Nishesh Mehta27th March 2008

Geography

Originates in China

India – upstream

Pakistan – Downstream

Main tributaries RaviJhelamSutlejChenabBeas

Triggering of Conflict

Status Quo– East and West Punjab sign standstill agreement in 1947.

Dispute over the worth of Pakistan’s irrigation canal network

East Punjab (Indian side)suspends water supply to West side

Partition created issues – taking things in their own hands

Need for developmental infrastructure

Both countries needed massive water infrastructure to support population

East Punjab had 21 million with no food supply

It needed storage devices to develop arid but fertile land

West Punjab needed to ensure water supply

Undertaking of unilateral construction projects – escalating of tensions

Water War?

A war waged to safeguard their access to water resources in the wake of scarcity, competitive use and wider conflict

Both countries stood on brink of a devastating war.

Involvement of World bank

The bank is reluctant to get involved initiallyWorld bank refuses loans to both countries

even though they were economically viableOffered an impartial third party Offered an option taking into account both

countries ‘ needs

Principles of Involvement

The bank offered a deal in 1954 based on 3 principles.

There was enough water for both countries in the basin.

While considering the Sutlej River the entire basin would be considered as one and all rivers would be under discussion.

The negotiations would retain a technical focus rather than political focus

Distribution on the basis of number of rivers 3 major eastern tributaries – India3 major western tributaries – Pakistan

India pays $ 174 million over 10 years

Canal and reservoir construction financed through the Bank

Commission to resolve future disputes

Features of the deal

Reasons for successA unique mix of circumstances contributed to

the success of the effort.

LeadershipTimelineFinancesRestricted Discussion

What are the measures of success?

Problems with the treaty

Does not account for the increase demand in India/Pakistan.

India cannot build without consultation on 3 tributaries

Higher demand due to economic growth cannot be addressed by major rivers of the region

Delays in projects

Water Rationality Vs Water War

Any action taken by a state to secure its water supply in the long-term, both in quality and quantity. The state manages its water prudentlyMaintains relationships with co-riparian

countries conducive to ensuring long-term access to water.

What school do you belong to?Where are we headed with the Middle East,

Africa and other water conflicts in the world?