other ozone depleting substances (ODSs); soil and groundwater contamination; nuisance issues (e.g., noise); and eletro-magnetic fields/optical radiation.

Additional Information and ToolsAppendix F Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social ImpactsAppendix GEnvironmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS)

Regulatory Requirements in Costa RicaAppendix HWorld Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety

Guidelines: Telecommunications, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)


2 Associated installations and equipment include cellular, micro wave, and other radio-based systems; satellite receivers; wire line and wireless receiving, transmitting, and switching stations, and related equipment such as masts and towers, cables and connectors, equipment housing such as shelters and cabinets, backup batteries, and auxiliary power units (generators).


4 CONTRACTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROTOCOLS

As part of the subproject implementation, arrangements should be made for contracts to be prepared and signed by appropriate parties and financing agreements signed with implementing agencies or beneficiary representatives. Most of the arrangements regarding construction, implementation, and supervision are contained in a legal contract signed between the executing agency and the contractors.

It is critical that the findings in SETENA’s environmental instruments (special mitigation measures, design specifications, supervision plans, and monitoring arrangements) be duly incorporated into the legal contract.

4.1 Contractual Environmental Arrangements

In addition to special measures that may need to be included in the contract, FONATEL subprojects will prepare a standard set of environmental clauses to be included in each contract. If necessary, these could be prepared individually for different categories of subprojects (see Appendix J Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses).

4.2 Implementation Protocols

Project proponents should also consider signing a Protocol for Establishing Telecommunications Facilities with the Municipality with those municipalities in which the subproject will be located (see Appendix K, Protocol for Establishing Telecommunication Facilities in Costa Rica).

The purpose of the Protocol is to state general procedures that telecommunications applicants will follow to establish telecommunications facilities in Costa Rica, in cooperation with municipalities and members of the public, and in compliance with national regulations and international best practice.

Additional Information and ToolsAppendix J Sample Language of Environmental Contract ClausesAppendix KProtocol for Establishing Telecommunication Facilities

in Costa Rica


5 GUIDELINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS

Prior to implementation of the subproject, the project proponent will prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which will identify potentially adverse impacts of the subproject and necessary mitigation measures, as well as monitoring programs (see Section 3, Monitoring of Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects).

The project proponent may also be required to develop mitigation measures for addressing impacts on physical and cultural resources as revealed during the screening process (see Section 2, Environmental and Social Criteria for Evaluating Proposed Site Locations). Avoidance or mitigation measures, as well as provisions for chance finds of physical or cultural resources and necessary institutional arrangements relating to the management and preservation of physical cultural resources—in accordance with Costa Rica’s national legislation for cultural heritage protection—will be integrated into the EMP.

The emphasis on each of these areas will depend on the needs of the specific context of the subproject, as identified during the initial environmental screening (see Section 2, Environmental and Social Criteria for Evaluating Proposed Site Locations). Alternative approaches may be more effective in integrating environmental and social concerns into the planning process of subprojects, including: environmental design criteria; design criteria and construction supervision for small-scale rural works; and environmental siting criteria and construction standards.

5.1 Purpose of an Environmental Management Plan

The EMP should be formulated in such a way that it is easy to use. References within the plan should be clearly and readily identifiable. Also, the main text of the EMP needs to be kept as clear and concise as possible, with detailed information relegated to annexes.

An EMP outlines the specific steps that must be taken both during construction as well as during operations to minimize both short term and long term impacts resulting from activities in both phases. It presents a synthesis of all proposed mitigation and monitoring activities set to a timetable with specific responsibilities assigned and tasks defined for the contractor, SETENA, and the project proponent (see Appendix L Contents of an Environmental Management Plan).

Effective implementation of the EMP will ensure that the appropriate mitigation measures have been employed to avoid and/or minimize any potential impacts resulting from the proposed activity.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 76 COSTA RICA TELECOMMUNICATIONS ESMF ANNEXES

5.2 Contents of an Environmental Management Plan

5.2.1 Summary of Impacts

The predicted adverse environmental and social impacts of the subproject for which mitigation measures are required should be identified and briefly summarized. These should be cross-referenced to SETENA’s environmental instruments (see Section 3, Monitoring of Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects).

5.2.2 Description of Mitigation Measures

The EMP identifies feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels (See Appendix F Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts). Each mitigation measure should be briefly described with reference to the impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (for example, continuously or in the event of contingencies). These should be accompanied by, or referenced to, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures which elaborate on the technical aspects of implementing the various measures as well as costs. Where the mitigation measures may result in secondary impacts, their significance should be evaluated.

5.2.3 Description of Monitoring Program

The monitoring program should clearly indicate the linkages between impacts identified in SETENA’s environmental instruments, indicators to be measured, measurement methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions (see Section 3, Monitoring of Environmental and Social Impacts of Subprojects). Although it is not essential to have complete details of the monitoring program in the EMP, it should describe the means by which monitoring arrangements will be implemented. For subprojects that are developed in indigenous reserves, an Indigenous Population Plan must be elaborated following the guidelines established in the framework.

Environmental performance monitoring should be designed to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented, have the intended result, and that remedial measures are undertaken if mitigation measures are inadequate or the impacts have been underestimated in SETENA’s environmental instruments. Monitoring data will be used to evaluate compliance with Costa Rican national standards and World Bank Group requirements or guidelines (see Appendix H World Bank Group EHS Telecommunications Guidelines).


5.2.4 Roles and Responsibilities

The EMP should provide an overview of the roles and responsibilities of the project proponent, the sub-contractor, the PIA, and the Regulatory Agency (i.e. ARESEP, according to the General Law on Telecommunications, under discussion in Congress at the time of this report) for mitigation and monitoring activities, as well as identify arrangements for coordination.

5.2.5 Budget

The EMP for each subproject will provide a necessary budget required for implementing mitigation measures and the monitoring program as defined in the EMP. The budget will also include the costs for training and any capacity building that many be required.

Costs should also be calculated based on estimates provided by contractors for any mitigation measures required during construction phases. These costs include (but are not necessarily limited to or include all): ensuring that appropriate dust suppression mechanisms are in place during excavation activities; installation of erosion control measures; and monitoring noise levels.

Additional InformationAppendix L Contents of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)


6 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE FOR MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR

6.1 Sustainability Context

Given Costa Rica’s preeminence as an ecotourism destination and the country’s significant avifauna, both resident and migratory1, this inventory of best practice gives special emphasis to the potential effect of telecommunications towers on birds and developing best practice for mitigation. Though the potential effect of towers on birds in Costa Rica is not well understood, and may in fact be small, measures to mitigate potential impacts have been developed in the United States and could be integrated with the project’s overall environmental management program for the sector in Costa Rica. Background on the potential issue and mitigation measures is provided below.

Telecommunications tower collision-related deaths, in particular for migratory birds, have been well documented in the United States. Migratory birds tend to fly in flocks at night to avoid predators, and the most significant collisions tend to occur at lighted towers on foggy or low ceiling nights, as the birds appear to be attracted by the diffused light from certain types of tower warning lights and yet cannot see the towers. The effect of towers on non-migratory birds is less well understood, but is assumed to be less significant than for migratory birds.

The full impact of telecommunications towers on migratory birds has only been recognized by the industry in the last ten years. Research in the United States has led to the development of measures for mitigating the impact of towers on birds by federal agencies. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Voluntary Guidelines on Communications Towers Siting, Construction, Operation and Decommissioning (USFWS Guidelines, see Appendix N) are the primary source of information for best practice in mitigating potential impacts on migratory birds.

6.2 International Best Practice

This inventory of international best practice for managing potential environmental and social impacts in the telecommunications sector is designed to serve as a guideline for sustainable solutions that telecommunication operators can implement to avoid, minimize, and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts caused by the telecommunication facility construction, operations, and maintenance.

1 An estimated 3 million migratory birds pass through Costa Rica each year (Personal communication, M. Julio Sanchez, National Museum of Costa Rica


The inventory covers the following areas:

Management measures for preventing, minimizing, and mitigating potential environmental, health and safety impacts associated with the telecommunications sector (i.e., impacts to natural habitat, migratory birds, landscape aesthetics);

Management of the telecommunication facilities and their potential effects on the environment (i.e., air emissions, hazardous materials management, and waste); and

An overview of the potential risks of electromagnetic waves to human health.

6.3 Telecommunications Infrastructure

6.3.1 Site Selection for Towers

The site selection process provides the greatest opportunity for preventing or minimizing potential environmental impacts from telecommunications towers. Locating towers on steep slopes, or on ridges that require the construction of access roads up very steep slopes, should also be avoided because of potential erosion risks associated with the roads. Consideration should also be given to the visual impact of towers on the landscape and efforts made to site towers to reduce visual impact or to use existing infrastructure to install transmission and reception devices (e.g., antennae).

The site selection process should endeavor to avoid sites that are important and/or protected natural areas or habitats (e.g., wetlands, nature reserves, national parks, etc.). Projects in mountain passes and in areas within about 2 km the coastline should also be avoided, particularly where there is frequent nocturnal cloud cover during February-April (northward migration) or September-October (southward migration). The siting of towers is typically permitted in Protected Areas; however, such sitings are generally subject to special approval by the relevant Ministry(ies) and must comply with stricter conditions. Two case studies, from Australia and France, illustrating how telecommunications facilities are managed in protected areas are provided in Box 6.1.

Geography and topography greatly influence the locations of bird migration routes and the movements and habitats of other species. Bird migration paths typically follow major landscape features such as coastlines, mountain ridges, and river corridors. The USFWS Guidelines recommend that towers should not be sited in or near wetlands, other known bird concentration areas, known migratory or daily movement flyways, or the habitat of threatened or endangered species. Also, towers should not be located in areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low cloud cover. Migratory birds typically travel at night and are far more likely to crash into towers under foggy or low cloud ceiling conditions (see Lighting below).


Box 6.1 Managing Telecommunications Facilities in Protected Areas


France, National Charter on Environmental Recommendations between the State and Mobile Phone Operators A National Charter on Environmental Recommendations was signed by the Government and the three national operators (July 12, 1999). It divides the country into four distinct categories: ‘Regular areas,’ with no special attributes, regulated by the common law; ‘Areas under surveillance’ (e.g., with protected historical sites, vulnerable species, etc.) ‘Landscape areas,’ some parts of which are of high environmental value and may be protected by the State; and ‘Protected areas.’The Charter assigns different levels of obligation for each of the above-mentioned categories to the operators that want to site towers. Towers in protected areas can only be installed on an exceptional basis and are highly regulated. Their environmental footprint must be minimal and they must be integrated into the scenery. Reference: National Charter on Environmental Recommendations between the State and Mobile Phone Operators (July 12, 1999), France.

Australia, National Parks and Wildlife ActThe National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1974 states that the Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government may authorize installation of telecommunications facilities in National Parks, provided that the following conditions are met: “There is no feasible alternative site for the proposed telecommunications facility concerned on land that is not reserved under this Act, and The site of any proposed above ground telecommunications facility covers the minimum area possible, and The proposed telecommunications facility is to be designed and constructed in such a manner as to minimize risk of damage to the facility from bushfires, and The site and construction of the proposed telecommunications facility have been selected, as far as is practicable, to minimize the visual impact of the facility, and If feasible, an existing means of access to the proposed site of the lease, license, easement or right of way is to be used, and The proposed telecommunications facility is essential for the provision of telecommunications services for land reserved under this Act or for surrounding areas to be served by the facility, and The telecommunications facility is to be removed and the site of the facility is to be restored as soon as possible after the facility becomes redundant (for example, due to advances in technology), and The site of the proposed telecommunications facility has been selected after taking into account the objectives set out in any plan of management relating to the land concerned, and The proposed telecommunications facility is, if feasible, to be co-located with an existing structure or located at a site that is already disturbed by an existing lease, license, easement or right of way on the land concerned.”Reference: National Parks and Wildlife Act, Australia, 1974.

6.3.2 Tower Co-location/Sharing and Siting

The first principle to be applied by operators when considering the siting of new telecommunications tower facilities is to locate the new equipment on existing structures. Co-location of antennae on existing towers or other structures is standard practice in the United States and Europe to reduce the need for new towers and minimize environmental and visual impacts. In France, 80% of the new antennae in 2004 were situated on existing structures; only 20% of antennae necessitated construction of new infrastructure. Co-location is in the business interests of operators, as it reduces costs and maintenance burden.

The most common existing structures for locating antennae and related equipment are billboards, water towers, utility poles, and buildings. In certain U.S. and Canadian cities, operators must prove that a new tower is needed and that there are no suitable co-location options. For example, the Policy for Telecommunication Towers for the City of Surrey, Canada requires all applicants for freestanding telecommunication structures to “identify any other structure within a radius of 1,640 feet of the proposed location and to provide reasons why other existing structures within that radius are not acceptable for use.” Due to this, carriers build new towers only when there are no other suitable options.

In the United States and Canada, certain zoning laws require future co-location options for new antenna. It is therefore best practice for local authorities to require every new freestanding tower to be designed and constructed to optimize future co-location functionality. It should be noted, however, that there may be complexities in applying such a requirement given the potential range of technical requirements must also be met (e.g., distance requirement between each antenna on the same tower).

6.3.3 Tower Design and Landscaping Criteria

New technologies and materials can minimize the visual impacts of towers, antennae, and supporting structures. For new freestanding towers, the following best practice is recommended:

The visual impact of the lower portions of towers can be mitigated by either building shelters in the local architectural style or establishing plant screens. In cases where plant screens are to be installed, attractive native species should be utilized.

In rural areas, towers and antennae can be camouflaged or disguised by constructing masts or towers that look like trees, as well as “hidden” in architecture (e.g., church steeples and bell towers).

For new antennae, the following best practice used by the French Association of Mobile Phone Operators (AFOM) is relevant:


Using colors and materials that resemble that of the existing structure the antennae is being built on helps harmonize the antennae with its surrounding environment;

Preserving the local architecture style; Taking into account the existing shapes and buildings in the area

where the antennae will be built: for example, respect the vertical lines in a city;

Operators should avoid using mechanical “tilts” to direct radio waves towards the zones to be covered (that are visible), and instead use electrical “tilts” to direct the radiation, thereby minimizing visual impacts; and

When constructing new antennae on water towers, the three main operators in France have agreed to (1) either place the new antennae on the side wall so that the new antennae merges with the side of the water tower; or (2) install the new antennae on a mast placed on the top center of water towers. This unique technique minimizes the visual impact to the maximum extent possible.

In France, the wireless operators (AFOM) and the French Association of Mayors, representing village and city mayors, have agreed since 2003 to follow a guide of best practices when constructing new towers for antennae. This guide provides a framework and process for operators and mayors or local authorities to work together to minimize visual impacts of towers and antennae. The guide also provides a number of techniques and approaches for minimizing visual impacts of towers and antennae.

6.3.4 Tower Height

Several studies in the U.S. positively correlate the greater height of freestanding towers to higher bird mortality. The results from Gehring (2004)2 in particular document this relationship. The USFWS Guidelines recommend that: “If co-location (e.g., the installation of antennae on existing structures) is not feasible and a new tower or towers are to be constructed, communications service providers should be strongly encouraged to construct towers no more than 199 feet (or 60.70 meters) above ground level (AGL).”3

In some cases, however, various technical and service factors may call for towers in excess of 60 meters, such as population density in the service area; the propagation characteristics of radio signals at different frequencies on the radio spectrum; and the size of the target service area. Different types of wireless services also have different technical and construction requirements. The United Kingdom Policy Guidance on Telecommunications states that “Authorities will need to ensure that they have before them all the relevant planning information, including details of any related mast

2An avian collision study plan for the Michigan Public Safety Communications System (MPSCS), Central Michigan University, Gehring, 2004.

3 Service Interim Guidelines for Recommendations on Communications Tower Siting, Operations, and Decommissioning, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000.


proposals and of how the proposal is linked to the network, to enable applications to be properly considered.”4

In a number of countries, local legislation regulates the maximum height authorized for new freestanding towers in cities. Telecommunication policies, protocols, or general development policies in Canada set maximum tower height (e.g., 12 meters in the case of the City of Surrey, Canada), and 30 meters in the City of Guelph, Canada). New freestanding telecommunication tower proposals that exceed the maximum height are required to apply for a variance, which may or may not be granted5.

6.3.5 Guy Wires

Guyed towers cause higher mortality among birds than guyless towers due to increased surface area for potential collisions. The Gehring study reports that guyed towers kill close to ten time more birds than non-guyed towers6. The USFWS Guidelines encourage “using construction techniques which do not require guy wires (e.g., use a lattice structure, monopole, etc.).”

The USFWS recommends that “Tower designs using guy wires for support which are proposed to be located in known raptor or waterbird concentration areas or daily movement routes, or in major diurnal migratory bird movement routes or stopover sites, should have daytime visual markers on the wires to prevent collisions by these diurnally moving species.” Daytime wire marking devices include marker balls, swinging plates, bird flight diverters, spiral vibration dampers, or other visible devices placed in various configurations depending on the line design and location.

6.4 Environmental Impacts

6.4.1 Protected Areas

Telecommunication Infrastructure installation must be avoided in natural protected areas. In cases where construction of infrastructure is necessary in protected areas, it is recommended that a payment for environmental services be required. This payment should be used to strengthen the management and protection of natural protected areas or protect an area with similar environmental characteristics in another location. The revenues for this type of projects must be administered by the entity in charge of administrating protected areas and involve academic and research entities.

4 Planning Policy Guidance on Telecommunications, United Kingdom Department for Communities and Local Department, 2001.

5 City of Surrey, Canada, Policy for Telecommunication Towers, 2002, http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf

6 Scientific Basis to Establish Policy Regulation Communications Towers to Protect Migratory Birds, Land Protection Partners, 2005.


6.4.2 Lighting

Lights on towers and supporting infrastructure are probably the most important factor in bird mortality. Most migratory birds fly at night to avoid predators and are attracted to and/or disoriented by the lights, resulting in greater mortalities. This phenomenon is exacerbated on foggy or very low ceiling nights, as the fog/mist further diffuses the light and results in even greater mortality.

The USFWS recommends that “If taller (>60 meters of 199 feet AGL) towers requiring lights for aviation safety must be constructed, the minimum amount of pilot warning and obstruction avoidance lighting required by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) should be used. Unless otherwise required by the FAA, only white (preferable) or red strobe lights should be used at night, and these should be the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum number of flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowable by the FAA. The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights at night should be avoided. Current research indicates that solid or pulsating (beacon) red lights attract night-migrating birds at a much higher rate than white strobe lights. Red strobe lights have not yet been studied.”

Lighting towers is necessary when the towers are close to airports; hence, another impact avoidance strategy is to avoid or minimize the construction of new towers near airports or other areas where aviation activities would require lighting for public safety (i.e., the strategy in such locations should be to install necessary antennae on existing towers or other existing infrastructure - see below).

6.4.3 Air Emissions

In this sector, air emissions are caused mainly by the use of diesel-fueled emergency backup power generators, service vehicles, and cooling and fire suppression systems.

Generally, the backup generators used are small and air emissions low; however, the use of a generator as a permanent source should be avoided. In the United States, the use of cleaner-burning liquid natural gas (LNG) (e.g., bottled gas or propane) is recommended instead of diesel when size allows.

Regarding the cooling and fire suppression systems, best international practice recommends against the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. If the substitution is not possible, CFCs and halons should be managed by trained and certified personnel.

6.4.4 Hazardous Materials Management

The construction and operation of telecommunications infrastructure typically requires minimal use of hazardous materials;


however, backup power systems such as batteries and emergency generators may require the handling and storage of certain hazardous materials (e.g., optical fibers, batteries, fuels, lubricating oils, and grease) that require special management measures.

Batteries often contain sulfuric acid. Best practice recommends managing the disposal of spent sulfuric acid batteries (from storage to final disposal) as a hazardous material and waste. Another option is to use batteries that do not contain sulfuric acid. This solution is more expensive but presents fewer risks.

Spill prevention control and countermeasure plans and procedures are required to ensure the safe management of fuel and other hydrocarbon and chemical storage associated with the operation of backup generators. Best practice recommends secondary containment and overfill prevention.

6.5 Social Impacts

6.5.1 Indigenous Peoples

The development of infrastructure in indigenous peoples territories may constitute a risk for the customs and cultural traditions on these populations. The construction projects and the presence of workers in their territories can affect their customs and lifestyle, with the subsequent loss of identity.

In the past, the indigenous communities of Costa Rica have opposed the development of infrastructure in their territories. Among their concerns, they objected to the visual impact of the paint on the towers. Regardless of this issue, as indigenous peoples have begun using cellular phones and thus requiring these services, towers are placed on the border of indigenous reserves. It is possible that in the future these communities will require more telecommunication services.

6.5.2 Noise

The backup power generators of the telecommunications towers are the main source of noise. Noise pollution can be minimized by locating the equipment in non-residential areas and using noise suppression shields and mufflers.

6.5.3 Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety hazards may occur during construction, maintenance, and operation of telecommunications facilities, and must be carefully managed. The occupational health and safety hazards include the following: Electrical safety Electromagnetic fields (EMFs)


Optical fiber safety Elevated and overhead work Fall protection Confined space entry Motor vehicle safety

In particular, prevention and control measures must ensure that only trained and certified workers access the facilities, or any area that could present occupational health and safety hazards, with the necessary safety devices and respect for minimum setback distances. Injuries related to electric shock should also be prevented, minimized, and controlled.

Furthermore, workers in proximity to electric power lines are more likely to be affected by EMFs than the general population. Best practice recommends that an appropriate EMF safety program be developed and implemented. This should include:

Identification of EMF exposure levels at the various workplace sites;

Provision of training to workers; Establishment of safety zones where potential levels of exposure

would be higher than those accepted for the general population and that only trained workers should be allowed to enter; and

Development of plans to limit exposure levels within the admissible levels developed by organizations such as the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

6.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring

Environmental and social monitoring should address all possible effects that the telecommunications sector could have on the environment. Environmental and social monitoring should encompass vegetation loss, effects on natural terrestrial and aquatic habitats, erosion, air and water quality, EMFs, and bird mortality as well as social surveys, impacts on indigenous peoples, traffic safety and health, and other occupational safety issues.

In order to monitor the impact of towers and masts on migratory birds, the USFWS in the United States requests that operators allow USFWS personnel or researchers to access the site to evaluate bird presence and search for dead birds. Researchers are authorized to set up radar and other necessary equipment to assess and verify bird movements to gather information on the effects of the towers on birds.

At the time of this report, the North American telecommunications industry was resisting full adoption of these practices, but it would be advisable for Costa Rica to promote these, considering Costa Rica’s reputation as an ecological paradise/ecotourism destination and the large numbers of migratory birds flying through Costa Rica,


over an estimated 3 million yearly (Personal communication with M. Julio Sanchez, National Museum of Costa Rica).

It would also be extremely useful to develop Costa Rican knowledge of the effects of towers on migratory birds. The following devices are recommended for this purpose: radars (for tracking, marine surveillance, and NEXRAD), infrared devices, acoustical devices, and ceilometers7.

6.7 Public Consultation and Communication

It is recommended that operators and local authorities hold discussions before rolling out plans and specific development proposals. The Planning Policy Guidance for Telecommunications developed by the United Kingdom Department for Communities and Local Government in 2006 recommends that discussions also take place with other organizations that have an interest in the project, such as environmental organizations, residential groups, and any community groups. In particular, local authorities should consult with potentially affected schools and colleges before installing a mast or tower in their vicinity.

In residential areas, it is also best practice for operators to openly communicate about projected plans and impacts by means of public meetings or publication of the impacts (particularly visual ones). Open communication through local city council meetings and local community zoning laws pertaining to cell tower construction are routinely carried out in the telecommunications sector in the United States.

When the subprojects are located in indigenous reserves, the indigenous peoples must be consulted in a culturally appropriate way and their concerns and suggestions must be include to the project. Measures must be designed to minimize, mitigate, and when necessary, compensate these populations with social benefits, sustainable economics and culturally appropriate. A system for communicating and presenting concerns and issues must be established and maintained open during the operation of the project and to assist the indigenous peoples.

Additional InformationAppendix M United States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary Guidelines for Telecommunication TowersAppendix N List of References of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector

7 Avian Mortality at Communication Towers: A Review of Recent Literature, Research, and Methodology, 2000, prepared for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


7 APPENDICES

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A SETENA Project Categorization and Appraisal Process

Appendix B SETENA Form D1

Appendix C SETENA Form D2

Appendix D Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR)

Appendix E World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria

Appendix F Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts

Appendix G Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica

Appendix H World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Telecommunications, Environmental, Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)


Appendix J Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses

Appendix K Protocol for Telecommunications Facilities

Appendix L Contents of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Appendix M United States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary Guidelines for Telecommunication Towers

Appendix N List of References of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the Telecommunications Sector

Appendix O Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF)


Appendix A

SETENA Project Categorization and Appraisal Process


SETENA Project Categorization and Appraisal Process


Project Appraisal Process by the Environmental Agency SETENA

Classified as A, B1 or B2

Classified as C or B2 with PR

Project proponent

Project proponent

SETENA evaluates subproject forms (D1) and assigns category (and environment instrument to

be filled)

Category A(High risk)

Category B1

(Moderate impact)

Category B2

(Moderate to Low impact)Project

proponent will develop:EsIA

Project proponent will develop:PPGA

Project proponent will develop:DJCA

SETENA’s evaluation and decision paths: Rejected Incomplete or deficient:

requires extension or modification

Approval: formalize commitment and pay guarantee.

SETENA supervises subproject implementation in compliance

with approved environment instrument.

SETENA determines subproject monitoring frequency and

supervises monitoring reports approved in EMP.

Identification of subproject Site selection (natural habitats,

indigenous peoples, and cultural resources considerations)

Subproject screening (A, B, or C)

WB Environmental and Social Safeguard Requirements (OP 4.01, 4.04, 4.10, 4.11

and 4.36)

Review EMP findings and results for subprojects by implementing institution, environmental agency or technical advisor.

Request additional EMP work; public consultation and institutional capacity (if needed

Approval on the basis of compliance with safeguard policies (OP 4.01, 4.04, 4.11 –and 4.10, 4.36 if triggered) and national

Ensure implementation of mitigation measures addressed in EMP and legal agreements.

Capacity building and training of project staff, local GoCR officers and communities.

Public consultation and disclosure

Ensure regular monitoring established in EMP

Capacity building and training of project staff, local GoCR officers and communities.

Public consultation and disclosure

Step 1: Site Selection & Screening

Step 2:Appraisal & Review

Step 3:Approval & Disclosure

Step 4:Implementation

Step 5:Monitoring

Category A(High risk)

Category B(Medium risk)

Category C(Low risk)

Develop ToRAlternatives

analysisDevelop EIA

or EMPPublic

consultation

Project disclosure

Apply EMP conditions in contracts

Design EMP with generic and specific mitigation measures

Public consultation

Project disclosure

Apply EMP conditions in contracts

No further action required

These requirements will be incorporated into the corresponding categories assigned by

SETENA (see Figure 6-2).

SETENA screens subproject applications

Project proponent initiates site selection (VAR) and pre classification

(A, B1, B2, C)

Appendix B

SETENA Form D1


Appendix C

SETENA Form D2


Appendix D

Rapid Environmental Valorization (Valoración Ambiental Rápida or VAR)


Appendix E

World Bank Environmental Site Sensitivity Compliance Criteria



Project proponents should rate the impacts (low, medium, high) in terms of the site sensitivity of proposed sites according to the following criteria:

Subproject title (name, location, title or reference)

IssuesSite Sensitivity Rating

(Low, Medium, or High)

Low Medium High

Natural habitats

No natural habitats present of any kind

No critical natural habitats; other natural habitats occur

Critical natural habitats present

Water quality and water resource availability and use

Water flows exceed any existing demand; low intensity of water use; potential water use conflicts expected to be low; no potential water quality issues

Medium intensity of water use; multiple water users; water quality issues are important

Intensive water use; multiple water users; potential for conflicts is high; water quality issues are important

Natural hazards vulnerability, floods, soil stability/ erosion

Flat terrain; no potential stability/erosion problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ flood risks

Medium slopes; some erosion potential; medium risks from volcanic/seismic/ flood/ hurricanes

Mountainous terrain; steep slopes; unstable soils; high erosion potential; volcanic, seismic or flood risks

Cultural property

No known or suspected cultural heritage sites

Suspected cultural heritage sites; known heritage sites in broader area of influence

Known heritage sites in project area

Involuntary resettlement

Low population density; dispersed population; legal tenure is well-defined; well-defined water rights

Medium population density; mixed ownership and land tenure; well-defined water rights

High population density; major towns and villages; low-income families and/or illegal ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights




(Low, Medium,

Low Medium HighIndigenous Peoples

No indigenous population

Dispersed and mixed indigenous populations; highly acculturated indigenous populations

Indigenous territories, reserves and/or lands; vulnerable indigenous populations

Total Site Sensitivity Rating(Low, Medium, or High)


Appendix F

Measures for Mitigating Environmental and Social Impacts


MEASURES FOR MITIGATING ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND OHS IMPACTS

The following mitigation measures have been developed based on the following best practice guides: IFC General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (available at http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS/$FILE/Final+-+General+EHS+Guidelines.pdf); IFC EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications (see Annex 1); EBRD Guidelines (see Annex 2); Inventory of international best practice developed by ERM for this project (see Annex 5); and recommendations made by ERM following a field visit to Costa Rica in June 2007 (see Section 5 of the ESMF report).

The referred guidelines should be addressed for further details.

Table 1 Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts



Terrestrial habitat

Loss of vegetation coverage and deforestation

Avoid construction of new infrastructure in Protected Areas; constructions in Protected Areas must get approval from MINAE prior to construction, with participation of the relevant Conservation Area.

If a tower/mast is established in a Protected Area, implement financial compensatory measures either through a research fund or the Protected Area’s agency or through the protection of an area with similar environmental



Vegetation loss (area) by means of satellite image.




characteristics in another location.

Consider pedestrian or aerial mobilization to sites located in protected areas to avoid road access

Favour sites where impacts on terrestrial habitat will be minimal

Minimize natural habitat alteration in environmentally sensitive areas

Use existing ancillary and transport infrastructure, especially for linear projects (i.e. rights-of-way, access roads, fixed lines, and towers).

Modify linear routes to avoid deforestation.

If vegetation clearing is imminent in protected, forested or sensitive areas, develop a forestry inventory and a Management Plan to obtain permits for logging and transportation of wood.

Alteration of natural habitat and fauna biological corridors

Identify the presence of endemic or endangered species in the area and contact SINAC for advice.

Avoid construction activities during the breeding season and

Establishment of corridors such as reforestation with canopy trees that allow for species to cross the road at the upper level.

In protected or sensitive

Presence or absence of species identified by SINAC (or park rangers) as




other sensitive seasons or times of day.

For long linear projects (i.e. access roads), establish corridors such as reforestation with canopy trees that allow for species to cross the road at the upper level.

areas, install signs to prevent accidents with local fauna.

When necessary, coordinate with SINAC (or park rangers) to monitor endemic or endangered species in the subproject area.

Establish and maintain an ecologically similar protected area.

expected in the area.

Significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats

The project will not be supported by World Bank financing.

Migratory Birds

Fatal physical risks on birds caused by collisions with tower infrastructure during migration flyways

Monitor bird flights during construction.

Avoid critical habitats such as nesting grounds, heronries, rookeries, wetlands, foraging corridors, and migration corridors.

Avoid mountain passes and areas within about 2 km the coastline should also be avoided, particularly where there is frequent nocturnal cloud cover during February-April (northward migration) or September-October (southward

Support SINAC (or park rangers) in bird monitoring in areas of known migratory routes.

Remove decommissioned or unused towers.

Unless otherwise required by the Aviation Agency, use only white (preferably) or red strobe lights at night; reduce to the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowed.

Bird death counts near telecom infrastructure.





migration). Avoid construction activities

during the breeding or migrating seasons and other sensitive seasons.

Avoid areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low ceilings

Avoid areas with topographical features that affect bird migration (conduct radar studies during site selection to avoid areas of night migrants).

Avoid sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency regulations, where lighting and height of towers is regulated and required.

Collocate equipment on existing infrastructure (especially cellular antennae).

Design infrastructure prepared for sharing equipment.

To the extent feasible, limit the tower height and give preference to non-guyed tower construction designs (e.g. monopoles).

The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights at night should be avoided.

If guy wired towers are located near critical bird habitats or migratory routes, install visibility enhancement objects such as marker balls, bird deterrents, or diverters on the guy wires.

Aquatic Habitat

Alteration of aquatic habitat, wetlands and water resources.

Avoid critical aquatic habitat (i.e. watercourses, wetlands, riparian areas, fish spawning habitat, and critical fish over-

When necessary, coordinate with SINAC (or park rangers) to monitor endemic or endangered species in

Presence or absence of species identified by




wintering habitat). Avoid construction of corridors

crossing aquatic habitats with the potential to disrupt watercourses, wetlands, coral reefs, and riparian vegetation.

Minimize clearing and disruption to riparian vegetation.

If crossings of watercourses are unavoidable, maintain fish access by utilizing clearspan bridges, open-bottom culverts, or other approved methods.

aquatic habitats. Monitor water quality (i.e.

sediments and turbidity; BOD and COD).

Coordinate with SETENA on water quality thresholds for the activity.

SINAC (or park rangers) as expected in the area.


Surface water contamination

Install and maintain a drainage system to prevent erosion of the site during and after construction

Provide intermediate waste storage containers and ensure appropriate disposal of wastes depending on the type and regulations.

Supervise and monitor handling and disposal of construction wastes.

Provide intermediate waste storage containers and ensure appropriate disposal of wastes depending on the type (hazardous or non hazardous) and regulations.

Supervise and monitor handling and disposal of wastes during maintenance activities.


Records of final waste disposal in appropriate site.

Erosion control

Loss of soil ecosystems and land capacity (due to erosion in steep slope).


Avoid construction of towers on steep slopes (>30º)

Supervision and maintenance of erosion control measures.

Cases of landslides recorded per site.

Cases of road inaccessibility




Design access roads across the slope and with the minimum slope.

Install erosion control measures (i.e. barriers, drainage, current control, revegetation, etc.).

Reforestation with native species on road edges.

due to erosion.

Landscape Visual impacts in protected areas, tourist destination, rural areas and residential areas.



Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes) .





Noise pollution

Nuisance and noise

Use of noise suppression shields and mufflers for workers

Avoid night construction works, especially in residential areas

Minimize noise levels and vibrations (i.e. sound insulation, select equipment with lower sound power levels, install

Monitor emissions levels on regular basis to ensure that levels meet national standards and standards set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines

Meet the noise emission levels set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines (i.e. residential

Noise levels below established threshold




acoustic enclosures for equipment, install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and compressors components).

areas: 55dBA during day time (7am-10pm) and 45dBA during night time (10pm-7am); industrial areas: 70Db at all times).

Hazardous materials and waste

Soil contamination (non hazardous: dust and construction materials; and hazardous: lead acid batteries, backup power batteries, optical fibers, mercury and PCB containing oils, diesel fuel)

Minimize waste generation, reuse and recycle materials.

Develop a Solid Wastes Plan Provide segregated waste

storage containers with appropriate signs (hazardous or non hazardous) at the construction site.

Train personnel on waste handling and segregation.

Ensure appropriate disposal of wastes in certified landfill or based on the local authority requirements

Keep records of waste generation (i.e. type of waste; hazardous or non hazardous; weight or volume; properties; destination; date; etc.)


Place dust-barriers around construction sites, especially in

Place waste disposal containers at the site and organize regular waste collection.

Avoid the use of batteries with sulphuric acid.

Develop and implement procedures for the management and disposal of lead acid batteries, including temporary storage, transport and final disposal (see IFC’s General EHS Guidelines for further details).

Purchase electronic equipment that meets international phase out requirements for hazardous materials contents (see IFC’s General EHS Guidelines for further details).

Train personnel on hazardous waste management.

Mark areas for maintenance

Weight of hazardous and non hazardous wastes disposed of.





residential and recreational areas


works and provide proper waste containers.


Groundwater contamination (diesel in bulk storage tanks and/or oil from generators and transformers)

Install signs in all the hazardous substances.

Provide secondary containment and overfill prevention for fuel storage tank.

Train personnel in the manipulation of hazardous spillage.


Treat residual waters in accordance with current permits

Develop and implement fuel delivery procedures and spill prevention and control plans applicable to the delivery and storage of fuel for backup electric power systems.

Provide secondary containment and overfill prevention for fuel storage tank


Install a residual water treatment system, approved by the Health Ministry when necessary.

Number of hazardous substance spillages

Air Air pollution and ozone depleting

Minimize the use of vehicle fleet and backup power

Favour the use of batteries or LNG run generators and

Number of battery or LNG




emissions from vehicle fleets, backup power generators, and the use of cooling and fire suppression systems.

generators. Implement of vehicle fleet and

power generator emissions management strategies as described in IFC’s EHS Guidelines

Substitute the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in cooling and fire-suppression systems.

Use contractors who are properly trained or certified in the management of CFCs

engines. Consider the use of

alternative sources of energy, i.e. solar

Implement preventive maintenance to generators, vehicles and engines.

Implementation of vehicle fleet and power generator emissions management strategies (see IFC’s EHS Guidelines).

Monitor emissions levels to ensure they meet standards set by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines.

ran generators. Number of

repairs during preventive maintenance.

Monitoring of emissions above threshold levels

Dust generation Minimize dust by damping roads.

Consider wind direction and existent vegetation prior to initiating construction works to avoid dust emissions to households and sensitive receptors.

Table 2 Mitigation Measures for Socio-Economic Impacts



MaintenanceInvestments Geographic and

socio-economic range extension of telecommunications.



Mobile phones per 100 people

Fixed lines per 100 people

Internet access per 100 people

Price and service advantages to consumer through competition.

Number of people with access to telecom services

Enhanced quality of service and efficient allocation of scarce resources.

Number of claims to telecom companies

Number of repairs

Economic and Social Conditions

Changes in living conditions

Estimate demands in goods and services and inputs needed for the development of the project and the storage of these.

Ensure that the project does not decrease access to goods and services, but rather creates greater revenues, to the local population.

Identify public infrastructure that may be affected by the project and take measures to mitigate impacts.

Maintain infrastructure developed for the project

Investments in local infrastructure in dollars

Employment Positive impact. Wages of local



Maintenancegeneration Identify the available

working force and local living conditions

Communicate in clear and effective way the quantity and duration of employment in order to avoid creating expectations.

employees in dollars

Training Training and capacity building for the community.

Involve local community in bird and fauna monitoring. Provide training and materials to identify migratory birds, endemic or endangered species and other relevant daily basis data (meteorological conditions, etc.).

Involve local community in reforestation and revegetation activities as part of their local activities.

Number of local people involved in monitoring

Number of local people involved in reforestation activities

Indigenous Peoples

Impacts on traditions and traditional living customs

Avoid the construction of telecommunication towers/masts in indigenous reserves and/or other locations that may affect indigenous peoples.

If a tower/mast is installed in an indigenous reserve or territory, the subproject must comply with the World



MaintenanceBank Safeguard Policy OP 4.10.

Prepare an Indigenous Peoples Plan and implement specific measures to mitigate impacts and increase socioeconomic benefits of projects in a culturally appropriate way.

Implement a prior, free and informed consultation process and include concerns and suggestions of affected population in the project.

Coordinate with CONAI for the installation of services

Access to telecommunication services



Percentage of indigenous peoples that have access to telecommunication services

Visual Impacts Minimize construction of infrastructure by collocating equipment on existing structures (i.e. billboards, water towers, hydro transmission towers, utility poles, building mounts and roof-tops).

Develop and follow sharing






Maintenancetower contracts.

Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes)


Land acquisition and land use

Agreed compensation to landlord.



USD in agreed compensations

Changes in land use (i.e. from agricultural to transport and services).

Minimize subproject area, especially in rural areas.

Respect the required distance between infrastructure and closest residential building.

Minimize construction activities to the concession area.

Request construction permits from Municipality and comply with its requirements.

Area of land use change.

Access to previously non-colonized areas (i.e. clearing of forests for access roads in remote,

Prevent access and forest clearing of undeveloped areas for colonization.

Avoid road construction by the use of existent accesses

When construction of access


Access control to prevent



Maintenanceundeveloped or protected areas).

roads is imminent, minimize road length to a pathway for colonization of new areas.

Camouflage the road entrance with local vegetation or similar landscape features.

colonization of adjacent areas (especially in protected and sensitive areas).

Provide local people with information on the secondary impacts associated to road access construction.

Physical cultural resources

Damage to physical cultural resources

Towers should not be constructed on sites with high probability of existing critical archaeological findings.

Assess the potential for existence of physical cultural resources during site selection.

Identify the relevant authorities to be contacted (name and phone numbers of the responsible institutions and individual experts) in case of a cultural resource finding prior to construction.

If physical cultural resources may be lost, full site protection should be implemented.

Provisions for managing chance finds, salvage and

Number of findings



Maintenancedocumentation.

In other sensitive sites, have experts supervise construction works, and stop work for removal in case findings are encountered.

Training of personnel for recognition of findings and notification to supervisor.

Protect finding prior to removal and immediately report to supervisor for coordination with expert from local cultural heritage authority.

Control access to site where finding occurred.

Interruption of cultural, religious or scientific values of an irreversible damage to an area (impacts may be physical or visual).

Avoid culturally sensitive areas and areas that were or are used for cultural or religious purposes or that contain or are likely to contain archaeological sites, historical sites or landscapes.

If archaeological sites cannot be avoided, then they may be removed with participation of the national cultural heritage agency.

Develop and implement communication strategy with communities neighboring the facilities.



MaintenancePublic health and EMF

Health effects from exposure to typical EMF levels

Evaluate potential exposure to workers against the reference levels developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)

Follow good engineering practice in the siting and installation of directional links (e.g. microwave links)

Take into account public perception about EMF by consulting with the local community during the siting process of antenna towers

Average and peak exposure levels should remain below the ICNIRP recommendation for General Public Exposure

Limit public access to antennae tower locations

Take into account public perception about EMF by consulting with the local community after the siting process of antenna towers


Public safety Structural failure of masts or towers; especially in vulnerable areas with risk of earthquakes, flooding or steep slopes


Do not sit towers in areas with high risk of natural disasters: (landslides, earthquakes, flooding or slopes >30º)

Take into account public perception safety issues by consulting with the local community.

If location in residential area is necessary, respect the required distance between

Implement erosion control measures.

Develop and Implement Emergency Plans for Construction collapses and Emergency Plan for Natural Disasters

Number of infrastructure collapses

Number of accidents related to infrastructure collapses



Maintenancemast and closest residential building.

Construction of towers or masts will not be permitted in residential areas closer than 50 meters from vulnerable populations (i.e. children, elderly and disabled).

Design and installation of tower structures and components according to good international industry practice

Physical security

Thieves entering facilities to steal equipment.

Increase in security issues in neighborhood.

Erection of fences and signs forbidding entry.

Placement of guards to protect the premises surrounding the sites where intrusions have been reported.

Promote neighborhood active participation in reporting suspicious activities or verified theft.

Number of theft intrusions

USD in theft

Aircraft security

Aircraft accidents due to interference with telecom infrastructure (i.e. radar or physical)

Avoid sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency regulations.

If siting within the Aviation Agency area is required, comply with the agency’s design and construction requirements

Consultation with Aviation

Use strobe lights and other safety devices as required by the Aviation agency guidelines.

Maintenance of security devices.

Number of collisions or accidents proven to be related to telecommunication infrastructure.



Maintenanceagency prior to installation and adherence to national air traffic safety regulations

Visual impacts

Visual impacts in protected areas, tourist destination, rural areas and residential areas.



Design infrastructure to help minimize visual impacts (i.e. tower camouflage imitating tree shapes).




Table 3. Measures for Mitigating Occupational Health and Safety Impacts

Note: Occupational Health and Safety requirements must be included in bidding documents and contracts; compliance of sub-contractors and workers should be monitored and enforced (including penalties to sub-contractors and workers for non-compliance). Workers and sub-contractors must also comply with national and local legislation.


MaintenanceContingencies

Contingencies and emergencies

Design and implement a contingency plan to manage

Schedule drills during project maintenance.

Number of drills Number of



Maintenanceduring construction and operation

potential accidents or natural disasters in situations of normal operation as well as under state of emergency, based on the vulnerability of the country to natural disasters; the plan must include an Occupational health plan and be approved by the Ministry of Health.

Train personnel and workforce in the implementation of the contingency plan

Schedule drills before construction start-up.



Have a Sanitary Permit.

workers trained Number of

contingencies

Electrical safety

Contact with live power lines

Only allow trained and certified workers to install electrical equipment

Deactivate and properly ground live power distribution lines before work is performed on or in close proximity to the lines

Ensure that live-wire work is performed by trained workers with strict adherence to specific safety and insulation standards

Workers not directly


Only allow trained workers to install, maintain or repair electrical equipment

When maintenance and operation is required within the minimum setback distances, specific training, safety measures, personal devices, and

Number of incidents related to electrical safety




Maintenanceassociated with power transmission and distribution activities who are operating around power lines or power substations should adhere to local legislation, standards and guidelines relating to minimum approach distances for excavations, tools, vehicles, pruning, and other activities

Measures to prevent, minimize and control injuries related to electric shock must also be developed and implemented

other precautions should be defined in a health and safety plan

Electromagnetic fields

Higher exposure to EMF due to working in proximity to electric power lines

Identify potential exposure in the workplace

Train workers in the identification of occupational EMF levels and hazards

Identification and establishment of safety zones to differentiate between work areas and public areas

Development and implementation of an EMF safety program, as set out by the IFC’s EHS Guidelines for

Levels of EMF emissions




MaintenanceTelecommunications

Optical fiber safety

Risk of permanent eye damage due to exposure to laser light during cable connection and inspection activities

Train workers on specific hazards associated with laser lights

Prepare and implement laser light safety management procedures


Perform a medical surveillance program with initial and periodic eye test



Microscopic glass fiber shards that can penetrate human tissue through skin or eyes, or by ingestion or inhalation.

Train workers on fiber management

Prepare and implement fiber management procedures

Avoid exposure to fibers through use of protective clothing and separation of work and eating areas




Risk of fire due to the presence of flammable materials in high-powered laser installation areas.

Idem as above Number of incidents related to optical safety


Elevated and overhead work

Physical hazard due to the potential for falling objects.

The area around which elevated work is taking place should be barricaded to prevent unauthorized access. Working under other personnel should be avoided

Hoisting and lifting equipment should be rated and maintained and operators


Number of incidents related to elevated and overhead work




Maintenanceshould be trained in their use

Equipment and fall protection measures should be used and implemented by individuals

Ladders should be used according to pre-established safety procedures (proper placement, climbing, standing, use of extensions)

Fall protection

Risk of fall when working at elevation during construction, maintenance, and operation activities

Implementation of a fall protection program that includes training in climbing techniques and use of fall protection measures; inspection, maintenance, and replacement of fall protection equipment; and rescue of fall-arrested workers, among others

Establishment of criteria for use of 100 percent fall protection (typically when working over 2 meters (m) above the working surface, but sometimes extended to 7m, depending on the activity). The fall protection system should be appropriate for the tower structure and necessary movements, including ascent, descent, and moving from point to


Number of incidents related to fall protection




Maintenancepoint;

Installation of fixtures on tower components to facilitate the use of fall protection systems

Provision of an adequate work-positioning device system for workers. Connectors on positioning systems should be compatible with the tower components to which they are attached

Safety belts should be of not less than 16 millimetres (mm)

(5/8 inch) two-in-one nylon or material of equivalent strength. Rope safety belts should be replaced before signs of aging or fraying of fibers become evident

When operating power tools at height, workers should use a second (backup) safety strap.

Confined space entry

Underground fixed line infrastructure in urban areas

Develop and implement confined space entry procedures, including: require work permits for all confined space entries; install appropriate access controls for non-permitting personnel; use ventilation and


Number of incidents related to confined space entry




Maintenanceoxygen/explosive level detection and alarm equipment prior to access

Motor vehicle safety

Frequent use of ground transportation for maintenance activities increases risk of car accident.

Prepare and implement motor vehicle safety programs

See general IFC EHS Guidelines for further detail


Number of incidents related to motor vehicle safety


Appendix G

Environmental, Social, Health and Safety (ESHS) Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica


Applicable Environmental Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica

Within Costa Rica, environmental legislation is in a continuous process of development. There is a wide variety of legislation relating to the environment and telecommunications, which are of potential importance to the telecommunications sector in Costa Rica. The main relevant legislative provisions for protection of the environment are listed in Table G.1.

Table G.1 Applicable national legislation and regulations for telecommunication development and Environmental, Social, Health and Safety compliance

Legislation Description

Environment LawN° 7554, dated October 4th, 1995

The law states the main principles of the local environmental regulations, including the solidarity principle, the environment as “public patrimony”, the right to a healthy environment and to protect it, and the government duty to ensure the rational use of the environment. It also establishes that legal liability of polluters, the criminalization of environment damages, the respect to life in all its forms, the conditions of all elements of biodiversity as assets the respect to cultural diversity, and the precautionary principle (in dubio, pro natura). The notion of environmental impact assessments was introduced with this legislation.

This law also created SETENA, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal and the Environmental Comptroller. It also creates the Regional Environmental Councils for the local discussion and control of environmental activities and projects.

Finally, this law also reorganized MINAE’s competence, including the faculty to create wild protects areas.

General Regulations for Environmental Impact Studies proceedings Decree N° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC 28 Jun 2004

These Regulations established the conditions and proceedings to be followed in order to obtain the necessary permits to carry out projects. The proceedings and instruments to be used shall depend on the nature of the projects and on the classification included in the Regulations. The nature of the project also dictates its environmental commitments, frequency of its reports, environmental guarantees, etc.



Forestry LawLaw N° 7575 date February 5th, 1996

This law states the competence of MINAE for the protection and conservation of forest and forest lands. The production, exploitation and industrialization forestry resources are based on the principle of adequate and sustainable use of natural renewable resources. Also, it established the obligation to help the rural communities generating employment and increasing their quality of life through the inclusion in silvicultural activities. For the first time, the concept of forest was technically defined. The law does not allow a change in the use of the soil destined for forests.

This law allows the Government to impose limitations to property rights of those owners of lands with forest resources as well as the procedures for the permits of administration and use of this resource.

Biodiversity LawLaw N° 7788 date April 30th, 1998

In general terms, this law states the organization of the natural conservation areas, establishing responsibilities and competence over them. These areas are controlled by the National Area Conservation System (SINAC), formally created by this legislation. SINAC is in charge of formulating national strategies and policies for the national system of conservation areas.

It also established the categories applicable to conservation areas, which includes: National park Biological reserve National monument Wild life refuge Absolute national reserve Government owned property Forestry reserve Protected zone Wetlands Biological corridors.



Wild Life Conservation LawLaw N° 7317, date October 21st, 1992

This provision protects and regulates the sustainable use of the wild flora and fauna species, even in private lands. It is complemented by the CITES agreement (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).

This law prohibits the possession, hunt, fish and extraction of wild flora and fauna, its products and sub products notwithstanding the purpose, when said species have been declared as reduced populations or in risk of extinction. Its exceptions are based on situations that favor the species or scientific studies, both subject to permits issued by SINAC.

National Parks LawLaw N° 6084 dated 1977

This law includes two main provisions of interest. It impedes the construction of electrical or telephone lines in national parks, as well as to carry out any type of commercial, agricultural or industrial activity within a national park.

It also states that no permits shall be granted to locate infrastructure within the park different from the infrastructure required by the National Park Service.

Regulations for the location of telecommunications positions in protected wild areasDecree N° 26187-MINAE dated May 22nd, 1997

This decree establishes that the necessary space shall be granted to telecommunications’ infrastructure within protected areas administered by MINAE.

The permits are granted for maximum periods of five years, which can be extended. This decree also includes general provisions on the coordination with the National Radio Control Office and the Civil Aviation Direction in order to regulate the height, lighting, and colors of telecommunications towers.

Infrastructure located in protected areas, according to said decree, must be as seamless and environmentally integrated as possible, in order to achieve the highest possible degree of harmony with nature. The construction materials, use and direction of light, treatment of debris and number of appointed staff, is also regulated, as well as any facilities’ structural or appearance change. Although other communications facilities are subject to a payment of a fee (radio, television and private communications antennae), this fess does not apply to state owned infrastructure.



Law that allows ICE to establish and operate telecommunications servicesLaw N° 3226, dated October 28th, 1963

This law was issued as an amendment to the law that originally created ICE. It grants ICE a permanent concession to supply telephone communication services, as well as telegraphic, radio telegraphic and radiotelephonic communications.

It establishes that the services shall be supplied as a public services, at its cost. It provides how the price shall be determined. It also grants ICE the necessary authorizations and rights of use in order to establish and use the necessary network.

Law that allows ICE to operate international telecommunications and to form a mixed corporation with the Compañía Radiográfica Internacional de Costa RicaLaw N° 3293, dated June 18th, 1964.

This law grants ICE the right of exploitation of international communications. It also authorizes ICE to create a subsidiary company (Racsa) in order to carry out and supply those services. Racsa was initially supposed to have a short term of 13 years; but its term was extended by a posterior law.

Strengthening of ICE and its companiesDecree N°33619, dated February 2007

This decree recognizes that ICE and its related companies, due to their government owned nature, have been limited in their operation, investment and growth. Also, considering the imminence of the liberalization of the market and the eventual entry of other providers, the decree flexibilizes public controls and orders other Administration agencies to give ICE a priority treatment The decree eliminates limits on financing, investment, debt and expenditure, on human resources and organization. All expansion plans of ICE both in electricity and telecommunications are declared of national convenience and public interest.



General Health Law Law N° 5395, date October 30th, 1973

This law aims for the preservation of the best possible health conditions of the population. It establishes the competence of the MH to grant location permits, activities classification, construction permits, approval of certain types of blueprints for constructions, and sanitary and health permits for commercial operations.

MH is entitled to confiscate products and order that some products should be retired from commerce or circulation, the destruction of products, the destruction or demolition of houses, the closing of commercial establishments, the cancellation of permits, the suspension or destruction of works, among others.

Radio Control LawLaw N°1758 dated June 19Th, 1953

Despite some legal discussion, the prevalent opinion is that this law is only applicable to radio and television diffusion. The law contains some norms on telecommunications, such as regulations on the radio bases.

Labor CodeLaw N°2, dated August 26th, 1943

The code establishes the basic and mandatory rights and conditions to be observed in every labor relationship. It includes the conditions of labor contracts, vacation period, minimum wage, maternity and sick leave, conditions for termination, worker’s compensation, severance payment, Christmas bonus, holidays, etc. It also regulates work of minors and pregnant women.

Indigenous LawN° 6172, dated November 29, 1977

This law acknowledges as native population those ethnic groups descending from pre-columbine civilizations and that keep their cultural identity. The lands destined to the reserves are registered on behalf of the reserves and cannot be leased, transferred or sold to non natives. The law does not make any reference to provisions on installation of infrastructure. However, the areas and limits of the reserves are clearly established by the Government. The areas which could be considered as subject of environmental protection are regulated by the applicable environmental legislation.


Applicable Health And Safety Regulatory Requirements in Costa Rica

Costa Rica also counts with many environmental, health and safety and labor regulations applicable to construction works. Table G.2 outlines the main regulations that are applicable to subprojects.

Table G.2 Principle Environmental, OHS and Labor Regulations Applicable to Construction Works

Name of the provision Number Issuance date

Occupational Health and Safety

Labor Code Law Nº 2 26/08/43

General Health Law Law Nº 5395 30/10/73

Work Risks Law Law Nº 6727 9/03/82

General Regulations to Grant Sanitary operation permits by the Ministry of Health

Executive Decree Nº 33240-S 23/08/2006

Regulations for the Labor and Occupational Health of Teenagers

Executive Decree Nº 29220-MTSS 10/01/2001

Regulations for the Occupation Safety offices or departments

Executive Decree Nº 27434-MTSS 25/11/1998

Regulations of the Occupational Safety Commissions Executive Decree Nº 18379 – TSS 16/08/88


Occupational Safety National Plan Executive Decree Nº 16621-PLAN-TSS

04/11/1985

Occupational Safety Council Executive Decree Nº 13961-TSS 01/10/1982

Industrial Hygiene Regulations Executive Decree Nº 11492 - SPPS

22/04/80

Amendment to the Work Risks General Regulations Executive Decree Nº 17963-TSS 24/06/1988

Emergency Ladders Regulations Executive Decree Nº 22088-S 27/04/1993

Work Hygiene and Safety General Regulations Executive Decree Nº 1 2/01/67

Construction Security Regulations Executive Decree Nº 25235 - MTSS

5/02/96

Security gadgets for the protection of works Executive Decree Nº 26041 - MOPT

7/07/97

Regulations for the control of noise and vibrations Executive Decree Nº 10541 - TSS 14/09/79


Noise Pollution Control Regulations Executive Decree N° 28718-S 08/06/2006

Environment

Environmental Law Law Nº 7575 4/10/95

Water Laws Law Nº 276 27/08/42

General Regulations for Environmental Impact Studies

Executive Decree Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC

28/06/2004

Regulations for the approval and operation of waste water treatment systems

Executive Decree Nº 31545-S-MINAE

22/12/2003

Regulations for management of dangerous industrial waste

Executive Decree N° 27001-MINAE

29/04/1998

INVU Construction Regulations Executive Decree N° 4230-INVU 24/09/1992

Construction Law Law N° 833 4/11/49 and its amendments


Appendix H

World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines: Telecommunications, Environmental,

Occupational Health and Safety, Community Health and Safety (April 30, 2007)


Appendix I

EBRD Sub-Sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications


Appendix J

Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses


Environmental Contract Clauses

Proper environmental management of construction projects can be achieved only with adequate site selection and project design. As such, the environmental assessment for projects involving any new construction, or any rehabilitation or reconstruction for existing projects, should provide information as to screening criteria for site selection and design including the following:

Site selection Sites should be chosen based on community needs for additional projects, with specific lots chosen based on geographic and topographic characteristics. The site selection process involves site visits and studies to analyze: (i) the site’s urban, suburban, or rural characteristics; (ii) national, state, or municipal regulations affecting the proposed lot; (iii) accessibility and distance from inhabited areas; (iv) land ownership, including verification of absence of squatters and/or other potential legal problems with land acquisition; (v) determination of site vulnerability to natural hazards, (i.e. intensity and frequency of floods, earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions); (vi) suitability of soils and subsoils for construction; (vii) site contamination by lead or other pollutants; (viii) flora and fauna characteristics; (viii) presence or absence of natural habitats (as defined by OP 4.04) and/or ecologically important habitats on site or in vicinity (e.g., forests, wetlands, coral reefs, rare or endangered species); (ix) historic and community characteristics; and (x) the presence of indigenous peoples.

Project designProject design criteria include, but are not limited to, the consideration of aspects such as heating, ventilation, natural and artificial light energy efficiency, floor space (ft2) per bed/ward, requirements for x-ray rooms, adequacy of corridors for wheel chair/bed access, adequate water supply and sanitation systems , historical and cultural considerations, security and handicapped access.

Construction activities and environmental rules for contractorsThe following information is intended solely as broad guidance to be used in conjunction with local and national regulations. Based on this information, environmental rules for contractors should be developed for each project, taking into account the project size, site characteristics, and location (rural vs. urban).

After choosing an appropriate site and design, construction activities can proceed. As these construction activities could cause significant impacts on and nuisances to surrounding areas, careful planning of construction activities is critical. Therefore the following


rules (including specific prohibitions and construction management measures) should be incorporated into all relevant bidding documents, contracts, and work orders.

Prohibitions The following activities are prohibited on or near the project site:

Cutting of trees for any reason outside the approved construction area;

Hunting, fishing, wildlife capture, or plant collection; Use of unapproved toxic materials, including lead-based

paints, asbestos, etc.; Disturbance to any artifact of infrastructure with architectural

or historical value; Building of fires; Use of firearms (except authorized security guards); and Use of alcohol by workers.

Construction management measuresWaste Management and Erosion: Solid, sanitation, and, hazardous wastes must be properly controlled, through the implementation of the following measures:

Waste Management: Minimize the production of waste that must be treated or

eliminated. Identify and classify the type of waste generated. If

hazardous wastes (including health care wastes) are generated, proper procedures must be taken regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal.

Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each.

Control placement of all construction waste (including earth cuts) to approved disposal sites (>300 m from rivers, streams, lakes, or wetlands). Dispose in authorized areas all of garbage, metals, used oils, and excess material generated during construction, incorporating recycling systems and the separation of materials.

Maintenance: Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas

(>15m from rivers, streams, lakes or wetlands). Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including

oil changes, are conducted within demarcated maintenance areas; never dispose spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems.

Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to site vegetation.

Install and maintain an adequate drainage system to prevent erosion on the site during and after construction.


Erosion Control: Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts,

disposal pits, and roadways. Spray water on dirt roads, cuts, fill material and stockpiled

soil to reduce wind-induced erosion, as needed. Maintain vehicle speeds at or below 10mph within work area

at all times.

Stockpiles and Borrow Pits: Identify and demarcate locations for stockpiles and borrow

pits, ensuring that they are 15 meters away from critical areas such as steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, and areas that drain directly into sensitive water bodies.

Limit extraction of material to approved and demarcated borrow pits.

Site Cleanup: Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures,

including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for construction debris.

Safety during construction The Contractor’s responsibilities include the protection of every person and nearby property from construction accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for complying with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents, including the following:

Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes. If school children are in the vicinity, include traffic safety

personnel to direct traffic during school hours. Maintain supply of supplies for traffic signs (including paint,

easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.

Conduct safety training for construction workers prior to beginning work.

Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce their use.

Post Material Safety Data Sheets for each chemical present on the worksite.

Require that all workers read, or are read, all Material Safety Data Sheets. Clearly explain the risks to them and their partners, especially when pregnant or planning to start a family. Encourage workers to share the information with their physicians, when relevant.


Ensure that the removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances be performed and disposed of by specially trained workers.

During heavy rains or emergencies of any kind, suspend all work.

Brace electrical and mechanical equipment to withstand seismic events during the construction.

Nuisance and dust controlTo control nuisance and dust the Contractor should:

Maintain all construction-related traffic at or below 15 mph on streets within 200 m of the site.

Maintain all on-site vehicle speeds at or below 10 mph. To the extent possible, maintain noise levels associated with

all machinery and equipment at or below 90 db. In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods,

hospitals, rest homes, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels.

Minimize production of dust and particulate materials at all times, to avoid impacts on surrounding families and businesses, and especially to vulnerable people (children, elders).

Phase removal of vegetation to prevent large areas from becoming exposed to wind.

Place dust screens around construction areas, paying particular attention to areas close to housing, commercial areas, and recreational areas.

Spray water as needed on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material.

Apply proper measures to minimize disruptions from vibration or noise coming from construction activities.

Community relationsTo enhance adequate community relations the Contractor should:

Following the country and EA requirements, inform the population about construction and work schedules, interruption of services, traffic detour routes and provisional bus routes, as appropriate.

Limit construction activities at night. When necessary ensure that night work is carefully scheduled and the community is properly informed so they can take necessary measures.

At least five days in advance of any service interruption (including water, electricity, telephone, and bus routes) the community must be advised through postings at the project site, at bus stops, and in affected homes/businesses.

In indigenous reserves, implement a prior free and informed consultation process with the objective to include all concerns and suggestions of the populations to the project


design and establish socioeconomic measures that are culturally appropriate.

Chance-find procedures for culturally significant artifactsThe Contractor is responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including:

Identify the relevant authorities to be contacted (name and phone numbers of the responsible institutions and individual experts) in case of a culturally valuable material finding prior to construction.

Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities.

Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts.

Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifacts.

Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities.

Environmental supervision during constructionThe bidding documents should indicate how compliance with environmental rules and design specifications would be supervised, along with the penalties for non-compliance by contractors or workers. Construction supervision requires oversight of compliance with the manual and environmental specifications by the contractor or his designated environmental supervisor. Contractors are also required to comply with national and municipal regulations governing the environment, public health and safety.


Appendix K

Protocol for Establishing Telecommunications Facilities in Costa Rica


PROTOCOL FOR ESTABLISHING TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITIES IN COSTA RICA

The purpose of this Protocol is to present general procedures that telecommunication applicants (‘project proponents’ or ‘carriers’) will follow to establish telecommunication facilities in Costa Rica. The procedures outlined will provide guidance to applicants, municipalities and members of the public about the process to establish telecommunication facilities, in compliance with national regulations.

The objective of this Protocol is to promote a sound and sustainable expansion of the wireless telecommunication facilities in rural Costa Rica that reaches the goal of maximum efficiency and coverage, while minimizing the visual and environmental impacts of support structures of antenna.

Site Selection

Once a subproject investment is defined and the project area has been selected, the project proponent will fill out a screening form for up to five different locations, in the same area. This form will allow for identification and assessment of impacts related to:

environmental sensitivities critical natural habitat migratory birds threatened or endangered species or critical habitat for those

species floodplains and wetlands areas of historical, religious or cultural interest indigenous peoples territories potential land acquisition public health and safety

The project proponent will select the location with less environmental impacts, socioeconomic and health if economically and technologically feasible. Project proponents should consider the following evaluation criteria during the site selection process:

Project proponents should not construct telecommunication facilities in the following areas:

protected areas, except if allowed by a special authorization granted by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and adequate mitigation measures are taken.

critical habitats for endemic or endangered species.


areas with high probability of existing critical archaeological findings.

areas with high risk of natural disasters (flooding, landslides, earthquakes, slopes).

residential areas closer than 50 meters from vulnerable populations (children, elderly and disabled).

Project proponents should avoid constructing towers in the following areas: wetlands and other locations where migratory birds are known to

concentrate or pass through in large numbers. areas with security issues sites that fall within the area ruled by Aviation Agency

regulations; sites with no existing infrastructure sites with no road access residential areas closer than 100 meters from vulnerable

populations (children, elderly and disabled) indigenous peoples territories

Regarding migratory birds, the project proponent should consider the following: if significant numbers of breeding, feeding, or roosting birds are

known to habitually use the proposed tower construction area, relocation to an alternate site should be encouraged.

if this is not an option, seasonal restrictions on construction should be considered in order to avoid disturbance during periods of high bird activity.

observing migrating bird patterns can be done by conducting radar studies before the construction of towers.

If a tower or mast is established in a Protected Area, the project proponent shall implement financial compensatory measures either through a research fund or the Protected Area’s agency or through the protection of an area with similar environmental characteristics in another location.

Antenna Siting

When considering appropriate siting for antenna, the construction of a new standing free tower should be the option of last resort.

The project proponents should make every effort to locate new equipment on existing structures that may be suitable for telecommunications transmission, such as billboards, water towers, hydro transmission towers, utility poles, building mounts and roof-tops.

Carriers and other telecommunication tower owners must also work co-operatively in reaching agreements which allow for sharing tower


structures so as to minimize the total number of towers. In particular, the project proponent must contact other carriers on their interest in locating an antenna in the same area to discuss co-location and request information. If co-location is not possible, new towers may be placed on the same site.

The project proponent shall submit to the Municipality a document outlining steps taken to investigate all reasonably acceptable structures, and co-location options, including rationale supporting new construction (if petitioning for new construction) and an alternative analysis if necessary.

New towers should be constructed in a way to accommodate other carriers, if technically, financially and legally feasible. Tower design and Landscaping Criteria

Project proponents should use technologies and materials to construct towers and masts in such a way as to minimize visual impacts: The use of monopoles is encouraged; Towers and shelters should be designed in a way to fit their

surroundings; In rural areas and indigenous peoples territories, carriers are

encouraged to construct camouflaged towers or masts (i.e. that look like trees);

Landscaping shall be placed around towers and ancillary facilities to minimize visual impacts on neighbors, i.e. forestation, etc.;

Antenna on existing structures should be done using colors and materials that minimize the visual impact.

Project proponents will design towers in the most bird-friendly way possible, by using technologies that minimize impacts on migratory birds: Guyed wires should not be used, except if required for technical

reasons (their usage should be justified by written request to the municipality);

To the extent possible, keep the height of towers above ground level low enough not to be required to install lighting by the Dirección General de Aviación Civil;

Lights on towers and masts should be used only when required by the Dirección General de Aviación Civil; any lighting installed on towers should be white strobe lights, with relatively long intervals between each flash (not solid, nor pulsating, red or white lights);

Security lighting for on-ground facilities and equipment should be down-shielded to keep light within boundaries of the site.

The height of new standing towers and masts should be limited to the extent feasible and if other factors permit, in particular in


environmentally sensitive areas, protected areas, and known migratory birds’ corridors. New towers should be no higher than 30 meters in urban areas and 50 meters in rural areas.

Environmental, Socio-economic and Occupational Health Monitoring

Regular environmental monitoring should take place and encompass in particular: vegetation loss, impacts on terrestrial and aquatic natural habitat, erosion, air and water quality, electromagnetic field emissions, bird migration, as well as physical cultural resources, social surveys, public and community participation and occupational health and safety.

If a tower is approved for construction in a protected area, a condition of the approval should be that personnel from the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) be allowed access to the site, following construction, to conduct monitoring for the following: evaluate bird use; conduct dead-bird searches; place equipment as necessary to assess and verify bird

movements; gain information on the impacts of the tower size, configuration

and lighting systems; monitor endangered or endemic species (both terrestrial and

aquatic); and develop inventory of plant species.

Access to tower sites for ecological monitoring and research should also be permitted for towers outside of protected areas.

Disclosure and Public Consultation

Prior to site selection for the construction or modification of a tower or mast, the project proponent will contact the municipality responsible for the project area. Prior to construction, the project proponent must acquire construction permit from the municipality. In cases where subprojects are implemented in indigenous peoples territories, the subproject proponent must coordinate with CONAI for the establishment of services, after a consultation process and the integration of benefits that are culturally and beneficial appropriate to the indigenous peoples.

The project proponent is required to hold public consultations for construction of towers or masts in the following areas: areas closer than 100 meters from a school, hospital, or any

other residential building with vulnerable populations protected areas, and other environmentally sensitive areas


areas where physical cultural resources are likely to be impacted by the project

indigenous peoples territories

For the construction of towers that do not fall within any of the above-mentioned categories, the project proponent shall provide written notice to all residents within 300 meters of the proposed location. The project proponent may also wish to organize a public meeting to inform residents about the planned construction. Information given to the public about the facility will include: the proposed location physical details of the tower and structure name and telephone number of a contact person from the

project proponent health and environmental information related to the project

(including potential impacts of electromagnetic waves) schedule of construction works and workforce

The project information (i.e. Environmental Impact Study, Forecast of an EMP, or a Sworn Statement of Environmental Commitments) must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people (e.g. municipality, town hall, etc.) and in a form, manner, and language they can understand. It should be made available during the appraisal, review and implementation process.

Tower Decommissioning

The project proponent shall remove a tower if the telecommunication facilities on the tower are deactivated or unused continuously for more than six months. Environmental management measures shall be considered for decommissioning.


Appendix L

Contents of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)


7.1Mitigation

ProjectActivity

PotentialEnvironmental and SocialImpacts

Proposed Mitigation Measure(s)(Incl. legislation & regulations)

Institutional Responsibilities(Incl. enforcement & coordination)

CostEstimates

Comments (e.g. secondary impacts)

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Operation and Maintenance Phase

7.2Monitoring

ProposedMitigationMeasure

Parameters

To beMonitored

Location Measurements

(Incl. methods & equipment)

Frequencyof

Measurement

Responsibilities

(Incl. review and reporting)

Cost(equipment

& individuals)

Pre-Constructio


n PhaseConstructio

n PhaseOperation

and Maintenanc

ePhase

Total Costfor all Phases


Institutional Strengthening and Training for Implementation

I. Institutional Strengthening

Activity

Position(s)(Institutions,

PIUs, contractors, construction supervision consultants)

Scheduling Responsibilit(ies)

Cost Estimates

Mitigation Measures

Monitoring Requirements

(incl. compliance)II. Training

ActivityParticipants Types of

TrainingContent

(modules, etc.)Scheduling Cost

Estimates

EMP Implementation,

Re-design, Conflict

Resolution, etc.Environmental

Processes, Methods & Equipment

Environmental Policies & Programs


7.3Scheduling and Reporting

Year 1 Year 2 Etc.Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Mitigation Measures--------------------------

etc.

Monitoring------------------------

etc

Institutional

Strengthening

------------------------

etc

Training------------------------


Appendix M

United States Fish and Wildlife Service Voluntary Guidelines for Telecommunication Towers


Service Interim Guidelines for Recommendations on Communications Tower Siting, Construction, Operation, and Decommissioning

United States Department of InteriorFish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, DC 20240

1. Any company/applicant/licensee proposing to construct a new communications tower should be strongly encouraged to collocate the communications equipment on an existing communication tower or other structure (e.g., billboard, water tower, or building mount). Depending on tower load factors, from 6 to 10 providers may collocate on an existing tower.

2. If collocation is not feasible and a new tower or towers are to be constructed, communications service providers should be strongly encouraged to construct towers no more than 199 feet above ground level (AGL), using construction techniques which do not require guy wires (e.g., use a lattice structure, monopole, etc.). Such towers should be unlighted if Federal Aviation Administration regulations permit.

3. If constructing multiple towers, providers should consider the cumulative impacts of all of those towers to migratory birds and threatened and endangered species as well as the impacts of each individual tower.

4. If at all possible, new towers should be sited within existing “antenna farms” (clusters of towers). Towers should not be sited in or near wetlands, other known bird concentration areas (e.g., state or Federal refuges, staging areas, rookeries), in known migratory or daily movement flyways, or in habitat of threatened or endangered species. Towers should not be sited in areas with a high incidence of fog, mist, and low ceilings.

5. If taller (>199 feet AGL) towers requiring lights for aviation safety must be constructed, the minimum amount of pilot warning and obstruction avoidance lighting required by the FAA should be used. Unless otherwise required by the FAA, only white (preferable) or red strobe lights should be used at night, and these should be the minimum number, minimum intensity, and minimum number of flashes per minute (longest duration between flashes) allowable by the FAA. The use of solid red or pulsating red warning lights at night should be avoided. Current research indicates that solid or pulsating (beacon) red lights attract night-migrating birds at a much higher rate than white strobe lights. Red strobe lights have not yet been studied.


6. Tower designs using guy wires for support which are proposed to be located in known raptor or waterbird concentration areas or daily movement routes, or in major diurnal migratory bird movement routes or stopover sites, should have daytime visual markers on the wires to prevent collisions by these diurnally moving species. (For guidance on markers, see Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC). 1994. Mitigating Bird Collisions with Power Lines: The State of the Art in 1994. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C., 78 pp, and Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC). 1996. Suggested Practices for Raptor Protection on Power Lines. Edison Electric Institute/Raptor Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., 128 pp. Copies can be obtained via the Internet at http://www.eei.org/resources/pubcat/enviro/ or by calling 1-800/334-5453).

7. Towers and appendant facilities should be sited, designed and constructed so as to avoid or minimize habitat loss within and adjacent to the tower “footprint”. However, a larger tower footprint is preferable to the use of guy wires in construction. Road access and fencing should be minimized to reduce or prevent habitat fragmentation and disturbance, and to reduce above ground obstacles to birds in flight.

8. If significant numbers of breeding, feeding, or roosting birds are known to habitually use the proposed tower construction area, relocation to an alternate site should be recommended. If this is not an option, seasonal restrictions on construction may be advisable in order to avoid disturbance during periods of high bird activity.

9. In order to reduce the number of towers needed in the future, providers should be encouraged to design new towers structurally and electrically to accommodate the applicant/licensee’s antennas and comparable antennas for at least two additional users (minimum of three users for each tower structure), unless this design would require the addition of lights or guy wires to an otherwise unlighted and/or unguyed tower.

10.Security lighting for on-ground facilities and equipment should be down-shielded to keep light within the boundaries of the site.

11.If a tower is constructed or proposed for construction, Service personnel or researchers from the Communication Tower Working Group should be allowed access to the site to evaluate bird use, conduct dead-bird searches, to place net catchments below the towers but above the ground, and to place radar, Global Positioning System, infrared, thermal imagery, and acoustical monitoring equipment as necessary to assess and verify bird movements and to gain information


http://www.eei.org/resources/pubcat/enviro/

on the impacts of various tower sizes, configurations, and lighting systems.

12.Towers no longer in use or determined to be obsolete should be removed within 12 months of cessation of use. Additional information can be obtained via the Internet at http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html




Appendix N

List of References of International Best Practice for Managing Environmental and Social Impacts in the

Telecommunications Sector


Policies and Guidelines

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Voluntary Guidelines on Communications Towers Siting, Construction, Operation and Decommissioning (http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html).


National Parks and Wildlife Act, Australia, 1974. Guide on Best Practices Between Mayors and Operators,

French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association, 2003.

Guide on Best Practices for Installing Antennae, French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association.

City of Surrey, Canada, Policy for Telecommunication Towers, 2002, http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf.


IFC EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications, April 2007.

7.4 Reports


Carnegie Mellon Press Release, February 28, 2006 FCC Fact Sheet:

http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/cellonplanes.html Scientific Basis to Establish Policy Regulation Communications

Towers to Protect Migratory Birds, Land Protection Partners, 2005.




7.5 Websites

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: www.fws.gov American Bird Conservancy:

http://www.abcbirds.org/policy/towerkill.htm Federation of Canadian Municipalities: www.fcm.ca

157 COSTA RICA TELECOMMUNICATIONS ESMF ANNEXES

http://www.fcm.ca/


http://www.fws.gov/




Appendix O

Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework


ANNEX 10

Sample Language of Environmental Contract Clauses


Environmental Contract Clauses

Proper environmental management of construction projects can be achieved only with adequate site selection and project design. As such, the environmental assessment for projects involving any new construction, or any rehabilitation or reconstruction for existing projects, should provide information as to screening criteria for site selection and design including the following:

Site selection Sites should be chosen based on community needs for additional projects, with specific lots chosen based on geographic and topographic characteristics. The site selection process involves site visits and studies to analyze: (i) the site’s urban, suburban, or rural characteristics; (ii) national, state, or municipal regulations affecting the proposed lot; (iii) accessibility and distance from inhabited areas; (iv) land ownership, including verification of absence of squatters and/or other potential legal problems with land acquisition; (v) determination of site vulnerability to natural hazards, (i.e. intensity and frequency of floods, earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions); (vi) suitability of soils and subsoils for construction; (vii) site contamination by lead or other pollutants; (viii) flora and fauna characteristics; (viii) presence or absence of natural habitats (as defined by OP 4.04) and/or ecologically important habitats on site or in vicinity (e.g., forests, wetlands, coral reefs, rare or endangered species); (ix) historic and community characteristics; and (x) the presence of indigenous peoples.

Project designProject design criteria include, but are not limited to, the consideration of aspects such as heating, ventilation, natural and artificial light energy efficiency, floor space (ft2) per bed/ward, requirements for x-ray rooms, adequacy of corridors for wheel chair/bed access, adequate water supply and sanitation systems , historical and cultural considerations, security and handicapped access.

Construction activities and environmental rules for contractorsThe following information is intended solely as broad guidance to be used in conjunction with local and national regulations. Based on this information, environmental rules for contractors should be developed for each project, taking into account the project size, site characteristics, and location (rural vs. urban).

After choosing an appropriate site and design, construction activities can proceed. As these construction activities could cause significant impacts on and nuisances to surrounding areas, careful


planning of construction activities is critical. Therefore the following rules (including specific prohibitions and construction management measures) should be incorporated into all relevant bidding documents, contracts, and work orders.

Prohibitions The following activities are prohibited on or near the project site:

Cutting of trees for any reason outside the approved construction area;

Hunting, fishing, wildlife capture, or plant collection; Use of unapproved toxic materials, including lead-based paints,

asbestos, etc.; Disturbance to any artifact of infrastructure with architectural or

historical value; Building of fires; Use of firearms (except authorized security guards); and Use of alcohol by workers.

Construction management measuresWaste Management and Erosion: Solid, sanitation, and, hazardous wastes must be properly controlled, through the implementation of the following measures:

Waste Management: Minimize the production of waste that must be treated or

eliminated. Identify and classify the type of waste generated. If hazardous

wastes (including health care wastes) are generated, proper procedures must be taken regarding their storage, collection, transportation and disposal.

Identify and demarcate disposal areas clearly indicating the specific materials that can be deposited in each.

Control placement of all construction waste (including earth cuts) to approved disposal sites (>300 m from rivers, streams, lakes, or wetlands). Dispose in authorized areas all of garbage, metals, used oils, and excess material generated during construction, incorporating recycling systems and the separation of materials.

Maintenance: Identify and demarcate equipment maintenance areas (>15m

from rivers, streams, lakes or wetlands). Ensure that all equipment maintenance activities, including oil

changes, are conducted within demarcated maintenance areas; never dispose spent oils on the ground, in water courses, drainage canals or in sewer systems.

Identify, demarcate and enforce the use of within-site access routes to limit impact to site vegetation.

Install and maintain an adequate drainage system to prevent erosion on the site during and after construction.


Erosion Control: Erect erosion control barriers around perimeter of cuts, disposal

pits, and roadways. Spray water on dirt roads, cuts, fill material and stockpiled soil to

reduce wind-induced erosion, as needed. Maintain vehicle speeds at or below 10mph within work area at

all times. Stockpiles and Borrow Pits: Identify and demarcate locations for stockpiles and borrow pits,

ensuring that they are 15 meters away from critical areas such as steep slopes, erosion-prone soils, and areas that drain directly into sensitive water bodies.

Limit extraction of material to approved and demarcated borrow pits.

Site Cleanup:Establish and enforce daily site clean-up procedures, including maintenance of adequate disposal facilities for construction debris.

Safety during construction The Contractor’s responsibilities include the protection of every person and nearby property from construction accidents. The Contractor shall be responsible for complying with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents, including the following:

Carefully and clearly mark pedestrian-safe access routes. If school children are in the vicinity, include traffic safety

personnel to direct traffic during school hours. Maintain supply of supplies for traffic signs (including paint,

easel, sign material, etc.), road marking, and guard rails to maintain pedestrian safety during construction.

Conduct safety training for construction workers prior to beginning work.

Provide personal protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed and –shanked boots, etc.,) for construction workers and enforce their use.

Post Material Safety Data Sheets for each chemical present on the worksite.

Require that all workers read, or are read, all Material Safety Data Sheets. Clearly explain the risks to them and their partners, especially when pregnant or planning to start a family. Encourage workers to share the information with their physicians, when relevant.

Ensure that the removal of asbestos-containing materials or other toxic substances be performed and disposed of by specially trained workers.


During heavy rains or emergencies of any kind, suspend all work.

Brace electrical and mechanical equipment to withstand seismic events during the construction.

Nuisance and dust controlTo control nuisance and dust the Contractor should:

Maintain all construction-related traffic at or below 15 mph on streets within 200 m of the site.

Maintain all on-site vehicle speeds at or below 10 mph. To the extent possible, maintain noise levels associated with all

machinery and equipment at or below 90 db. In sensitive areas (including residential neighborhoods,

hospitals, rest homes, etc.) more strict measures may need to be implemented to prevent undesirable noise levels.

Minimize production of dust and particulate materials at all times, to avoid impacts on surrounding families and businesses, and especially to vulnerable people (children, elders).

Phase removal of vegetation to prevent large areas from becoming exposed to wind.

Place dust screens around construction areas, paying particular attention to areas close to housing, commercial areas, and recreational areas.

Spray water as needed on dirt roads, cut areas and soil stockpiles or fill material.

Apply proper measures to minimize disruptions from vibration or noise coming from construction activities.

Community relationsTo enhance adequate community relations the Contractor should:

Following the country and EA requirements, inform the population about construction and work schedules, interruption of services, traffic detour routes and provisional bus routes, as appropriate.

Limit construction activities at night. When necessary ensure that night work is carefully scheduled and the community is properly informed so they can take necessary measures.

At least five days in advance of any service interruption (including water, electricity, telephone, and bus routes) the community must be advised through postings at the project site, at bus stops, and in affected homes/businesses.

In Indigenous Reserves, implement a prior, free and informed consultation process with the objective to include all concerns and suggestions of the populations to the project design and establish socioeconomic measures that are culturally appropriate.

Chance-find procedures for culturally significant artifacts


The Contractor is responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation, including:

Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities.

Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts.

Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifacts. Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the

relevant authorities.

Environmental supervision during constructionThe bidding documents should indicate how compliance with environmental rules and design specifications would be supervised, along with the penalties for non-compliance by contractors or workers. Construction supervision requires oversight of compliance with the manual and environmental specifications by the contractor or his designated environmental supervisor. Contractors are also required to comply with national and municipal regulations governing the environment, public health and safety.


ANNEX 11




Project proponents should rate the impacts (low, medium, high) in terms of the site sensitivity of proposed sites according to the following criteria:



(Low, Medium, or High)

Low Medium High

Natural habitats

No natural habitats present of any kind

No critical natural habitats; other natural habitats occur

Critical natural habitats present

Water quality and water resource availability and use

Water flows exceed any existing demand; low intensity of water use; potential water use conflicts expected to be low; no potential water quality issues

Medium intensity of water use; multiple water users; water quality issues are important

Intensive water use; multiple water users; potential for conflicts is high; water quality issues are important

Natural hazards vulnerability, floods, soil stability/ erosion

Flat terrain; no potential stability/erosion problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ flood risks

Medium slopes; some erosion potential; medium risks from volcanic/seismic/ flood/ hurricanes

Mountainous terrain; steep slopes; unstable soils; high erosion potential; volcanic, seismic or flood risks

Cultural property

No known or suspected cultural heritage sites

Suspected cultural heritage sites; known heritage sites in broader area of influence

Known heritage sites in project area

Involuntary resettlement

Low population density; dispersed population; legal tenure is well-defined; well-defined water rights

Medium population density; mixed ownership and land tenure; well-defined water rights

High population density; major towns and villages; low-income families and/or illegal ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights




(Low, Medium,

Low Medium HighIndigenous peoples

No indigenous population

Dispersed and mixed indigenous populations; highly acculturated indigenous populations

Indigenous territories, reserves and/or lands; vulnerable indigenous populations

Total Site Sensitivity Rating(Low, Medium, or High


ANNEX 12

Content of an Environmental Monitoring Report


CONTENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT

Relevant environmental authority:Reporting dates:District:

Subprojects approved:

Subproject title

Activities Project phase(1)

Env. category

EIA / EMP completed?

Env. Permit granted?

Effectiveness of EMP

Issues (2)

(name, location, title or reference)

(new construction, rehabilitation, maintenance)

See note below

(A, B or C) Yes, No or N/A Yes, No or N/A

Good, poor, or needs improvement

See note below

123etc

Subprojects rejected:

Subproject title Activities Reasons for rejection Remarks (3)

123etc


ANNEX 13

Guidelines for Regulations for Environmental Protection in the

Telecommunications Sector


Criterios Ambientales en la Construcción de proyectos de infraestructura en Telecomunicaciones

Se recomienda complementar los actuales criterios técnicos y jurídico-ambientales considerados por la SETENA por los criterios en la Tabla 1.1. Se deja indicado que lo aquí establecido deberá ser revisado posteriormente, cuando se promulgue la legislación nueva en la materia, por cuanto en el texto propuesto se contemplan aspectos ambientales relacionados con la estructura administrativa propuesta; tema que deberá ser dilucidado cuidadosamente a efecto de evitar conflictos de competencias, duplicidad de requerimientos o diferencias de criterios entre una y otra dependencia.

AcrónimosAID Área de Influencia DirectaAII Área de Influencia IndirectaAP Área ProtegidaC Fase de construcciónD Fase de diseñoO Fase de operación


Tabla 1.1 Criterios Ambientales en la Construcción de Proyectos de Infraestructura en telecomunicaciones

REQUERIMIENTOS PROPUESTOS POR ÁREA TEMÁTICA MOMENTO

Análisis de selección de sitio y revisión de opciones A la fecha de este estudio, este requisito es sólo exigido a nivel de EsIA, cuando no se ha presentado

D1. Su aplicación debería ser más amplia, incluyendo análisis de diversas opciones, justificación del sitio seleccionado, preferencia de sitios compartidos para reducir costos e impactos ambientales. La selección debe evidenciar que se utiliza el área de menor impacto posible y que se procuró el mejor acceso, dando preferencia a vías existentes. Se deberán aplicar instrumentos apropiados de selección de sitio, como pueden ser la Valoración Ambiental Rápida (VAR) o los criterios de selección de sitio establecidos por el banco Mundial.

Excepcionalmente y bajo justificación técnica se aceptarían Proyectos en Áreas Protegidas (APs), siempre que sea un área mínima de Proyecto y que se cuente con la aprobación del MINAE, con participación del Área de Conservación respectiva y el SINAC. Se debe acreditar, si es una AP, que la propuesta es consistente con el Plan de Manejo aprobado para aquélla. Se debe documentar efectivamente, que no hay otras opciones viables. Se deben aplicar medidas de mitigación específicas y la mejor tecnología disponible para reducir el impacto en dichas áreas. El encargado de desarrollar el proyecto deberá financiar investigaciones en el área protegida afectada o en su lugar, proteger un área de características y extensión similares en otro lugar.

Sólo en excepciones, y con el diseño de medidas de mitigación específicas, se aceptaría la ubicación de torres en zonas de niebla o neblina persistente, o en áreas geográficas de importancia para aves migratorias. Se deberán seguir las guías de mejores prácticas internacionales.

En zonas aeroportuarias y dentro del área de obstáculos y rutas de vuelo, solo se permitirán proyectos, si cuentan con la aprobación de la autoridad aeroportuaria y de los administradores de los aeropuertos internacionales en el país.

Se debe contar al menos con un profesional en arqueología que acredite que el área no es de interés arqueológico. En caso contrario, proceder a cumplir las disposiciones vigentes en la materia.

Finalmente, deberá verificarse que no se afecten sitios con especial valor como patrimonio cultural, salvo que nuevamente, se establezcan medidas de protección especiales para ello.

Excepcionalmente y bajo justificación técnica y financiera se aceptarán proyectos en territorios indígenas, siempre que sea un área mínima, que se apliquen medidas de mitigación específicas y que se realice una consulta pública y divulgación temprana del proyecto, de manera transparente e

D



informada. Construcciones en reservas indígenas debe ser establecido como un criterio de selección por la

SETENA en los formularios D1 y D2 y por el proponente del proyecto en el VAR. Definición del AP y de las AID y AII

En éstas debe contemplarse el Área del Proyecto que se analice como tal, pero también de las obras de apoyo como escombreras, caminos de acceso, corredor sobre el que pasan los tendidos, etc. En Proyectos lineales, tanto el Área del Proyecto como el AID y el AII deben entenderse a modo de corredores, reconociendo los recursos físicos, biológicos y humanos existentes en ellos y potencialmente afectados. Como parte de este proceso, debe reconocerse si se atraviesan AAF.

C

Aspectos legales del AP y de las AID y AIISe debe documentar apropiadamente, si las hay, lo concerniente a servidumbres de paso u otras restricciones legales aplicables (áreas silvestres protegidas, planes reguladores urbanos o costeros, etc).

C

Alcance del Proyecto Actividades que contempla el Proyecto. Definir claramente el alcance del Proyecto, incluyendo

todas las actividades y obras necesarias, los insumos, la maquinaria, el personal, los desechos sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos a generar así como los medios para su control, etc., según detalle que se ofrece de seguido.

C y O

Necesidades de recursos. Estimar demandas de bienes y servicios, así como insumos, requeridos para el desarrollo del Proyecto. Se debe garantizar que no se afectan los servicios disponibles para las comunidades existentes, y que si se da un aprovechamiento de algún recurso natural, se cuenta con la concesión del Estado, para ello. Por ejemplo: para el aprovechamiento de un pozo o una fuente de agua superficial, el aprovechamiento de un tajo, etc. Se valora no sólo la disponibilidad del recurso, sino la capacidad de las redes de servicio existentes, o en caso necesario, el impacto asociado a su ampliación.

C

Empleo. Valorar la generación de éste, pero también, la disponibilidad de mano de obra y a su vez, la posibilidad que se requieran campamentos (incorporar el análisis de todos los factores ambientales asociados a estos, tales como suministro de agua y energía, además de manejo de desechos, etc). Se deberá informar a la población sobre los requerimientos de mano de obra y los tipos de trabajo requeridos, temporalidad y condiciones de empleo y beneficios.

C

Aguas residuales. Se debe garantizar tratamiento de éstas, contando con los permisos sanitarios de rigor. En fase de construcción no se autoriza otro sistema que cabinas sanitarias si el AP se ubica

C y O



en un ASP o si su zona de influencia, directa o indirecta, lo es. En fase de operación, dependiendo del tipo de infraestructura, si se identifica la necesidad en el instrumento de evaluación ambiental, se deberá contar con un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales aprobado por el Ministerio de Salud. Se deberán de presentar los reportes operacionales que correspondan.

Desechos sólidos. El Plan de Manejo de Desechos Sólidos se debe elaborar desde la fase constructiva, con distinción entre los requerimientos para ésta, de los que aplicarán en la operación. En la construcción al menos se debe mantener un centro de acopio, con mantenimiento periódico y disposición frecuente de basura. Se debe separar los desechos ordinarios de los especiales en contenedores debidamente etiquetados. Éstos últimos, en la medida en que es posible, deben reutilizarse, reciclarse o devolverse al proveedor. La disposición de ordinarios y especiales solo debe hacerse en sitios y por medios autorizados. El almacenamiento de desechos sólidos especiales debe acatar las regulaciones vigentes especialmente en cuanto a compatibilidades, tiempo y volumen máximo de almacenamiento temporal, antes de ser dispuestos. Los aceites y combustibles utilizados o sobrantes deben ser devueltos al proveedor o a una empresa que los reutilice. En caso de duda sobre la naturaleza de un material, se debe realizar la prueba de inocuidad. Se debe mantener registros de los desechos y cadena de custodia de la disposición final de estos en un relleno sanitario certificado. En la fase de operación se deberá aplicar el Plan de Manejo de Desechos Sólidos aprobado por el Ministerio de Salud, complementado por las acciones adicionales que establezca el Programa de Responsabilidad Social, tal como apoyo a esfuerzos de reciclaje comunal, y/o incentivo para que éstos se inicien. Se deberán de integrar en esta materia las disposiciones ambientales que en materia de residuos sólidos se disponga, si se aprueban las propuestas legislativas que se han comentado con antelación.

C y O

Productos químicos. Identificación de todos los requeridos, y definición de normas para su manejo ambientalmente seguro. Los productos químicos deben ser almacenados en una bodega de acceso restringido, con contención de derrames, equipo para limpieza y procedimiento para disposición del material resultante, así como disponer de las hojas de seguridad en español, programa de capacitación constante y documentado, al personal que manipula estos productos y respeto a compatibilidades. El lugar debe ser ventilado. Igualmente la disposición de envases de productos químicos debe ocurrir de conformidad con el Plan de Manejo de Desechos Sólidos que se defina, según las consideraciones regulatorias antes citadas.

C y O

Normas para uso y circulación de maquinaria. Maquinaria con RTV al día, en buenas condiciones de mantenimiento, y con lona sobre la góndola cuando transporte material. No sale

C y O



maquinaria del AP sin antes lavar sus llantas. Las labores de movimiento de tierras se realizarán preferiblemente en verano y nunca de noche. La maquinaria asociada no transita por áreas no señalizadas con restricción. La velocidad de tránsito en el AP y en el AID es controlada y supervisada; se evitan vados en ríos, paso por sitios ecológicamente sensibles o por comunidades cuando existan otras rutas posibles, de menos afectación. No se da mantenimiento en el AP. El suministro de combustible se realiza en menos de 1000 litros, o se obtiene el permiso de la Dirección de Combustible del MINAE. En ambos casos se deben garantizar las medidas para impedir impactos sobre el suelo, asociados al suministro o por la ocurrencia de derrames. El personal encargado de operar la maquinaria debe estar debidamente entrenado y certificado para el uso y manipulación de los mismo y debe haber recibido capacitación en temas de medio ambiente, salud y seguridad.

Emisiones. Se exige RTV a la maquinaria; se asegura una combustión eficiente en cualquier equipo de emisiones fijas que se requiera, ya sea de forma temporal o permanente. Se da preferencia a equipos que utilicen combustibles limpios, cuando sea posible.

C y O

Paisaje. Desde el inicio debe valorarse los elementos de mimetización con el paisaje que presenta el proyecto bajo análisis, con incorporación de elementos como: control de altura, luminosidad, uso de cubiertas vegetales u otros elementos de amortiguación visual (pantallas), etc.

D y C

Ambiente físico Geología. Se deben analizar las principales determinantes físicas propias del terreno elegido para el

desarrollo del proyecto, incluyendo aspectos como su geología local y regional, aspectos estructurales tales como la presencia de fallas y plegamientos, etc. Además se deben caracterizar los suelos desde la perspectiva geotécnica, para garantiza una cimentación correcta de las estructuras, Se debe asegurar la estabilidad de las obras y de los cortes/excavaciones que se realicen, así como el diseño sismorresistente de las obras. Se debe aprovechar el material orgánico, reduciendo la exportación de material fuera del AP.

D y C

Geomorfología. Descripción del relieve y su dinámica; énfasis en la identificación de aspectos que determinen la estabilidad del terreno elegido para el desarrollo del proyecto. Considerar sitios de obras de apoyo. Diseñar los mecanismos de control de sedimentos necesarios, considerando que el país es altamente lluvioso, y que muchos de los suelos son sumamente erodables. Considerar desde temprano mecanismos de revegetación u otros de protección de cortes y taludes.

C

Clima. Recopilar la información existente, de las estaciones meteorológicas con que se cuenta. Complementar, según sea requerido con otras fuentes. En el campo que se analiza es de especial interés determinar factores como presencia de niebla o neblina y de periodos de actividad eléctrica.

C y O



Hidrología. Interesa especialmente definir cuáles son los cuerpos de agua más cercanos, y conocer el comportamiento hidrológico de estos, para determinar la posibilidad de que el AP, AID o AII según sea el caso, se vean sometidos a inundaciones. En el caso de marino, interesa la dinámica de corrientes, mareas y oleajes, para definir elementos de ubicación y diseño de las obras. La calidad del agua antes del proyecto deberá documentarse, y tomarse como referencia para el proceso posterior de monitoreo.

C y O

Aguas subterráneas. Existen zonas de recarga acuífera legalmente definidas, y otras que aún sin esa protección legal extra, por sus condiciones biofísicas, deben ser resguardadas. Se debe conocer la profundidad y vulnerabilidad a la contaminación, de los acuíferos.

C y O

Calidad del aire. Interesa particularmente garantizar el no deterioro de las condiciones, en cuanto a ruido y emisiones. La maquinara debe tener RTV al día y contar con los demás permisos para circular por vías nacionales. El nivel de ruido existente después del Proyecto debe respectar los máximos establecidos en las regulaciones vigentes, los que varían según se trate de zonas residenciales, industriales u otras. También deben respetarse los niveles de ruido a nivel de exposición de los empleados, tanto en construcción como en operación.

C y O

Amenazas naturalesEl país es altamente sísmico, y caracterizado por un profuso 176allamiento geológico, así como por una intensa actividad volcánica. Además, es sumamente lluvioso y propenso a eventos meteorológicos extremos. Es por ello, que deben identificarse todas las amenazas existentes para el AP, AID, AII, y utilizar esta información, como base para los planes de contingencia según se detalla más adelante. La Comisión Nacional de Emergencias cuenta con mapas y bases de datos para alimentar esta caracterización. Algunos cantones que cuentan con plan regulador, tienen información local de interés en este campo. Asimismo, se deberá utilizar la información pública existente en el ICE y MINAE para dicho fin. La información deberá contenerse en un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) que pueda ser entregado a la entidad ambiental reguladora.

C y O

Ambiente biológico. GeneralesIdentificar las características biológicas del área de estudio, con relación a aspectos generales como: zonas de vida, pertenencia a alguna ASP, etc. También existen corredores biológicos y corredores de aves migratorias, que aunque no están legalmente definidos, son una referencia importante.

C y O

Ambiente biológico – Ecosistemas, especies indicadoras, etc.Considerar los ambientes: terrestre, marino, acuático continental, y ripario, etc.

En cuanto a vegetación, se debe identificar si existen o no zonas de bosque. Si las hay y se acepta el C y O



AP, realizar un inventario forestal y un Plan de Manejo. Documentar procedimiento para obtención de los permisos de corta y transporte de madera. En éste se contempla el estudio biológico de poblaciones que aniden o utilicen los árboles que se cortarán, y el mecanismo de reinserción a áreas silvestres cercanas, con el menor impacto posible sobre esas poblaciones. Rutas para la maquinaria previamente definidas, prohibiendo impactar zonas adicionales. La madera que se corte es donada a las escuelas y organizaciones comunales que las necesiten. Se evitan impactos por transporte de madera. La corta se realiza preferiblemente en verano. El Programa de Responsabilidad Social le da seguimiento.

En la fase de Operación, la recuperación de las áreas verdes y del espacio público afectado es un imperativo. Se utilizarán especies autóctonas.

En cuanto a fauna, se debe prestar en este caso especial atención a aves, nacionales pero sobretodo migratorias) o acuática (con especial referencia a arrecifes coralinos, zonas de alumbramiento, cuido o desove, así como áreas de desplazamiento de mamíferos).

En ambas fases se deben realizar monitoreos periódicos, cuyos resultados deben documentarse e informarse, con inclusión de las medidas adoptadas para evitar, mitigar o compensar el impacto. Se debe utilizar equipo apropiado y la mejor tecnología disponible para llevar a cabo los monitoreos.

Ambiente social Tenencia de la tierra. Caracterizar patrones en AP y AID y el efecto del Proyecto sobre ellos.

Considerar en el AID el área comprendida entre la red y la distribución a los usuarios (antenas de conexión con repetidoras, tendido eléctrico e inalámbrico). Incluir área de oficina y repetidoras (generalmente ubicadas en zonas rurales). No fraccionar. Relacionar el AP con el Plan Regulador vigente, si lo hubiera. Especificar conformidad con el uso del suelo.

C

Análisis de características de la población con referencia a indicadores provinciales, regionales y nacionales y la influencia del Proyecto sobre ellas. Responsable de Relaciones Comunitarias. Identificación de temas críticos: información facilitada, conocimiento del Proyecto, realización de encuestas antes y después del Proyecto, red vial existente, paisaje, delimitación de la zona del Proyecto, mitigación de impactos por polvo, barro, sonido, emisiones.

C y O

Inclusión de variables poblacionales y de salud, con indicadores de salud y movimientos migratorios. Verificación del comportamiento de estas variables después de iniciada la fase de operación. El Programa de Responsabilidad Social debe monitorear que no haya impacto negativo en poblaciones locales por migración asociada a la fase de construcción, principalmente.

C y O

Actividades en Reservas Indígenas. Se deberá establecer mediadas de mitigación específicas y C y O



se debe realizar una consulta pública y divulgación temprana del proyecto, de manera transparente e informada. El proceso de consulta deberá ser tal que se incluyan las preocupaciones y sugerencias de los pobladores a los planes. Se deberá establecer además un mecanismo de presentación de reclamos por los pobladores. Se deberá preparar, desarrollar y hacer público a las comunidades indígenas el Marco de Planificación para las Poblaciones Indígenas (Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework, IPPF), en conformidad con la Política de Salvaguarda del Bando Mundial OP 4.10.

Patrones o tendencias culturales que puedan afectarse directamente con el Proyecto. Elementos paisajísticos. Incluir referencia a áreas declaradas patrimonio histórico y/o cultural. Realización de encuestas en fase de operación para constatar patrones culturales posteriores, verificando eventuales cambios y proponiendo acciones a adoptar. Se debe especificar si el Proyecto afecta o puede afectar zonas indígenas, en cuyo caso se debe proceder a la consulta y aplicación de la legislación especial vigente. El diseño de los elementos de cada proyecto debe definirse respetando elementos del paisaje natural y humano prevaleciente, incluyendo: colores y materiales locales, vegetación nativa, mimetismo con los elementos predominantes del entorno, respeto de condiciones de altura y luminosidad, etc. Debe también analizarse si existen sitios que hayan sido declarados patrimonio histórico o cultural. Se deben tomar previsiones para mitigar impactos visuales, sea mediante camuflaje con vegetación autóctona, o mediante pantallas visuales, también respetando la arquitectura local.

C y O

Actividades económicas en la zona, índice de empleo y desempleo, identificación de mano de obra disponible, condición de pobreza y la influencia del Proyecto sobre esos factores. En la fase de operación se debe evidenciar mejoramiento de condiciones sociales con acciones de apoyo comunitario, mediante un Programa de Responsabilidad Social.

C y O

Analizar y caracterizar los servicios de emergencia disponibles (Cruz Roja, hospitales, clínicas, policía). Percepción de la población del efecto del Proyecto sobre éstos. Exigir un Plan de Contingencia, en especial para la fase de construcción, el que deberá se ajustado o sustituido por el Plan de Emergencias que deberá aprobar el Ministerio de Salud al momento de otorgar el permiso sanitario de funcionamiento. En Construcción se debe mantener en el AP un botiquín, equipo de atención de emergencias primario y personal entrenado. Se debe tener disponible el número de los servicios de emergencia más cercanos. Debe haber una persona responsable del tema, debidamente capacitada. En ambas fases se debe contar con un Plan de Salud Ocupacional, a cargo de un profesional en la materia. En la etapa operativa, éste debe ajustarse al formato oficial del Ministerio de Salud, exigido para otorgar el Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento. En éste debe acreditarse el

C y O.



cumplimiento de prácticas de trabajo seguro, aplicando y mejorando las regulaciones vigentes y facilitando el equipo de protección personal al personal a cargo y a los visitantes. En ambas etapas, constructiva y operativa, la capacitación debe ser una constante, que deberá documentarse. En Operación se deberá contar con el Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento, para lo que se requiere que se haya aprobado, entre otros, un Plan de Emergencias, según formato oficial. Igualmente se deberá contar con patente municipal.

Identificar servicios básicos disponibles (agua, luz, alcantarillado, transporte público, recolección de basura, centros educativos, servicios de salud). Analizar acceso, calidad y cantidad de servicios para la población. Se debe identificar si existen rellenos o basureros autorizados y si éstos están autorizados para recibir desechos especiales. En caso contrario, se deben proponer las acciones de reciclaje, reutilización o mecanismo para garantizar una disposición sanitaria no solo de la basura, si no de los desechos especiales. En ambas etapas se debe exigir que se establezca un plan de manejo de desechos sólidos responsable, involucrando a los proveedores. En ambas etapas el transporte de desechos debe ser autorizado por la autoridad sanitaria y la disposición final solo debe hacerse en sitios autorizados, verificándose que cuenten con facilidades para el manejo de desechos sólidos especiales. En Construcción se deberán tener basureros disponibles en el AP, y demás requerimientos dispuestos en las regulaciones vigentes.En Operación se deberá contar con el Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento, para lo que se requiere que se haya aprobado, entre otros, un Plan de Manejo de Desechos Sólidos, según formato oficial. Se debe cumplir con las disposiciones adicionales sobre desechos especiales, según fue ya indicado. La aplicación del Convenio de Basilea debe ocurrir según lo establecido por la autoridad nacional a cargo.En Operación igual mediante el Programa de Responsabilidad Social, se deberá documentar las mejoras alcanzadas a las facilidades existentes antes del inicio de la obra.

C y O.

Identificar la infraestructura comunal: caminos, puentes, centros educativos y de salud, parques, sitios de recreación, vivienda, que puedan ser afectados por el Proyecto. Indicar si hay desplazamiento de personas, familias o comunidades, y si lo fuera, realizar censo, tomando opinión de esos pobladores. Se debe acreditar condiciones de la infraestructura antes del Proyecto, con medidas para asegurar que no habrá un desmejoramiento. Se debe informar sobre el procedimiento de expropiación, de mediar desplazamiento. El Programa de Responsabilidad Ambiental debe contemplar, de haber desplazamientos, no solo el justo pago, si no el seguimiento

C



documentado para garantizar que la calidad de los pobladores al menos será igual que la que tenían antes del Proyecto. Este Programa además deberá incluir no solo el pago a propietarios, si no las acciones para proteger a inquilinos, arrendantes y a personas que vivieran sin mediar pago alguno. No se realizarán trabajos nocturnos, salvo situaciones de excepción y nunca relacionadas con movimientos de tierra. Los trabajos nocturnos deben ser previamente autorizados e informados a los líderes comunales.

Cierre del Proyecto Legalmente, se exigen medidas para el cierre del proyecto sólo cuando se trate de obras con 10 años o menos, como fase prevista para la operación. Sin embargo, se considera que esta medida puede ampliarse, para el retiro de obras temporales, asociadas a proyectos con mayor duración de la indicada. Se sugiere un plazo máximo de 12 meses para el retiro de las obras, según la propuesta de cierre aprobada. Particular atención deberá darse a evitar los impactos ambientales sobre flora y fauna, y al retiro de los productos químicos y desechos especiales que se mantuvieran en ese momento. Las medidas y el cronograma a implementar deben ser conocido por SETENA desde el inicio. En casos clasificados, se deberá presentar un análisis de suelos que evidencie que no quedó contaminado; en caso contrario, SETENA valorará si ejecuta la Garantía Ambiental, o si exige un Plan de Recuperación. Esta fase será particularmente relevante si se aplica eventualmente una de las sanciones previstas en la legislación propuesta, que involucra precisamente la determinación de cierre por incumplimiento.

O


1. REQUISITOS PARA LOS PLANES DE CONTINGENCIA

Se presenta una propuesta de contenido mínimo, previsible para completar un Plan de Contingencias para un Proyecto de telecomunicaciones. Se parte, dada la normativa ambiental aplicable, solo de aquellos proyectos que obligadamente deban realizar un D1, toda vez que en los supuestos del D2 esta medida no procedería, salvo que se adicionen o modifiquen las disposiciones vigentes, o se promulguen guías específicas para la materia, tal como lo preceptúa la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente1. Lo antes dicho sobre D2 salvo que se promulguen las propuestas legislativas ya citadas.

1.1 Elementos regulatorios

A esos efectos, se consideraron tres elementos clave, por ser los regulatorios y directamente relacionados con la materia, a saber:

a. Decreto Ejecutivo 32712 – MINAE, que es el Manual de instrumentos técnicos para el proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental - parte II. En éste, se dispone que deberá de incorporarse al trámite del D1, entre los anexos a entregar, el que se denomina Certificación de Riesgo Antrópico. Literalmente se dispone lo siguiente:

Ese documento debe ser suscrito por el profesional a cargo de las obras, de manera que se cuente con el respaldo de un responsable de su contenido.

b. Decreto Ejecutivo 32966 – MINAE, que es el Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el Proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental – parte IV. Esta regulación administrativa

1 Se deja indicado que a la fecha no se ha promulgado ninguna guía ambiental de las establecidas en el mandato legal.


establece que cuando se elabore un EsIA o un PGA, debe incorporarse un Plan de Contingencias, cuyo alcance varía, dependiendo de si ha elaborado en forma previa o no, un D1.

c. Decreto Ejecutivo 30465 – que es el Reglamento General para del otorgamiento de Permisos Sanitarios de Funcionamiento por parte del Ministerio de Salud, el que a su vez se fundamenta en la Ley General de Salud2. Esta disposición categoriza las diferentes posibles actividades en A, B 1, B2 y C, según su potencial riesgo e impacto ambiental, así como al número de personal laborando. La de mayor impacto y riesgo y por ende a la que se le exigen más requerimientos, es a la categoría A, en tanto que a la C, se le otorga de pleno derecho, el citado permiso, sin más trámite. Para el resto de las categorías, se deben de cumplir una serie de requisitos, entre los que precisamente se incluye la elaboración de un Plan de Atención de Emergencias. En virtud de las coincidencias entre un Plan de Contingencia, según lo antes expuesto, y el de Emergencias, y dado que solo para este último existe un formato oficial, se tomó éste como base para la elaboración de la presente propuesta. Se deja igualmente indicado que para cada proyecto, deberán de hacerse los ajustes necesarios, integrando a éste, los elementos clave derivados del Riesgo Antrópico y del Plan de Contingencias aprobado para ese momento por SETENA, y para entonces, posiblemente ya aplicado en la fase constructiva. Al Plan de Atención de Emergencias debe integrarse la información gráfica y documental producida por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia.

7.6 Contenido mínimo propuesto

A continuación se ofrece el contenido mínimo propuesto para el Plan de Contingencia:

7.6.1 Introducción

En este apartado se debe dimensionar el Proyecto, cuyo alcance debe coincidir con el establecido al momento de otorgar SETENA la Viabilidad Ambiental. Se debe hacer obligada referencia a los temas relacionados ya evaluados en el proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental. Se debe indicar si el proyecto está o no construido, integrando esta fase a la operativa, si fuera necesario.

2 En la materia también se tiene el soporte legal de disposiciones complementarias, como lo es la Ley de Riesgos de Trabajo, el Reglamento sobre las oficinas o Departamentos de Salud Ocupacional y el Reglamento de las Comisiones de Salud Ocupacional.


Generalmente desde esta fase temprana se inicia la descripción general de condiciones prevalecientes en el país, asociadas fundamentalmente a factores climáticos, dadas las fuertes lluvias en el periodo de invierno, o su condición sísmica o volcánica, ubicando al proyecto con relación al volcán o falla o conjunto de fallas cercanas.

7.6.2 Información general de la Empresa

Se trata de la referencia de la empresa proponente, con indicación y documentación legal de soporte sobre su constitución y sobre quienes legalmente son sus representantes, con indicación de si median limitaciones para el ejercicio de ese cargo. Es conveniente referenciar la experiencia que se tenga en proyectos de similar o idéntica naturaleza al que se presenta.

Adicionalmente en este apartado se debe incluir la cantidad de trabajadores prevista, con especificación sobre sus labores y áreas de trabajo, así como lo referente a la jornada de trabajo. Se debe agregar también una descripción de la actividad a realizar, con inclusión de la descripción del proceso que se trate. Un diagrama de flujo es altamente deseable.

Se debe dejar indicado el lugar para escuchar notificaciones.

7.6.3 Definiciones

Es importante desde el inicio, establecer los conceptos más relevantes. Entre otros, se debe partir de la definición del Plan mismo3. En este apartado igualmente debe incluirse la determinación de conceptos básicos como Brigadas (descripción de las áreas que comprenden), Puesto de Mando y quién lo dirigirá, Etapas del Plan de Atención de Emergencias (internas y externas, naturales o antropogénicas), y autoridades competentes.

7.6.4 Diagnóstico

3 La Comisión Nacional de Emergencia lo concibe como “el producto de una serie de análisis, observaciones y evaluaciones planificadas, dirigidas y calendarizadas en un documento, que tiene como fin servir de guía para las fases de prevención, mitigación, preparación, respuesta y rehabilitación, acciones que deben llevarse a cabo frente a situaciones de emergencia, o de inminente desastre, provocadas por la vulnerabilidad que presentan las personas, las edificaciones o los sistemas frente a las amenazas propias de la naturaleza como pueden ser los sismos, las inundaciones, los huracanes, la actividad volcánica, deslizamientos o bien provocados por el hombre como son los incendios, los derrames de productos peligrosos y las explosiones”.


Se debe presentar el resultado del trabajo de análisis realizado en el proyecto, a partir del cual se identifican potenciales riesgos y amenazas, según el lugar en el que éste se localice. Se procura la identificación de peligros potenciales, sea por hechos naturales o por acción del hombre. Se incluyen situaciones relevantes a ser consideradas al momento de ocurrir una eventualidad, en especial si por ellas se pueden ocasionar daños a las personas, instalaciones o sistemas.

En este Diagnóstico se deben contemplar la fase externa e interna, según se indica de seguido:

Fase externa. Se analizan las amenazas naturales de la zona (AP, AID, AII), tales como fallas sísmicas, volcanes activos, posibilidad de inundaciones. También, como se indicó con antelación, se deben analizar amenazas tecnológicas inherentes a la realidad que rodea al proyecto, como la operación de industrias u otras actividades a las que se asocien peligros (p.ej. almacenamiento de productos químicos, oleoductos, otros). En general, se debe considerar todo aquello que pueda poner en peligro la vida de las personas o la integridad del entorno, como consecuencia de un evento inesperado.

Se debe aportar información sobre los servicios de apoyo más cercanos, como por ejemplo, Cruz Roja, Bomberos, Policía de Tránsito, Hospitales y clínicas locales. Se debe indicar el tiempo estimado de respuesta de cada uno de ellos, y en el caso de los nosocomios, la capacidad instalada para la atención de una situación de emergencia. Es oportuno, según el caso, que se identifique si hay opciones de operaciones aeroportuarias o marítimas.

Otro elemento al que se debe hacer referencia es a los potenciales afectados, sean estos: empleados de la Empresa, miembros de comunidades vecinas, o elementos del entorno (como recursos costeros, sitios arqueológicos, infraestructura urbana, etc), propietarios de predios aledaños, etc.

Por último, se debe incluir referencia a procedimientos con que se cuente, con especial énfasis en los relacionados con la comunicación, información y prevención de emergencia, que involucren también a los vecinos, sean éstos residentes u operaciones industriales, comerciales o de servicio, cercanas.

En el análisis que se efectúe es además trascendental determinar la criticidad de que la infraestructura en telecomunicaciones se


mantenga operativa, en caso de calamidad pública, local o nacional, por lo que es especialmente importante que el análisis sea suficientemente riguroso, para identificar y atender de forma correcta, las posibles amenazas.

Fase interna. Esta valoración debe partir de las condiciones del proyecto como tal, y el equipo asociado operando también. Entre otros, debe hacerse referencia al estado de mantenimiento de la estructura, al tamaño de la edificación, con señalamiento de los niveles que disponga y de las facilidades de acceso, normales y de emergencia, años de construcción de la edificación, y referencia a otros elementos constructivos clave, como materiales de construcción evidentes (ventanales, espacios cerrados, cemento, madera, etc.).

Se debe además hacer indicación de elementos del Proyecto que pueden verse afectados ante una situación de emergencia, como cableados, antenas, unidades de generación eléctrica, líneas de alimentación, y otros.

En el caso de componentes de los proyectos de telecomunicaciones que involucren trabajadores permanentes o no, deben valorarse también los diferentes puestos de trabajo propiamente dichos. En este sentido, se deben valorar aspectos como: el espacio físico para cada persona y los riesgos asociados, la existencia/necesidad de salidas de emergencias y pasillos de acceso a ellas, y en general, cualquier condición inherente a los componentes del proyecto, que implique un potencial riesgo al momento de enfrentarse una situación de emergencia.

Las condiciones de puertas, escaleras y salidas de emergencia, así como la disponibilidad de fluido eléctrico, son aspectos indispensables, en sitios como las oficinas de las centrales telefónicas, u otras necesarias para la operación de los servicios.

Las condiciones de almacenamiento de productos químicos o peligrosos, procurando su relacionamiento con otros proyectos cercanos que también lo tengan, es también importante, incluyendo la valoración del riesgo de onda expansiva, en el caso de una explosión. Siempre con respecto a productos químicos, se debe identificar que se cuente con las hojas de seguridad en español, ubicadas en lugares de fácil acceso, y que se cuente con el equipo básico para la atención inicial de una potencial emergencia.


Otro aspecto a valorar es el equipo disponible para la atención de incendios, así como el equipo médico de atención primaria con que se cuente, si lo hubiera, el sistema de luces de emergencia y de alarma, probando en sitio su condición de funcionamiento.

También, se deben establecer brigadas. Se debe indicar los temas asignados a ellas, y la capacitación prevista, la que obligadamente debe incluir prácticas periódicas, con simulacros.

Finalmente, se debe incorporar un análisis de la criticidad de los elementos valorados, para la atención de una eventual emergencia nacional o local, con el fin de integrar esta información en los planes de re-establecimiento de condiciones que se definan, a una escala mayor, para la atención de esos eventos.

7.6.5 Mapa de riesgos asociados

La información relevante antes indicada, para la fase externa e interna, debe quedar materializada en un mapa de riesgos, que a su vez servirá para elaborar el mapa de rutas de evacuación y de atención de la emergencia, los que deberán mantenerse a la mano. Las rutas de evacuación en particular, y según sea aplicable, deberán mantenerse expuestos en los centros de trabajo.

Los mapas de riesgos serán válidos no sólo para los centros de trabajo, sino en general, para identificar puntos de potenciales riesgos en cualquier proyecto de infraestructura en telecomunicaciones. Por ejemplo, deben señalizarse sitios de almacenamiento de combustibles, sitios donde eventualmente se tengan fuentes láser, antenas u otros elementos que por sus condiciones puedan asociarse verse sujetos a deslizamientos, inundaciones, etc.

7.6.6 Organización administrativa de la Emergencia

Se debe incluir la estructura organizativa con que se cuente, partiendo de la existencia de un Comité de Emergencias, y según el número de trabajadores, con brigadas especializadas. La estructura debe reflejarse en un organigrama interno, en el que además se refleje la interacción posible/necesaria, con las entidades con competencia a nivel nacional.

ANTES de una emergencia, su labor es la de prevenir accidentes, y entrenarse para su atención, si aquélla llegara a ocurrir. Para ello, el


personal relacionado debe tener entrenamiento y capacitación constante y debe efectuar periódicamente, simulacros.

DURANTE una emergencia, con independencia de la naturaleza que la haya originado, se debe de instalar el PUESTO DE MANDO, a cargo de quien dirija el Comité de Emergencias. Desde éste se girarán las instrucciones necesarias, relacionadas con la determinación de si hay evacuación de personal o no; si ésta es total o parcial; y si se debe llamar a la ayuda de soporte externo o no. Se debe indicar el nivel de comunicación que se tendrá para la convocatoria de los brigadistas, quienes deberán guiar al personal a las áreas de seguridad, utilizando las rutas de evacuación. Se debe dejar indicado el equipo de comunicación con que se cuente. En el supuesto que las autoridades nacionales sean llamadas, decisión que se adopta en el Puesto de Mando, éstas prevalecerán en el control de la situación y sus órdenes deberán ser acatadas. En este mismo sentido, deberá coordinarse lo propio para la identificación de puntos críticos que requieran habilitación inmediata, aún durante el periodo de atención de la emergencia; ello, a fin de facilitar, justamente, las operaciones requeridas en ese sentido.

DESPUÉS DE, el Puesto de Mando debe valorar los daños, humanos y materiales. Debe asegurarse primero que los heridos estén siendo debidamente atendidos, y de haber fallecidos, que sean retirados en el menor tiempo posible. Finalizada la emergencia, junto con las autoridades nacionales, si se les hubiera llamado, se determinará si se autoriza el reingreso o no del personal a las instalaciones. Se define además, cuáles de éstas requieren mejoras para garantizar su seguridad y operatividad, y se procede a efectuarlas.

La estructura administrativa que se determine, debe ir complementada con Planes de Respuesta Rápida, que será aplicada por los brigadistas para la atención de posibles personas damnificadas. Al menos se sugiere que se tengan brigada de incendios, de Primeros Auxilios, de Seguridad, de Evacuación y Rescate y de Rehabilitación. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de poco personal, éstas se pueden reagrupar. Complementariamente, debe de haber Planes de Respuesta para la definición de planes de acción específicos, a fin de rehabilitar los componentes críticos, necesarios para mantener las telecomunicaciones operativas, al menos al nivel mínimo requerido para la atención de la emergencia misma, y para reiniciar las labores de re-establecimiento, una vez superada la fase crítica.


Lo indicado a este punto deberá complementarse con la definición de los canales de información que deberá utilizar cada parte involucrada en la atención de una eventual emergencia. Esto incluye también los flujos de información que se deben tener, tanto a nivel interno, como externo.

7.6.7 Recursos

Como parte de la planificación de la atención de emergencias, el Plan de Contingencias, deberá contener una definición de los equipos, herramientas, recursos humanos, económicos, etc., que sean necesarios para prevenir y/o controlar la emergencia, según sea el caso.

7.6.8 Planes específicos a seguir durante la Emergencia

Estos establecerán la Guía operativa a partir de la cual se atienda cada eventual emergencia, en función de las condiciones establecidas desde el Diagnóstico antes mencionado. Estos planes incluyen el de evacuación y rescate, el de rehabilitación de infraestructura crítica, y cualquiera otro que se juzgue necesario.

El número de personas y las condiciones de las instalaciones son factores clave en su elaboración. Esencialmente, estos instrumentos al menos deben contemplar: ubicación y señalización de las zonas de seguridad; identificación de áreas seguras aún dentro de la edificación, si las hubiera; capacidad de las zonas de seguridad y de la capacidad de los pasillos o rutas de acceso; señalización de las rutas y salidas de emergencia; señalización de las áreas o equipo o productos peligrosos (bodega de productos químicos, almacenamiento de combustibles, calderas, etc.).

El Plan que se comenta debe ser complementado con un programa constante de capacitación general al personal para que sepa cómo reaccionar ante la activación del sistema de alarma, para lo cual los simulacros son herramientas muy útiles. Se debe indicar si la alarma contempla o comprende a los vecinos o comunidades cercanas. Se recuerda que el mecanismo de información para la atención de emergencias es indispensable, tanto a lo interno como con respecto a los vecinos y colaboradores.

Finalmente se debe especificar el tiempo máximo de evacuación del personal y el tiempo promedio en que se esperaría tener control de


las emergencias que se puedan suscitar, según el resultado del Diagnóstico inicial.

7.6.9 Croquis y planos

En los centros de trabajo, tales como las oficinas ya comentadas, debe mantenerse al menos un croquis de las instalaciones, o idealmente, los planos constructivos respectivos. Debe también tenerse los planos que describan la ubicación exacta de otros componentes donde no se mantenga personal fijo, como antenas, ductos, o redes de servicio en general. En éstos, debe tenerse identificación de cada uno de los elementos que pueda requerir atención en caso de una eventual emergencia.

Esta documentación debe ser analizada en forma prioritaria por el Puesto de Mando ante una emergencia, y debe ser entregada al llegar al lugar los equipos de apoyo externo. Su contenido debe evidenciar las condiciones de riesgo identificadas y demás temas tratados con antelación.

7.6.10 Evaluación del Plan

Se deberá adjuntar, además de lo mencionado con antelación, las evaluaciones periódicas que se hagan del Plan de Atención de Emergencias, el que deberá de irse ajustando, según las actividades cambien o se incremente o disminuya el personal. Esos cambios deben ser informados al Ministerio de Salud, y a las demás entidades con competencia, a efecto de lo cual será vital revisar los cambios legislativos y regulatorios que están por ocurrir. El resultado de las labores ordinarias de evaluación deberán ser sugerencias para mejorar la propuesta inicial, en especial luego de establecidas y capacitadas las brigadas.

Luego de una emergencia, obligadamente el Comité de Emergencias deberá evaluar los resultados de la aplicación del Plan, valorando daños, humanos y materiales, y consecuencias de las acciones adoptadas, así como el tiempo y costo estimado para la rehabilitación y reconstrucción necesaria para volver a operar.

7.6.11 Cronograma

Todas las acciones antes mencionadas, con indicación del responsable y del plazo para su ejecución, deben quedar contenidas en un Cronograma que se deberá de incluir.


2. RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LAS REGULACIONES A NIVEL NACIONAL Y LOCAL

El país cuenta con un marco ambiental regulatorio amplio, aunque no necesariamente completo a ajustado a las modernas tendencias y exigencias legales de países más desarrollados. En este apartado se incluye áreas temáticas que podrán ser consideradas en las regulaciones que se promulguen a futuro.

2.1 Recomendaciones a futuro

Es importante que se incluyan de manera expresa, al menos los siguientes aspectos:

1. Exigencia de un estudio de impacto ambiental. Se parte de la actual redacción de los textos legislativos vigentes en materia de cableado submarino y de los textos propuestos de ley en materia de telecomunicaciones ya citados. Será oportuno integrar a los reglamentos que se deberán dictar a futuro, aquéllos que involucren los temas analizados en este documento. En ese mismo orden de pensamiento, es factible que SETENA elabore guías específicas, derivadas de los mandatos legales que finalmente se aprueben. Se debe contemplar en ese marco regulatorio, preferiblemente a nivel de ley, la obligación de SETENA de exigir mayores requerimientos a quienes se ubiquen en áreas ambientalmente frágiles, incentivando más bien a las que se localicen fuera de éstas.

2. Exigencia de requerimientos mínimos. Es imperativo que se incluyan, preferiblemente a nivel de ley, aspectos técnicos relevantes, ya aplicados en otras latitudes como Francia, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido. Entre otras, se sugiere considerar los siguientes: exigencia de la mejor tecnología disponible; limitar las alturas máximas; exigencias de luces: que sean bajas, blancas, colocadas hacia abajo, con la menor intensidad posible, con el menor número de flashes por minuto. La luz roja solo se utilizará por razones de exigencia aeronáutica. El establecimiento de estas luces debe además responder a un estudio de aves, con énfasis en las migratorias, para garantizar el menor impacto posible. Adicionalmente se debe disponer de la exigencia probatoria de quien pretenda hacer uso de un ASP, para comprobar que el área requerida es la que esencialmente necesita, y que ésta es la de menor impacto visual, y que solo se utilizarán vías de acceso


existentes. También deberá de prohibirse por ley, el uso de torres soportadas con arriostres.

3. Establecimiento de áreas categorizadas en el país. Se debe disponer de áreas urbanas, rurales y áreas frágiles, ampliando en este último supuesto, la categorización establecida por SETENA, que no consideran ni los corredores biológicos ni otras características especiales que en la práctica puedan tener los terrenos sujetos a afectación. A cada una de ellas debe ir asociadas el conjunto de medidas ambientales, siendo las más relevantes las dispuestas para zonas rurales y de áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Entre las rurales se incluyen las zonas costeras del país, las que deben diferenciarse entre las que cuenten con Planes Reguladores Costeros y las que no, y entre las que cuenten con esa planificación, entre las que cuenten con esos Planes aprobados por SETENA y las que no.

4. Cobro actualizado por ubicación en AP. Se debe autorizar al MINAE a cobrar y actualizar ese cobro anualmente, mediante mecanismos modernos de ajuste, por la instalación de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones, o en su defecto, que ese elemento se integre al cobro de servicios ambientales, que ya la propuesta legislativa lo ha incorporado como uno de los elementos a considerar en materia de definición tarifaría. El dinero recaudado debiera ser obligadamente entregado al Área de Conservación respectiva, la que deberá invertirlo en programas de investigación en la fauna silvestre, en especial de aves, del Área del Proyecto y del AID y del AII, si se mantuviera dentro de su jurisdicción esta última.

5. Zona Marítimo Terrestre. La instalación de infraestructura en la ZMT actualmente requiere de una tediosa tramitología, que debiera de simplificarse para los casos de telecomunicaciones, con las garantías técnico ambientales necesarias para asegurar que no se ubicarán en zonas de humedales, manglares, o arrecifes coralinos, y que se respetarán los ecosistemas asociados.

6. Instalaciones en Reservas Indígenas. Se debe incluir la construcción de infraestructura en Reservas Indígenas como criterio en el proceso de categorización de los proyectos de la SETENA, así que en los formularios D1 y D2. La SETENA debe requerir que se realice una consulta pública y divulgación temprana del proyecto y que se prepare un Marco de Planificación para las Poblaciones Indígenas (Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework, IPPF), en conformidad con la Política de Salvaguarda del Bando Mundial OP 4.10.


7.7 Recomendaciones a nivel reglamentario según marco jurídico vigente

A nivel reglamentario, es fundamental complementar el marco vigente con los aspectos que se citan de seguido. La presente referencia es obligada a efecto de procurar homologar las exigencias y la calidad de los trabajos que se someten a evaluación ante SETENA, particularmente considerando que recientemente esa dependencia ha autorizado revisiones de documentos a terceros, que son privados pero no funcionarios públicos. Las recomendaciones son:

1. Adición a los reglamentos vigentes para exigir al menos a los Proyectos en telecomunicaciones que no sean del Estado y que se ubiquen en zonas ambientalmente frágiles, contar con un Programa de Responsabilidad Social, aprobado por SETENA. Entre otros, este Programa debe propiciar la capacitación ambiental de las comunidades aledañas, y de los mismos trabajadores del proyecto, en especial, en temas debatidos sobre salud, relacionados con la operación de estas facilidades.

2. Exigencia para todo Proyecto de telecomunicaciones de contar con Planes de Manejo de Desechos Sólidos y Líquidos, tanto para la fase constructiva como operativa, así como Planes de Contingencia en la etapa de construcción y de Emergencia en la de Operación. También deberán de aportar Planes de Monitoreo Ambiental con énfasis en fauna, y Plan de Cierre de Obras.

3. Requerimiento obligado de contar con un programa de monitoreo de ruido y vibraciones, para las instalaciones en las que estos sean factores de interés.

4. Exigencia de mecanismos modernos de mitigación del impacto visual como pantallas, barreras vegetales, mimetismo, u otros que a la fecha no se han implementado en el país.

5. Exigencia para hacer una rigurosa selección de sitio, protegiendo al máximo las AFF, y priorizando el uso compartido de infraestructura, de modo que se garantice que no se construirán obras nuevas por falta de implementación de mecanismos de coordinación entre facilidades existentes. Se debe incentivar el uso de postes en paralelo con los existentes, así como de facilidades compartidas.


6. Apoyo a programas de investigación, para generar normas específicas de país, que permitan minimizar el potencial impacto de los proyectos de infraestructura en telecomunicaciones, sobre los recursos naturales, y en particular, sobre las aves migratorias, dada la excepcional riqueza del país en ese campo, y a la vez, dado el elevado potencial impacto que puede devenir, de los proyectos analizados.


ANNEX 14

Photo Log of the Environmental Assessment during ERM site visit

(June 2007)


List of telecommunication facilities visited

(1) Tower located at Braulio Carrillo, National Park (2) Tower located at San Luis, Rural area (3) Tower located at POPS, Residential area (4) Tower Roosvelt, Residential area(5) Tower San Diego, Highway area(6) Tower site Los Diques, Rural area (project not accepted)(7) Tower San Blas de Cartago, Rural area(8) Tower Irazú, National Park


Picture 1 Access Road to Tower ‘Brauilo Carillo’ constructed by ICE, Brauilo Carillo National Park

Picture 2 Land

line telecommunication infrastructure in urban area


Picture 3 Lighting on Tower ‘Brauilo Carillo’, Brauilo Carillo National Park


Picture 4 Telecommunication mast, Tower ‘San Diego’, urban area, showing several antennae on same mast


Picture 5 Telecommunication infrastructure in Irazú National Park

Picture 6 Telecommunication cellular tower in Irazú National Park


Picture 7 Tower ‘Brauilo Carillo’, Brauilo Carillo National Park

Picture 8 Telecommunication mast in a semi-urban area, San Luis de Santo Domingo


Picture 9 Telecommunication Mast and equipment hut ‘San Diego’, urban area (no camouflage)

Picture 10 Backup Generator in Tower ‘Brauilo Carillo’, Brauilo Carillo National Park


Picture 11 Telecommunication Mast ‘Cartago’, urban area, built without respecting required distance from residential buildings


Picture 12 Domestic wastes dumped outside Tower Irazú Site, Irazú National Park

Picture 13 Unused diesel tank

lying outside of Tower Irazu Site, Irazu National Park


Picture 14 Telecommunication Mast facility, Cartago, Urban area, showing worker wearing no PPE


Picture 15 Telecommunication Mast facility, Cartago, Urban area showing workers wearing no PPE


Picture 16 Storage and Management of fuel with non precautionary measures at the Telecommunication Mast facility, Cartago, Urban area


ANNEX 15

Data Sources


1. List of References

American Bird Conservancy: http://www.abcbirds.org/policy/towerkill.htm, May 2007.



City of Surrey, Canada, Policy for Telecommunication Towers, 2002, http://www.fcm.ca/english/documents/surrey.pdf


EBRD Sub-sectoral Environmental Guidelines for Telecommunications.

Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure, ICNIRP, 2004.

Federation of Canadian Municipalities, www.fcm.ca, May 2007.

Guide on Best Practices Between Mayors and Operators, French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association, 2003.

Guide on Best Practices for Installing Antennae, French Association of Mobile Phone Operators and French Mayors Association. 2003.

ICNIRP: www.icnirp.de. May 2007.

IFC’s EHS Guidelines for Telecommunications. April 30, 2007.

IFC’s General Environmental, Occupational, Health and Safety Guidelines.


http://www.icnirp.de/

http://www.fcm.ca/



Independent Expert group on Mobile Phones, Mobile Phones and Health (“The Stewart Report”), United Kingdom, 2000.

Investor Manual of the Ministry of Trade (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, COMEX), http://www.tramites.go.cr/manual/.


National Parks and Wildlife Act, Australia, 1974.



Scientific Basis to Establish Policy Regulation Communications Towers to Protect Migratory Birds, Land Protection Partners, 2005.

United States Department of Health and Human Services: www.fda.gov/cellphones/. May 2007.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Voluntary Guidelines on Communications Towers Siting, Construction, Operation and Decommissioning.http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/issues/towers/comtow.html. May 2007.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service: www.fws.gov, May 2007.

Watchdog Report 2003, Potential Health Implications from Mobile Telecommunication Systems, COST Action 281 (network of leading European research groups), 2003.

WHO Fact Sheet No. 296, Electromagnetic fields and public health: Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity, 2005.

WHO Fact Sheet No. 304, Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Base Stations and Wireless Technologies, May 2006.

WHO Handbook, Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from Electromagnetic fields, 2002.

WHO. www.who.int/peh-emf/en/. May 2007.


http://www.who.int/peh-emf/en/

http://www.fws.gov/



http://www.fda.gov/cellphones/

http://www.tramites.go.cr/manual/

2. Methodology used for gathering Baseline Information on Migratory Birds Corridors

The information contained in the baseline information on migratory birds is the results of 18 years of observations made by ornithologist Marco Saborio. The methodology used by to obtain information consisted in visual observations made during the month of October of every year since 1992 (October is the month during which bird density is greatest). The observations were focused on four species of predatory birds, which migrate together and in numbers. These species are:

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)

The road network was used to identify migration at selected points and define the width of the corridor, as well as the route, with greatest precision. Interviews with locals in different areas of the country also allowed identification of other points of the corridor.

Once the migrants were located, observations were made from a point under which the birds flew, when possible, to take exact geographical positions and an estimation of the number of birds. When it was not possible to reach the exact point under which the birds fly, the coordinates of the observation point were retained.

Counts of birds were made every year in these selected points to verify the density of the migration, as well as the consistency with which routes are used. The same methodology was applied to all sites: Contacts were established with locals and data on migration and weather was obtained through daily telephone communications. These local contacts also allowed locating the resting areas and verifying the specie and number of birds at the moment of departure the following day. The equipment used was photo and video cameras; binoculars of 8x42 and 20x80; voice recorder; and GPS devices.

Table 1. List of coordinates of references included in Table 4.8 and Table 4.9 of Section 4.1.10 Migratory Birds Corridors.

Referencia Coordenadas Descripción Lat. Long.

Los Chiles 11°02.177 84°42.680 Poblado de Los Chiles, frontera


Norte.

1 10°59.538 84°43.599Área del Río Frío cercana a Los Chiles

2 10°52.615 84°41.072Área de observación en carretera a Los Chiles

3 10°44.588 84°10.061Finca cerca de la desembocadura del río San Carlos

4 10°27.060 84°03.110 Chilamate de Sarapiquí

5 10°29.350 84°01.380Alrededores Colegio de Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí

6 10°23.370 83°58.030Carretera a Sarapiquí, por Gasolinera Isla Grande

Guap. 10°13.038 83°46.975 Ciudad de Guápiles 7 10°18.020 83°45.440 Poblado de La Rita de Guápiles

8 10°20.201 83°44.285Poblado de Astúa Pirie, Carretera a Puerto Lindo

9 10°24.378 83°42.307 Poblado de Cariari de Guápiles10 10°27.695 83°42.463 Poblado de Palmitas

Pto. Lindo 10°41.122 83°40.031 Poblado de Puerto Lindo.

11 10°14.080 83°34.020Escuela de agricultura EARTH, Guácimo de Pococí

Siquirres 10°05.310 83°25.230 Ciudad de Siquirres 12 10°03.390 83°18.040 Puente en Carretera a Matina13 10°04.340 83°16.550 Frente al Colegio de Matina14 10°06.869 83°14.461 Carretera a Barra de Matina

Barra Matina 10°07.761 83°12.766Embarcadero en canal para Barra de Matina y Tortuguero

15 9°59.520 83°08.250 Poblado Nueve Millas, Limón.

16 9°57.530 83°04.250En tramo de carretera a La Bomba, Limón.

17 9°46.290 82°54.310Poblado Penshurt, cerca de Gasolinera

18 9°44.590 82°52.200Poblado Bordon en Carretera a Pto. Viejo de Limón

Kekoldi 9°38.300 82°46.833Reserva Indígena y puesto de observación Kekoldi

19 9°38.000 82°48.340Puesto de observación en carretera a Bribri

20 9°37.310 82°51.070 Poblado de Bribri

Sixaola 9°31.000 82°38.160Poblado de Sixaola en frontera con Panamá

21 8°54.230 82°47.383Hacienda La Amistad, Mellisas de Coto Brus

22 8°57.625 82°48.602Estación Punto Mira, Hacienda La Amistad.

San Vito 8°49.202 82°58.246 Ciudad de San VitoVolcán* 9°13.846 83°24.464 En plantaciones de piña en Volcán


de Buenos Aires

Chirripó 9°29.778 83°28.897Cerro de Chirripó, Cordillera de Talamanca

San Isidro 9°22.824 83°42.346 Ciudad de San Isidro de El General

23 9°33.215 83°42.213La Auxiliadora, en carretera Interamericana Sur

24 9°33.160 83°45.160Cerro Buena Vista, cordillera de Talamanca

25 9°47.377 84°10.316Acosta, camino a Sabanas y Parrita.

26 9°50.850 84°18.683 En carretera a Puriscal

27 9°55.255 84°02.337Puesto de observación en Curridabat, San José.

28 9°54.300 83°58.540 Poblado de Pacayas, Cartago29 9°56.000 83°46.400 Poblado de Capellades, Cartago

30 10°18.526 84°11.164En Carretera a San Miguel de Sarapiquí, vía Vara Blanca

31 10°34.589 84°55.620 Lago Cote en Cordillera de Tilarán


3. GIS Methodology

ERM conducted a constraints analysis for this project with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS), specifically using ArcMap version 9.2 with the Spatial Analyst extension. This analysis covered the entire country of Costa Rica and used data from multiple sources. The table below lists the data layers used in our analysis and their sources.

Table 2 Data layers and sources

Data Layer Name Description Source

Given to ERM

arsipro_2005.shpLand Use (including protected areas)

CENIGA-MINAE (Nacional Center for Geographical Information)

curvas200-ln.shpTopographic contours (100 meter intervals) CENIGA-MINAE

rios_ln.shp Rivers CENIGA-MINAEcuencas_ln.shp Provincial Boundaries (41) CENIGA-MINAEusodel territorio1992-ln.shp 1992 Land Cover Data CENIGA-MINAE

cob97_00.lyr 1997 Land Cover Data

FONAFIFO (Nacional Fund for Forest Financing)

2005Final.shp 2005 Land Cover data CENIGA-MINAE

Sitios celda_25ago061.xlsLocations of cell phone towers CENIGA-MINAE

Volcanoes.shpLocation of Active volcanoes

United Status Geological Survey

Wetlands.shpWetlands of International Importance Ramsar Convention

Created by ERM

Cell_Tower_Locations.shpLocations of existing cell towers

ERM - from excel spreadsheet

contour_points.shpPoints of digital contour lines

ERM - from contour lines

topo100m2Digital Elevation Model - 100 meter resolution

ERM - from contour lines

hlshd100m Hillshade modelERM - from contour lines

slope100mdeg Slope gridERM - from contour lines

vwshed100m Viewshed gridERM - from contour lines


ERM first established a basemap using pre-existing data to determine general locations. ERM then received cell tower location in Latitude/Longitude coordinates from ICE and imported these into GIS and overlayed them on the basemap. Next, the digital topographic contours were imported and brought into the map. The Spatial Analysis extension was used to create several products derived from the digital contours. Specifically, a digital elevation model, hillshading model, and slope model were constructed using 100 meter resolution. The cell towers locations were then used on top of the digital elevation model to determine the viewshed for these locations.

Next a constraints analysis was conducted using land cover, land use, slope, and other relevant factors that might prohibit or limit the ability to construct towers. The factors used in the final analysis were mangroves, wetlands, volcanoes, protected lands, and steep slopes.

4. Institutions visited during ERM Site visit, June 2007

(1) Ministry of Foreign Trade (2) MINAE - Ministry of Environment and Energy, International

Cooperation (3) MINAE – SINAC, National System for Conservation Areas (4) MINAE - SETENA, Technical Secretariat for the Environment (5) MINAE – CONAGEBIO, National Commission for Biodiversity

Management (6) ARESEP, Regulatory Authority for Public Services (7) DGAC - Civil Aviation Authority (8) ICE - Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (9) National Museum, Department of Natural History


ANNEX 16

Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework

(IPPF)
