Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.orgllrrd26/12/ibœ26228.htm

Guide furLivestock Research for Rural Development 26 (12) 2014 preparation of

~LRRDNewsletter Citation ofthis

paper

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats

M Ibnelbachyr, 1Boujenane! and AChikhi2

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Center of Errachidia, PO Box 529, Boutalamine, Errachidia,Morocco

m ibnelbachyr@yahoo.fr1 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Department of Animal Production and Biotechnology, Rabat,

Morocco2 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Center of Kénitra, PO Box 1133, Kénitra, Morocco

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess reproductive and growth performance of Draa goats and to estimatethe non-genetic effects. Data were collected in the Experimental Station of Errachidia on a total of 148 doeswith repetitive performances and 667 kids. Reproductive data were analyzed using a mixed model and growthdata were analyzed using a fixed mode!.

Length of pregnancy (LP), litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at 90 days (LS90) and litter weight at 90 days(LW90) averaged 147.5±2.60 days, 1.52±O.50 kids, 1.07±O.72 kids and 9.81±6.92 kg, respectively. Does withan age greater than 48 months had the highest LSB and LS90, whereas does kidding in spring had the highestLSB. Birth weight (BW), weight at 30 (W30), weight at 90 days (W90), average daily gain between birth and30 days (ADGO-30), and between 30 and 90 days (ADG30-90) averaged 2.26±0.42 kg, 5.17±O.99 kg,9.29±1.97 kg, 95.8±29.0 g/day, 69.5±24.0 g/day, respectively. Age of dam significantly affect a1lweights butnot ADG. Males and single-born kids had the highest weights at a11ages and the highest growth rates. Kidswhich were born in spring or autumn had the highest BW, whereas summer-bom kids had the highest W90 andADG30-90. It was concluded that these environmental factors should be taken into consideration in theselection program.

Keywords: Draa breed, environment factors, lifter size, body weight

Introduction

With a total of 5.5 million heads, the Moroccan goat herd ranked 13th worldwide and is composed by severalpopulations; with the most important are Black Mountain goats, goats of North and Draa goats of oases area.The Draa population is composed of about 10,000 heads. Animals have a medium-size with adult weightaveraging 30 kg for females and 40 kg for males.

Draa goats are able to reproduce throughout the year (Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal 1989), with a slight decline insexual activity from February to April (Derquaoui and El Khaledi 1994). The absence of a marked seasonalanoestrus in Draa goats encourages.a free continuous mating that results in kiddings distributed throughout ofthe year and in low fertility (69.4%) and prolificacy (1.26) (Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal 1989). However, in astatefarm, the same authors reported a fertility of 87% and a litter size at birth of 1.60, which indicate that there is aroom {or improvement of the Draa breed. Also, the interesting growth performance of kids during the sucklingperiod (166 g/d) (Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal 1989) led to the raising of Draa goats as a dual purpose breed.

hl this context, an organized breeding system of three kiddings in two years will be advantageous for improvingfarmers' profitability by increasing the number of kids weaned with a satisfactory growth rate. Such a breedingsystem was applied for Creole goats (Alexandre et al 1999), Brazilian goats (Nogueira et al 2012) and Omanigoats (El Hag et al 2000), and also in D'man sheep (Boujenane et al 2013), but never used for Moroccan goats.

Moreover, besides of genetic effects, the goat performance is submitted to the non-genetic factors. ln fact,Mellado et al (2006) reported that the reproductive process is regulated by genetic and non-genetic factors thatdetermine the level and the efficiency of reproduction. ln the selection process, non-genetic factors hinder theselection of superior animals to be parents of the next generations by masking the actual breeding values of

1sur 8 03/12/201411:07

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.orgllrrd26/12/ibœ26228.htm

the se candidates to selection (Eltawil et al 1970). The objectives of this study were to assess the reproductiveand growth performance of Draa indigenous goats and to determine effects of sorne non-genetic factors.

Materials and methods

Site of the study

The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Errachidia (31 °92'01 '3 N, 4°44'97"S W) located inthe South -East of Morocco. The climate is arid, with an average maximum temperature of 38.7°C in July and anaverage minimum temperature of 0.8°C in January. The mean annual rainfall is ISOmm, with an irregularrepartition from 3 mm in July to 27 mm in October.

Herd management

The experimental herd was composed by 80 does and 10 bucks of Draa breed (Figure 1). AnimaIs were matedfollowing a breeding system of 3 kiddings in 2 years. Three different mating periods were chosen: February l sr ,March ISth, June 1st - July ISth and October 1st - November ISth, which correspond to births in summer,auturnn and spring, respectively. During the mating period, a teaser buck was used twice a day to detect does inoestrus. These were immediately presented to their corresponding mating buck. Each buck was assigned lOtoIS does, with whom he does not have any genetic relationship. Two groups of 30 to SOdoes were matedalternatively. If a doe was not pregnant during a mating period, it was transferred to the group that was mated atthe next mating period. The female kids were mated for the first time between 12 and 18 months of age,depending on their birth season.

Photo 1: Draa does with their kids maintained indoor

Does were maintained under intensive feeding system based on straw and green or dried alfalfa, complementedwith commercial concentrates (barley, corn grain, sunflower meal, faba bean and dried beet pulp). No grazingwas allowed like as in the rearing system applied in the oases. Does received between 400 to 600 glday ofconcentrate according to their physiological stage. During the suckling period, kids had free access (creepfeeding) to a good alfalfa hay and a concentrate mixture with 18% protein (Figure 2). After weaning, theycontinued to receive the same diet until the age of 4 months. Then, males were placed on a fattening diet andfemales on a post-weaning growthregimen.

•

2 sur 8 03/121201411:07

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.org!1rrd26/12/ibœ26228.htm

Photo 2: Draa kids in a creep feeding system

Animais were vaccinated against enterotoxaemia and treated against internai and external parasites.AdditionaIly, a therapy against mastitis and diarrhoea was applied regularly at each kidding period. More detailsconcerning herd management was presented in Ibnelbachyr et al. (2014).

Data recording and traits studied

Reproductive data were collected from 2006 to 2012 on 148 does with an average age of 38 months and weightat mating of 27 kg. Before mating, does were flushed and weighed. During the mating period, dates of matingwere recorded daily. At birth, the kids were ear -tagged and weighted. Information concerning the date of birth,dam identification, sex, type of birth and birth weight was recorded.

Litter size at birth (LSB) is the number of kids born alive or dead per doe kidding. Litter size at 90 (LS90) is thenumber of kids present at 90 days per doe kidding, while their total weight represents the litter weight at 90days (LW90) per doe kidding. The length of pregnancy (LP) is the interval between the date of mating and thedate of kidding. Lengths of pregnancy lower than 137 days or greater than 156 days were discarded.

Growth data were collected on 667 kids between 2006 and 2012. At birth, the kids were weighed and the sexwas identified. After birth, kids were weighted every 21 days until about 90 days old, Weights at 30 and 90 dayswere calculated by linear interpolation and the average daily gains from birth to 30 days (ADGO-30) and from30 to 90 days (ADG30-90) were deducted.

Statistical analyzes

Depending on the trait studied, data analyzed varied from 264 to 46lfor reproductive traits and from 492 to 667for growth traits. Reproductive traits were analyzed using a mixed mode! that included the random effect of doeand the fixed effects of age of doe (41evels: age:S24, 24<age~6, 36<age::;48, age>48 months), kidding season(3 levels: spring, summer and autumn) and year of kidding (7 levels: 2006, ... , 2012), whereas growth traitswere analyzed using a model that inc1uded the fixed effects of age of dam (4Ievels: age:S24, 24<age:S36,36<age:S48, age>48 months), type of birth (2 levels: single or multiple), sex of kid (2 levels: male, female),season ofbirth (3Ievels: spring, summer and autumn) and the year ofbirth (7Ievels: 2006 to 2012). Theinteractions between these factors were assumed to be negligible and hence were not tested. When an effectwas significant (p<0.05), differences among least-squares means were examined using the pdiff option (SAS2002).

Results and discussion

Reproductive performance

The length of pregnancy of Draa does averaged 147.5 days, which is lower than the result reported for the samebreed (153 days) by Boujenane et al (2010). For various breeds, such as Alpine, Boer, Jamunapari, Matou,Nubian, Sudano-Nubian, Pygrnie andToggenburg, the values reported by Amoah et al (1996), Dickson-Urdanetaet al (2000), Greyling (2000), Moaeen-ud-Din et al (2002) and El-Abid and Abu Nikhaila (2009) varied from148 and 152 days.

Litter size at birth, litter size at 90 days and litter weight at 90 days per doe kidding averaged 1.52 kids, 1.07kids and 9.81 kg, respective1y, indicating that Draa goats are moderately prolific. The result concerning the littersize at birth was similar to those obtained by Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal (1989) on the same breed and by Güneyet al ~2006) on Damascus goats. However, they were lower than those found on the Creole goats, which gavebirth to inore than 2 kids per kidding (Alexandre et al 1999; Menéndez-Buxadera et al 2003). Litter size at 90days was 0.45 kids lower than litter size at birth. This difference was due to the mortality of kids because ofdiarrhoea, hypothermia and enterotoxaemia. Moreover, the litter weight at 90 days was lower than that of theIranian Cashmere goat (11-13 kg) (Maghsoudi et al 2009), but higher than those of Black Bengal goats (6.37kg) (Mia et a12013b) and Creole goats (7.75 kg at 82 days) (Alexandre et al 1999).

Least-squares means and standard errors for length of pregnancy, litter size at birth, litter size at 90 days andlitter weight at 90 days are presented in Table 1. Age of does had significant effects on aIl studied traits. Thehighest length of pregnancy was recorded for does with an age between 36 and 48 months, whereas the highestlitter size at birth and at 90 days were found for does of more than 48 months old, Does of more than 48 monthsold had a LSB 0.62, 0.36 and 0.25 greater than those of does having an age of 24 months or less, 24-36 months

3 sur 8 03/12/201411:07

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.orW1rrd26/12/ibœ26228.htlll

and 36-48 months. Likewise, does of the last two age classes had the highest litter size and litter weight at 90days. The difference with the other age classes was at least 0.16 for litter size and 1.8 kg of litter weight. Thisfinding was in agreement with that of Zhang et al (2009) who reported that reproductive performance increasedas the age of doe increases, but was not consistent with that of Serin et al (2010) who did not observe anysignificant effect of ageon reproductive performance.

Kidding season had significant effects on liner size at birth only. The highest value was recorded for doeskidding in spring which corresponds to mating that occurred in October -November. The difference in litter sizeat birth was 0.07 and 0.15 compared to does kidding in autunm and summer, respectively. Our findings were inagreement with those of severa1 authors (Güney et al 2006; Mellado et a12006; Singh et al 2002) who foundthat kidding season had a significant effect on reproductive traits. According to sorne authors (Malpaux et al1996; Delgadillo et al 1997; Mellado and Meza-Herrera 2002; Chemineau et al 2004 and 2007), reproductivetraits in goats and sheep varied mainly with the photoperiod. ln the present study, since the Draa is consideredas a non seasonal animal, the seasonal variation in reproductive traits might be attributed to feeding conditions,ln fact, Bushara et al (2013) reported that feeding can be a source of seasonal variations in sorne reproductivetraits, The absence of kidding season effect on litter weight at 90 days in the present study was consistent withthe result of Kebede et al (2012). This might be due to the high mortality of kids bom in spring seasoncompared to those bom in other seasons even if the litter size varied significantly between seasons,

Year of kidding had significant effects on litter size and litter weight at 90 days (p<0.05), but not on pregnancylength and litter size at birth (p>0.05). ln few studies where the year effect was analyzed (Dickson-Urdaneta etal 2000; Kebede et al 20 12; Mia et al 2013a; Singh et al 2002), the reproductive performance varied generallyamong years according to the feeding and health conditions, which is a1so the case in the present study,

Table 1: Least-squares means (LSM) ± standard errors (SE) for reproductive traits of Draa does!Fixed effects Length of pregnancy Litter size at birth Litter size at 90 days Litter weight at 90 days

(days) (kg)Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE

Overall mean 264 147.5±2.60 461 l.52±0.50 360 1.07±0.72 350 9.81±6,92Age ofdoe ** *** *** ***Age:S24 months 56 146,9±0.36b 124 1.16±0.04c 88 1.09±0.05c 88 1O.2±0.53c

24 <Age:S36 71 146,8±0.34b 132 1.42±O.04b 105 l.31±O.OSb 102 12,O±O.Sl b36 <Age:S48 44 148.8±0.39a 76 1.53±0.04b 62 1.47±0.06a 56 14.3±0.67a

Age> 48 93 147.7±0.36b 129 1.78±0.05a 105 1.56±0.06a 104 13.8±0.58a

Kidding season NS ** NS NSSpring 101 148.0±0.28 173 1.55±0.04a 128 1.42±0.05 128 12.5±0.46

Summer 94 147.l±0.31 143 1.40±0.04b 122 1.29±0.05 111 13.2±0.47

Autumn 69 147.6±0.36 145 1.48±0.04ab 110 l.3S±0.OS 110 12.1±0.48

Year ofkidding NS NS ** ***2006 26 1.37±0.09 24 l.33±0 .1Obcd 24 13.3±1.048

2007 22 148.0±0.62 57 l.51±0.06 49 1.42±0.07bd 50 13.8±0.72ab

2008 64 147.8±0.37 81 1.62±0.05 60 l.57±0.07ad 60 14.3±0.66ab

2009 50 147.5±0.38 98 1.43±0.05 76 1.30±0.06bcd 76 11.3±0.55ac

2010 20 146.5±0.57 84 1.45±0.05 67 1.44±0.06abcd 56 14.5±0.668b

2011 60 147.3±0.37 64 1.44±0.O6 49 1.19±O.07c 49 11.1±O.738c

2012 48 148.l±O.43 51 1.47±O.O7 35 1.22±O.09c 35 9.9±0.87d

lLeast-squares means within a column that have different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05). NS: notsignificant (P > 0.05), *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001.

Growth performance

Birth, weight of kids averaged 2.26 kg, which is similar to results reported at Skoura station on the same breed(Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal 1989; Boujenane and El Hazzab 2008). Based on the weight at birth, it appears thatDraa is a medium sized breed, like Serrana Transmontano (Jiménez-Badillo et al 2009) and Iranian Cashmeregoats (Maghsoudi et a12009). For other breeds, such as Jamunapari (Roy et a12oo8) and Damascus breeds(Güney et al 2006), the weight at birth exceeded 3 kg.

Weights at 30 and 90 days of Draa kids averaged 5.17 and 9.29 kg, respectively. This result was in the range ofvalues found at Skoura station by Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal (1989) (4.7 and 9.3 kg) and Boujenane and ElHazzab (2008) (5.8 and 10.4 kg). The average daily gains were 95.8 glday from birth to 30 days and 69.5 g/dayfrom 30 to 90 days. These findings were lower than results reported by Ezzahiri and Ben Lakhal (1989); 166 gIday from birth to 30 days and 77 gI day from birth to 3 months. Furthermore, Draa kids grew slower than thoseof other goat populations, such as Tellicherry goats (Thiruvenkadan et al 2009), Serrana Transmontano goats

4 sur 8 03/12/201411:07

(Jiménez-Badillo et al2009and Damascus kids (Güney et al 2006) for which the average daily gain exceeded100 g/d,

Least -squares means and standard errors for growth traits are presented in Table 2. Age of dam at kidding hadsignificant effects on weights at birth, at 30 days and at 90 days. The highest weights were recorded by kidsbom from does of more than 36 months old. Weight superiority of kids from these dams was at least 0.31 kg atbirth, 0.57 kg at 30 days and 0.72 kg at 90 days comparatively to the other age classes. This result wasconsistent to that of Boujenane and El Hazzab (2008) who found that the age of dam significantly affectedweights at birth and at 30 days of Draa kids. ln other studies (Mourad and Anous 1998; Al-Shorepy et al 2002),the effect of age of dam was found to be non significant on growth traits of Emirati goats. The 1ast authors haveattributed this to the size and late maturity of the studied breed. ln our case, the kids seemed rather dependentto the care and milk production of their mothers during the suckling period, but this dependency decreased withthe age. Mia et al (20Ba) reported that the mothering ability and milk production increased with thereproductive career of dam.

Birth type had significant effects on all growth traits. The kids bom as singles were heavier at ail ages and grewfaster than those bom as multiples. The superiority of single-born kids was 0.34 kg at birth, 0.97 kg at 30 daysand 1.67 kg at 90 days. This funding was in agreement with those of several authors (Thiruvenkadan et al 2009;Jiménez-Badillo et al 2009; Mia et al2013b; Bushara et al 2013). The last authors attributed the difference inbirth weight between single and multiple bom kids to the uterine environment shared by kids. Thus, single kidsdo not compete for space and nutrients in their dam's uterine (Jiménez-Badillo et al 2009), whereas the capacityof dams to provide prenatal nourishment for multiple fetuses is limited (Ebangi et al 1996).

The sex of kid had significant effects on all studied growth traits. At birth, male were heavier than female kids.Several authors (Zeleke 2007; Boujenane and El Hazzab 2008; Jiménez-Badillo et al 2009; Thiruvenkadan et al2009; Bushara et al 2013; Harikrishna et al 2013) have reported a sex effect on birth weight. At 30 and 90 daysold, males were a1ways heavier than females, but the difference did not exceed 1;17 kg. This funding is inagreement with those of several authors (Boujenane and El Hazzab 2008; Jiménez-Badillo et al 2009;Thiruvenkadan et al 2009). The growth superiority of males has been attributed to the anabolic effect of malesexua1 hormones and their aggressive nature during suckling and feeding (Bushara et a12013).

Season ofbirth had significant effects on weight at birth, weight at 90 days and ADG30-90, but not on weight at30 days and ADGO-30. Kids bom in spring and autumn had the highest weight at birth (p<O.05) (2.33 and 2.30kg) comparatively to those bom in summer (2.23 kg). ln the same breed, Boujenane and El Hazzab (2008)reported a significant effect of birth season on1y on birth weight. ln sorne other studies (Ebangi et al 1996;Harikrishna et al 20 13), the effect of birth season was a1sofound to be significant on birth weight. The authorshad explained this effect by the herd management, sorne environmental factors (temperature and humidity) andthe availability of feed. ln the present study, the main reason of the seasonal effect in birth weight might be theclimatic conditions; late gestation for does which kid in summer coincided with high temperatures, which couldaffect negatively the development fetuses, Mia et al (20l3b) and Nogueira et al (2012) reported that doesgestating during the favorable period give birth to kids with high body weights. However, the highest weight at90 days and ADG30-90 were recorded by kids bom in summer. This might be explained by the fact that thegrowth period for kids bom in summer coincided with temperate conditions (September), whereas that ofkidsborn in spring or autumn coincided with hot (May) or cold conditions (January), respectively.

Year of birth had significant effects on growth traits. Weights at birth, 30 days and 90 days had an improvingtrend, while growth rate varied randomly among years. The effect of birth year on growth traits was inagreement with the findings of several authors (Zeleke 2007; Boujenane and El Hazzab 2008) who attributedthis annua1 variation to climatic conditions and feed management.

Table 2: Least-squares means (LSM) ± standard errors (SE) for growth traits of Draa kids2

Factors Weight at birth (kg) Weight at 30 days (kg) Weight at 90 days (kg) ADGO-30 (g/d) ADG30-90 (g/d)Numlier LSM±SE Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE Number LSM±SE

Overall 667 2.26±0,42 594 5.l7±0.99 492 9.29±L97 592 95.8±29.0 492 69.5±24.0meansAge of *** *** * NS NSdamAge::::24 133 2.07±0.04c III 4.92±0.lOb 95 8.95±0.2lb Iii 92.9±2.92 193 67.0±2.65months

24 189 2.27±0.03b 164 5.24±0.08b 146 9,46±O.l8ab 164 98.2±2,46 143 7L6±2.22<Age96

36 117 2,44±0.04a 106 5.49±0.lla 94 9.87±0.23a 106 103.2±3.l3 91 73.8±2.79<Age::;48Age> 48 228 2.38±0.04a 213 5.49±0.09a 157 9.67±0.20a 213 102.9±2.68 152 69.4±2,46

5 sur 8 03/121201411:07

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.orgllrrd26/12/ibœ26228.htln

Birth *** *** *** *** ***typeSingle 224 2.46±0.03 199 5.77±0.08 175 10.3±0.16 199 1l0.4±2.24 173 76.2±1.99

Multiple 443 2.l2±0.02 395 4.80±0.06 317 8.63±0.13 395 88.2±1.78 306 64.7±1.63Sex of *** *** *** * ***kidMale 363 2.37±0.03 323 5.46±0.06 262 10.1±0.13 323 102.2±1.82 256 76.8±1.66Female 304 2.21±0.03 271 5.l1±0.06 230 8.93±O.l4 271 96.4±1.88 223 64.0±1.72Season * NS *** NS ***ofbirthSpring 264 2.33±0.03a 235 5.32±0.07 182 9.06±0.16a 235 100.4±2.18 175 62.9±2.03a

Summer 199 2.23±0.03b 180 5.16±0.08 163 10.1±0.16b 180 95.8±2.28 160 82.6±1.98b

Autumn 204 2.30±0.03ab 179 5.37±0.08 147 9.30±0.18a 179 101.7±2.35 144 65.8±2.l68

Year of ** *** *** *** ***birth

2006 30 2.24±0.088C 29 4.92±0.19bc 27 10.2±0.40a 29 89.2±5.64bc 27 86.2±4.858

2007 80 2.20±0.05ab 67 5.82±0.13a 63 10..1oooO.26a 66 118 .5±3. 72a 59 74.8±3.27b

2008 109 2.21±0.04ab 86 5.25±0.12bc 64 9.87±0.23a 86 99. 5±3.36 be 84 76.7±2.84a

2009 133 2.24±0.048b 122 4.86±0.09b 106 8.70±0.19b 122 86.5±2.69bd 103 64.2±2.39b

2010 132 2.41±0.04ac 121 5.49±0.lOc 103 10.l±0.21a 121 101.4±2.78bc 102 77.9±2.52a

2011 105 2.35±0.05ac 98 5.l2±0.l1b 63 9.41±0.27a 97 94.l±3.31 bcd 62 69.7±3.30b

2012 78 2.35±0 »s= 71 5.54±0.13ac 46 8.00±0.31b 71 105.9±3.8ac 42 43.7±4.0c

2Least-squares means within a column that have different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05).NS: not significant (P > 0.05), *: P < 0.05, **: P <0.01, ***: P < 0.001.

Conclusion

• Reproductive and growth performance of the Draa goats were in general satisfactory. Reproductive traitswere influenced mainly by age of does, whereas growth traits were affected by age of dam, sex, birthtype, season of birth and year of birth. These factors should be taken into account for the improvement ofthe herd management and selection programs,

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the technical support of Mr. Chérif Er-rouidi, technician in the Experimental Stationof Errachidia.

References

Alexandre G, Aumont G, Mainaud J C, Fleury J and Naves M 1999. Productivity performances ofGuadaloupean Creole goatsduring the suckling period. Srnall Ruminant Research 34 (2), 155-160.

Al-Shorepy S A, Alhadranu G A and Abdul Wahab K2002. Genetic and phenotypic parameters for early growth traits in Emirati goat.Small Ruminant Research 45, 217-223.

AJTDah E A, Gelaye S, Gutherie P and Rexroad Jr C E 1996. Breeding season and aspects of reproduction of'female goats. Journalof Animal Science 7 (4), 723-728.

Boujenane 1 and El Hazzab A 2008. Genetic parameters for direct and maternai e:lfects on body weights of Draa goats. SmallRuminant Research.Sû, 16-21.

Boujenane l, Lichir N et El Hazzab A 2010. Performances de reproduction et de production laitière des chèvres Draa au Maroc.Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 63 (3-4), 83-88.

Boujenane l, Oûkhi A, Sylla M and Ibnelbachyr M 2013. Estimation of genetic parameter and genetic gains for reproductive traitsand body weightofD'man ewe. Small RuminantResearch 113, 40-46.

Bushara l, Abu-Nikhaila A M, Idris A 0, Mekki D M, AJuned M M M and EI-Hag A M MA 2013. Productivity of Taggar goats asa1fected by sexofkids and litter size. Agricultura1 Advances 2(5),150-157.

Chenâneau P, Daveau A, Cognié y, Aumont G and Chesneau D 2004. Seasonal ovulatory activity exists in tropical Creole femalegoats and Black Belly ewes subjected ta a temperate photoperiod. BMC Physiology 4: 12. http://www.biornedcentral.com/1472-6793/4/12

CheltÏneau P, Malpaux B, Brillard J P and Fostier A 2007. Seasonality of reproduction and production in farm fishes, birds and

6 sur 8 03/l21201411:07

~-_._---------------------Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats bttp://www.lrrd.orgllrrd26/12/ibœ26228.htm

mammals. Animal 1, 419-432. http://www6.inra.fr/productions-animales eng'2009- \b1ume-221Issue-2-2009/Seasonal-reproduction-and-production-in-fish-birds-and-farrn-mannnais

Delgadillo J A, Malpaux B et OleIrinaux P 1997. La reproduction des caprins dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales. ProductionsAnimales 1O(1), 33 -41. https:/lwww6.inra.fr/productions-animales/I997- \tJlume-1 0/Nwnero-l-1997/La-reproduction-des-caprins-dans-Ies-zones-tropicales-et-subtropicales

Derquaoui L et El Khaledi 01994. Evaluation de l'activité sexuelle pendant la saison de baisse de fertilité chez la chèvre D'man. lnLebbie, S.H.B, Rey, B. and Irungu, EK (Eds). The second biennial Ruminant Research Network, AlCC, Arusha. Tanzania 7-11December 1992. http://www.fao.orlY.wairdocslilrilx5472b/x5472bOb.htm

Dickson-Urdaneta L, Torres-Hemandez G, Becerril-Pérez C, Gomalez-Cossio F Osorio-Arce M and Garcia-Betancourt 02000. Comparison of Alpine and Nubian goats for sorne reproductive traits under dry tropical conditions. Small Ruminant Research 36(1),91-95.

Ebangi A L, Nwakalor LN, Mbah D A and Abba D 1996. Factors affecting file birth weight and neonatal mortality of Massa andFulbe sheep breeds in a hot and dry environment, Cameroon. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux49( 4),349-353. http://remvt.cirad.fr/cdlEMVf% 4.PDF

El Hag MG, Azam A H and Al Habsi R S 2000. Effect of system of management and genotype on reproductive performance of goatsin Oman. Tropicultura 18 (3), 139-144. http://www.tropicultura.org'textlvI8n3/I36.pdf

EI-Abid KE and Abu Nikhaila A M A 2009. A studyon sorne non-genetic fàctors and 1heir impact on sorne reproductive traits ofSudanese Nubian goats. International Journal ofDairy Science 4(4), 152-158. http://docsdrive.comlpdfs/acadell1Îcjournals/ijds/OOOO113875-13875.pdf ,Eltawil E, Hazel L N, Sidwefl G M and Terril C E 1970. Evaluation of environrnental factors affecting birth, weaning and yearlingtraits in Navajo sheep, Journal of Animal Science 31, 823 - 827. http://www.journalofànimalscience.org'contentl3115/823.full.pdf

Ezzahiri A et BenLakhal M 1989. La chèvre D'man: Caractéristiques et potentialités. Séminaire sur l'élevage caprin au Maroc:Problématiques et possibilités de développement. is== Journées de l'Association Nationale pour la Production Animale, Ouarzazate31 Mayto 2 June 1989. pp. 99-113.

Güney 0, Torun 0, Ozuyanik 0 and Darcan N 2006. Milk production, reproductive and growth performances ofDamascus goatsunder northern Cyprus condi tions. Small Ruminant Research 65, 176-179.

Harikrishna C, Raglumandan T and Grana Prakash M 2013. Effect of season on kidding and birth weight in Osmanabadi goatsreared in an organized farm. International Journal of'Livestock Research 3(2),84-88.

Ibnelbachyr M, Boqienane I, Chikhi A et Er-Rouidl C 2014. Le système de conduite de 3 chevrotages en 2 ans: Outil de gestionmoderne de la conduite technique de la race caprine locale Draa. Options Méditerranéennes, 108, 199-207.

Jiménez-Badillo R, Rodrigues S, Saftudo C and Teixeil'a A 2009. Non-genetic factors affecting live weight and daily gain weight inSerrana Transmontano kids. Small Ruminant Research 84(1-3),125-128.

Re bede T, Haile A, Dadi H and AlelD.l T 2012. Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for reproduction traits in indigenousArsi-Bale goats. Tropical Animal Heal1h and Production. 44, 1007-1015.

Maghsoudi A, Vaez Torshiz! Rand Safi Jahanshahi A 2009. Estimates of(co)variance components for productive and compositereproductive traits in Iranian Cashmere goals. Livestock Science 126, 162-167.

Malpaux B, VJguié C, Thiéry JC et Olerrineau P 1996. Contrôle photopériodique de la reproduction. Productions Animales 9, 9-23.https:l/www6 .inra.fr/productions-animaleslI996- \blume-9/Numero-I-1996/Controle-photoperiodigue-de-la-reproduction

Menado M and Meza-Herrera CA 2002. Influence of season and enviromnent on fertility of goats in a hot-arid environment. Journalof Agricultural Science 138,97-102.

Menado M, Valdéz R, Garcia J E, Lépez Rand Rodriguez A 2006. Factors affecting the reproductive performance of goals underintensive conditions in a hot arid environrnent. Small Ruminant Research 63, 110-118.

Menéndez-Buxadern A, Alexandre G, Mandonnet N, Navès M and Awnont G 2003. Direct genetic and maternal effects affectinglitter size, birth weight and pre-weaning los ses in Creole goats of Guade!oupe. Animal Science 77,363-369.

Mia MM, Khandoker MA M Y, Husain S S, Faruque M 0 and Notter D R 2013b. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parametersof sorne reproductive traits ofBlack Bengal does. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 3(4), 829-837. http://ijas.ir/mainluploadsluserfileslfiles/Mia%20( 12-140)( 1). pdf

Mia MM, Khandoker M A M Y, Husain SS, Farnque MO, Notter DR and Haque MN 2013a. Genetic evaluation of growih traitsof'Blaçk Bengal goat. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 3(4),845-852. http://ijas.ir/mainluploads/userfiles/filesIMia%2002-128).pdf

Moaeen-ud-Din 1\1,~ L G, Olen S L, l!!!!!g ZR, Xiao J Z,Wen Q Y and Dai M 2008. Reproductive performance of Matou goatunder sub-tropical monsoona! climate of Central China. Tropical Animal Heal1h and Production 40 (1), 17-23. http://\ink.springer.comlarticle/1O.1007%2Fsl1250-007-9043-Z#page-1

Mourad M and Anous M R 1998. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters of some growtlJ in Common African and Alpinecrossbred goats. Small Ruminant Research 27, 197-202

Nogueil'a DM, Parker A, VoItolini T V, Mornes SA, Morelra J N and Araù]o G 2012. Reproductive and productive performance ofcrossbred goats submitted to three matings in two years under an agro-ecological production system in the semi-arid region ofBrazil.Journal of Animal Production Advances 2 (9), 429-435.

Roy R, Mandai A and Notter D R 2008. Estimates of( co )variance components due to direct and maternal effects for body weights inJamunapari goats. Animal 2(3), 354-359. http://journals.cambridge.org

7 sur 8 03/12/2014 11:07

Non-genetic effects on reproductive and growth traits of Draa goats http://www.lrrd.orgllrrd26/12/ibœ26228.htm

/download.php?fiIe=%2FANM%2FANM2 03%2FS17517311 0700 1218a.pdf&code=b3e2e093aOd7ae39ae713db408d36660

SAS 2002. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS lnstitute, Cary, Ne, USA.

SeIin l, Serin G, Yilmaz M, Kiral F and Ceylan A 2010. The effects of body weight, body condition score, age, lactation, serumtriglyceride, cholesterol and paraoxanase levels on pregnancy rate of Saanen goats in breeding season. Journal of Animal and \éterinaryAdvances 9(13), 1848-1851. http://docsdrive.comlpdfslmedwelljoumaIsijavaa/201O/1848-1851.pdf

Singh S, Rana Z Sand DaIal D S 2002. Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting reproductive performance of Beetal, Black Bengaland their reciprocal crosses. Indian Journal of Animal Research 36 (1), 64-66.

Thiruvenkadan A K, Murugan M, Kanmanithi K, Muralidharan J and Oünruum.ni K2009. Genetic and non-genetic factorsaffecting body weight in Tellicherry goats. SOUlbAfrican Journal of Animal Science 39 (supplement), 107-111.

Zeleke Z M 2007. Environrnental influences on pre-weaning growth performances and mortality rates of extensively managed Somaligoats in Eastern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 19, Article #186. Retrieved March 19, 2013, fromhttp://www.lrrd.orgllrrdI9/121zeleI9186.htm

lhang C y, Chen S L, Li X, Xu D Q, Zhang Y and v.mg L G 2009. Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for reproduction traitsin the Boer dam. Livestock Science 125, 60-65.

Reeeived 16Oetober 2014; Aeeepted 13November 2014; Published 1December 2014

Gototop

8 sur 8 03/12/201411:07