nitrogen and phosphorus in shallow groundwater and major ... · tamara jadczyszyn1, marianna...
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Tamara Jadczyszyn 1, Marianna Pastuszak2, Beata Jurga 1 1 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation 2 National Marine Fisheries Research Institute
Lu WQ 2017,
The Haque, the Netherlands 29 May – 1 June 2017
Nitrogen and phosphorus in shallow groundwater and major rivers
in Poland
Key facts about Poland Total area ~31 mln ha (312 000 km2)
Agricultural land ~ 15 mln ha Forests ~ 30% of total area The population ~ 38 mln 0,5 ha of AL per capita 14,7 mln of people (39%) live in rural areas Member of HELCOM
Large share of soils of limited
suitability
60% of sandy soils with low content of organic matter
30% of very acidic soils
Productivity potential is greatly reduced by climate conditions
limited precipitation (average 550 mm/year)
relatively short vegetation season (200-230 days/year)
seasonal drought condition (last 20 years – 5 drought)
Soil and climate conditions
Results of modeling work based on IPCC data for Europe indicates that potential productivity in Poland is
about 20% lower than in most of the EU countries.
SOM content
Low Medium High Very high
Precipitation sums
Source: IUNG PIB
020406080
100120140160180
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
United
-…
Den
mar
k
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Swed
en
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y
Irel
and
Fin
lan
d
Slo
vaki
a
Bel
giu
m
Net
her
lan
ds
Spai
n
Esto
nia
Au
stri
a
Latv
ia
Po
rtu
gal
Lith
uan
ia
Ital
y
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Hu
nga
ry
Gre
ece
Bu
lgar
ia
Cyp
rus
Ro
man
ia
Mal
ta
EU-2
7
EU-1
5
EU1
2
ha
2003 2010
Source: Central Statistical Office 2013
Average area of agricultural holdings Total number of farms (1 ha) ~ 1,5 ml Small farms (1 - 5 ha) ~ 55% of the total number The average size of farm ~ 8 ha
Differentiated agricultural landscape
Increase: Poultry meat ~30% Eggs ~ 10 %
* 2002 = 100%
Animal production
Cattle Milky cows Pigs
050
100150200250300350400450500
Malta
Netherla…
Belgium
Den
mark
Cyp
rus
Irelan
d
Luxembo…
Slove
nia
Germ
any
United-…
Fran
ce
Poland
Austria
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Czech…
Hungary
Sweden
Spain
Bulgaria
Finland
Roman
ia
Lithuan
ia
Slova
kia
Estonia
Latvia
EU-27
EU-15
EU12
LS
U/1
00
ha
UR
2003 2010
Nutrient management in Polish agriculture
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
N PApplication of manure
Source: J. Kopinski unpublished OECD method of calculation
kg* ha -1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
N P
Fertilizers consumption
kg* ha -1
kg* ha -1 N & P surplus
Monitoring system of groundwaters
Performed by agrochemical laboratories
Water samples are collected twice a year
(early spring and late autumn)
at the depth of 90 cm
1700 points of water sampling
N-NO3 and P-PO4 content is determined
Monitoring network
Nitrate and phosphate content in groundwater
0123456789
101112
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
N-NO3_I
N-NO3_II
N-NO3 (mg dm-3)
P-PO4 (mg dm-3)
Median of nitrate content in the groundwater is higher in spring, which reflects the leaching process occurring in autumn and winter time. Since 2008, the downward trend has been observed in the nitrate content. The median of N-NO3 content in both periods (autumn and spring) is much lower than the threshold value according to the Nitrate Directive.
Since 2008, the downward trend has been observed in the P content. The median of phosphate content in both (autumn and spring) is much lower than the critical value for good environmental status for surface water according to the Water Framework Directive.
Regional differences in nitrate content
High concentrations of nitrates are observed in several voivodeships of central part of the country. Since 2008 a decreasing trend has been observed in most of them. For the last few years only in Wielkopolskie v. the median of N content exceeds a threshold value.
N-N
O3
(m
g d
m-3
)
N-NO3 (mg dm-3)
Regional differences in phosphate content
P-PO4 (mg dm-3)
The highest concentration of phosphorus in groundwater was observed in: i) Dolnoslaskie - intensive plant production ii) Zachodniopomorskie - concentrated animal production iii) Warminsko-mazurskie – cattle husbandry on permanent grassland
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
N-NO3<11.3 mg dm-3
N-NO3<9.6 mg dm-3
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
P-PO4<0.3b mg dm-3
The percentage of groundwater samples that meet requirements of Nitrate and Water Framework Directive
Since 2010 the number of samples meeting requirements of ND and WFD has increased by ca 10% and nowadays reached app. 70-80%.
Monitoring of surface waters Carried out by the Environmental
Protection Inspectorate The scope and methods of research and
criteria for the evaluation of water status are determined by Water Law Act
The monitoring system includes: inland water (rivers and lakes, transitional and coastal waters)
End points of the monitoring system
Almost the whole (99,7%) area of the country is drained to the Baltic Sea catchment. Vistula basin area is 54% and Oder River basin area is 33,9% of the total area of Poland
The end point of monitoring system of Oder is located below Szczecinski Lagoon which retains large amounts of nutrients
Flow normalized loads of nitrogen (1988-2013)
Oder
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
100 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TN
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
Oder
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
NO
3-N
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
TN ~ 32 000 t (40%)
N-NO3 ~ 17 498 t (37%)
Pastuszak et al., submitted for publication
Vistula
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TN
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
Vistula
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
90 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
NO
3-N
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
TN ~ 47 000 t (37%) N-NO3 ~ 31 039 t (43%)
Loads reduction:
Flow normalized loads of phosphorus (1988-2013)
TP ~ 2 950 t (30%)
P-PO4 ~ 2 500 t (57%)
Vistula
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TP
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
Vistula
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
PO
4-P
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
Oder
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TP
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
Oder
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
PO
4-P
[to
ns y
r-1]
Estimated Normalised Trend smoother
TP ~ 5 100 t (61%)
P-PO4 ~ 1 800 t (79%)
Loads reduction:
Pastuszak et al., submitted for publication
Pastuszak et al., submitted for publication
Concentrations of phosphorus forms in the Vistula River
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Jan
-90
Jan
-91
Jan
-92
Jan
-93
Jan
-94
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
-97
Jan
-98
Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Jan
-07
Jan
-08
Jan
-09
Jan
-10
Jan
-11
Jan
-12
Jan
-13
Jan
-14
Co
nc
en
trati
on
[m
gd
m-3
] P-PO4 Porg.
Concentrations of phosphorus forms in the Oder River
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Jan
-90
Jan
-91
Jan
-92
Jan
-93
Jan
-94
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
-97
Jan
-98
Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Jan
-07
Jan
-08
Jan
-09
Jan
-10
Jan
-11
Jan
-12
Jan
-13
Jan
-14
Co
ncen
trati
on
[m
g d
m-3
] P-PO4 Porg.
Concentrations of P forms in the Vistula and Oder River
Porg. = TP – P-PO4
higher concentrations of Porg in the Oder – more intesive agricultural activity in western Poland
considerable decline in Porg. concentrations in the Oder River – more intensive proecological actions in western Poland (larger farms, higher income, better education of farmers)
considerable decline in P-PO4 concentrations in both rivers – a result of construction of ca. 2 500 waste water treatment plants in Poland during the transition period
Total nitrogen concentrations
Vistula
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Jan
-88
Jan
-89
Jan
-90
Jan
-91
Jan
-92
Jan
-93
Jan
-94
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
-97
Jan
-98
Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Jan
-07
Jan
-08
Jan
-09
Jan
-10
Jan
-11
Jan
-12
Jan
-13
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
TN
[m
gN
dm
-3]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ja
n-8
8J
an
-89
Ja
n-9
0
Ja
n-9
1
Ja
n-9
2J
an
-93
Ja
n-9
4
Ja
n-9
5
Ja
n-9
6J
an
-97
Ja
n-9
8
Ja
n-9
9J
an
-00
Ja
n-0
1
Ja
n-0
2
Ja
n-0
3J
an
-04
Ja
n-0
5
Ja
n-0
6
Ja
n-0
7J
an
-08
Ja
n-0
9
Ja
n-1
0
Ja
n-1
1J
an
-12
Ja
n-1
3
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n T
N [
mg
Nd
m-3
]
Oder
Pastuszak et al., submitted for publication
Green lines - target concentrations established for the Vistula and Oder, the lowland large rivers (type 21 acc. to the WFD) Red lines – calculated target concentrations at HELCOM load reduction level
Country Allocated Reduction Target for Poland: Nitrogen - 43 610 t year-1
Vistula
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Jan
-88
Jan
-89
Jan
-90
Jan
-91
Jan
-92
Jan
-93
Jan
-94
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
-97
Jan
-98
Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Jan
-07
Jan
-08
Jan
-09
Jan
-10
Jan
-11
Jan
-12
Jan
-13
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
TP
[m
gP
dm
-3]
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Jan
-88
Jan
-89
Jan
-90
Jan
-91
Jan
-92
Jan
-93
Jan
-94
Jan
-95
Jan
-96
Jan
-97
Jan
-98
Jan
-99
Jan
-00
Jan
-01
Jan
-02
Jan
-03
Jan
-04
Jan
-05
Jan
-06
Jan
-07
Jan
-08
Jan
-09
Jan
-10
Jan
-11
Jan
-12
Jan
-13
Co
ncen
trati
on
TP
[m
gP
dm
-3] Oder
Total phosphorus concentrations
Pastuszak et al., submitted for publication
Green lines - target concentrations established for the Vistula and Oder, the lowland large rivers (type 21 acc. to the WFD) Red lines – calculated target concentrations at HELCOM load reduction level
Country Allocated Reduction Target for Poland: Phosphorus – 7 480 t year-1
The reasons of change
• Elimination of unprofitable and inefficient state-owned industrial and agricultural enterprises
• Implementation of modern low-emission technologies in industry and agriculture
• Huge progress in waste management, especially in wastewater management
( 2500 new WWTP)
• Implementation of Common Agriculture Policy
(agri-environmental programs)
• financial support from EC
• implementation of EU directives
(Nitrate D, Water Framework D.,
Urban Waste Water D.,
Pollution Prevention and Control)
Political transformation and evolution of the central planning system towards a market economy since 1990. Accession of Poland to EU in 2004
Industrial and municipal wastewater discharged
Summary
1. Over 70% of groundwater samples in Poland meet reguirements of Nitrate Directive
2. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the main Polish rivers at their estuary to the Baltic Sea meet the requirements of Water Framework Directive
3. The reduction targets expected by HELCOM would require decreasing P concentration in major Polish rivers to the level corresponding to natural background (0.076-0.083 mg P dm-3)
4. The reduction targets should be verified
Thank you for your attention