nios culture notes

8/11/2019 NIOS Culture Notes

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1. CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION

A human-made environment which include all

the material and non- material !roduct o" #rou!

li"e that are tranmitted "rom one #eneration to

the ne$t%

&Cult or cultu' meanin# tillin# or cultivatin# or

re(nin# and worhi!.

Three word came "rom thi root &)ri*

!ra+riti' ,aic matter or condition%

&/an+riti' ,re(ned matter or condition

&vi+riti' ,modi(ed or deca0ed matter or

condition%

Now%

&Civiliation' meanhavin# etter wa0 o"

livin# and ometime

ma+in# nature end to

"ul(ll their need.

Culture refers to the innerbeing, a refinement of head and

heart.

Sources of Culture:

2an0 thin# "rom our ancetor%

3e continue to add new thou#ht% new idea to

thoe alread0 e$itent%

4ive u! ome% which we don't conider ue"ul%


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Some treasures of Indian Cultural

heritage

5AUD6A7AN% AR7A56ATTA% 56A/)ARAC6AR7A in

the (eld o" 2athematic% Atronom0 and

Atrolo#0*

)ANAD and 8ARA62I6IR in the (eld o" 9h0ic*

NA4ARUNA in the (eld o" Chemitr0%

/U/RUTA and C6ARA) in the (eld o" 2edicine%

9ATANALI in the (eld o" 7o#a%

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

CLTRE!

Culture i learned and ac;uired

Culture i hared 0 a #rou! o" !eo!le

Culture i cumulative

Culture chan#e

Culture i d0namic

Culture #ive u a ran#e o" !ermiile ehavior

!attern

Culture i divere e!arate ut interde!endent

Culture i ideational%


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I"#ORTANCE OF CLTRE IN H"AN

LIFE

It #ive u meanin#% a wa0 o" leadin# our live.

6uman ein# are creator o" culture and% at the

ame time% culture i what ma+e u human.

A the world i ecomin# more and more #loal

and we coe$it on a more #loal level we can't


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=. INDIAN CULTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF IN$IAN

CLTRE

The ditinctive "eature with uni;uene%

Continuit%

De!ite maerent "rom that o" a 6ARA99AN houe.

The worhi! o" 2other 4odde and 9A/6U9ATI

8edic% 5uddhit% ain and man0 other tradition

continue to e "ollowed even toda0. It ha +e!t on chan#in#% wherea the aic !irit

o" our culture continued.

Change

ainim and 5uddhim in i$th centur0 5C

Reli#iou and ocial awa+enin# in the ei#hteenth

and nineteenth centurie

The thread o" aic !hiloo!h0 o" Indian culture

continued and till !erit.


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&ariet% and nit%

Indian culture% over the lat three millennia% ha

ucce"ull0% ut ;uietl0% oerved the et

aimilale !art "rom other reli#ion and

culture% "rom time to time and inte#rated them

into itel".

9eo!le elon#in# to ei#ht #reat reli#ion o" the

world co-e$it here in a harmoniou manner.

The vatne o" the countr0 and variation in it

!h0ical and climatic "eature i an oviou

reaon "or the variet0.

The econd im!ortant reaon "or the variet0 in

our culture i the intermin#lin# amon# variou

ethnic #rou!.

8ariou ethnic #rou! li+e Iranian% 4ree+%

)uhana% /ha+a% 6una% Ara% Tur+% 2u#hal

and Euro!ean alo came to India% ettled here

and intermi$ed with the local !o!ulation.

India throu#h the a#e ha hown a remar+ale

ca!acit0 "or aimilation o" idea. Thi hacontriuted to the variet0 and richne o" our

culture.

E$chan#e o" culture within India


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Travel "rom one !art o" the countr0 to another

"or trade or !il#rima#e.oined to#ether throu#h con;uet or 0

alliance. 2ilitar0 cam!ai#n too too+ !eo!le "rom one

!lace to another. /uch contact have led to the develo!ment o"

commonne in Indian culture Another uni"0in# "actor i climate: the 0tem

o" monoon A#riculture remain the main occu!ation

Di>erence in !h0ical "eature have a>ected

the "ood hait% dre% houe and economic

activitieThe variet0 in !h0ical "eature and climate o"

India ha thu led to the develo!ment o" a

variet0 o" culture in di>erent re#ion 9eo!le tarted !racticin# a#riculture the0

ettled down.

Thi ettled li"e led to communit0 develo!ment

and #rowth o" town% which needed rule and

re#ulation. /A56A/ and /A2ITI/

A#e o" 2A6AANA9ADA/

Em!eror e$erciin# aolute !ower%

The 5ritih Em!ire


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Toda0 we are overei#n% ocialit% ecular and

democratic re!ulic and a uni"orm 0tem o"

#overnment !revail over the len#th and

readth o" the countr0.

Secular Outloo'

Ri#ht to "reedom o" reli#ion

In the Western context development of

secularism meant complete separation of the

church and the state. In India secularism istaken as a more positive concept to cope with

the complex social structure in the country with

a view to protecting the interests of all,

particularly the minorities. But this has become

problem too.

ni(ersalism It ha !roteted a#aint the "ormation o"

!ower loc+ in the world. In "act India

ecame one o" the "ounder memer o" the

non-ali#ned movement. A#aint racialim and colonialim.

Committed to the develo!ment o" other

underdevelo!ed nation.


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The ucontinent o" India ha een one cultural

unit throu#hout the a#e% cuttin# acro !olitical

oundarie.

"aterialistic and S)iritualistic

)nown a land o" !iritualit0

The livin# e$!reion o" the im!licit0 and

!ro"undit0 o" her !eo!le

CLTRAL I$ENTIT*! RELIGION!REGION AN$ ETHNICIT*

cultural identitie are aed on variou "actor

uch a reli#ion and re#ion.

Re#ional identitie are more real.

People of dierent religions and atis may have

common regional cultural traits like language,

food, dress, values and also the worldview.

Ethnic culture i tron# amon# the trial #rou!.

CLTRAL INFLENCESThree signi+cant in,uences

3eterniation%


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Ado!ted 0 the aritocrac0 and memer o"

the civil ervice.

Emer#ent national cultural t0le

Durin# the tru##le "or "reedom

Contriuted to the unit0 o" the countr0 and

!rovided commonne to culture.

9o!ular culture.

9roduct o" ma media

The im!act o" (lm 9romoted iue that are o" oth traditional

and !ulic interet.

!pirituality and value based life style is the core

of Indian culture but it has a scienti"c

temperament too.


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?. ANCIENT INDIA

It is important for you to be ac#uainted with the

past to understand better what is happening in

the India of today.

ANCIENT IN$IA

Neolithic haitation datin# a "ar ac+ a @5C ha een "ound in 2ehr#arh in 5aluchitan.

-.// 0C

6ara!!an civiliation.

2ot o" the ite develo!ed on the an+ o"

Indu% 4ha##ar and it triutarie. Birt +nown uran culture

Town !lannin#% anitation% draina#e 0tem

and road well-laid road Doule toried houe o" urnt- ric+ each

one o" which had a athroom% a +itchen and a

well

4reat 5ath% 4ranarie and Aeml0 6all A#riculture wa the main occu!ation

Internal and e$ternal trade with 2eo!otamia

E$cellent !otter.


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Technical +nowled#e o" metal and the

!roce o" allo0in# 5rone cul!ture o" a dancin# #irl

Lothal wa a doc+0ard

Im!ortant Centre o" ea trade

Im!ortant town Dhaulavira ,4u


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the Rama0ana and the 2ahaharata and the

9urana% thou#h com!iled much later%

re!reent thi value.

Societ% and religion

3omen were treated with di#nit0 and honour.

Later 8edic !eriod% ociet0 wa divided into "our

8ARNA/

5rahamana%

)hatri0a%

8aih0a

/hudra.

0tem o" chaturahrama

5rahmachar0a ,!eriod o" celiac0% education

and dici!lined li"e in #uru' ahram%

4rihatha ,a !eriod o" "amil0 li"e% 8ana!ratha ,a ta#e o" #radual detachment

/an0aa ,a li"e dedicated to !iritual !uruit

awa0 "rom worldl0 li"e

3omen were re!ected 0 the ociet0% en


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A new trinit0 o" 4od where 5rahma en


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cotl0. 2oreover% the 5rahmin conidered

themelve u!erior to the other varna and

ecame arro#ant. Thi led to the un!o!ularit0 o"

5rahminim and a need "or re"orm wa "elt.

The re"orm led 0 the )hatri0a and aided 0

the !oorer mae who could not a>ord the hi#h

cot o" acri(ce% reulted in the emer#ence o"

ainim and 5uddhim around i$th centur0 5C.

Inuenced the reli#iou elie" and everal

!ractice o" 6induim.

1ainism

Bounder o" ainim i elieved to e

Rihahadeva%

The lat tirthan+ara 2ahavira develo!ed and

#ave (nal ha!e to the ain doctrine. Bive vow

Not to tell lie*

Not to in


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Sthanakas

0uddhism

4autama 5uddha ,? - FG? 5C% Bour Nole Truth.

2iddle !ath.

The ei#ht"old !ath com!rie:

Ri#htundertandin#

Ri#htthou#ht

Ri#ht!eech

Ri#htaction

Ri#htlivelihood

Ri#hte>ort

Ri#htmind"ulne

Ri#htconcentration

8ihara

5uddhim wa alo !lit in three !art

The hina0anaThe maha0ana

8a


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2on#olia

A"#hanitan.

6indu tradition even acce!ted the 5uddha a

one o" the incarnation ,avatara o" 8ihnu.

THE #ERSIAN IN&ASION AN$ ITS

I"#ACT ON IN$IAN CLTRE

The Achaemenid ruler o" 9eria or Iran too+

advanta#e o" the !olitical diunit0 o" thi re#ion. C0ru% the "ounder o" the Achaemenid d0nat0%

and hi ucceor Dariu I anne$ed !art o"

9un


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THE GREE2 3"ACE$ONIAN4 IN&ASION

AN$ ITS I"#ACT ON IN$IAN

CLTRE

Bourth centur0 5C% the 4ree+ and the 9erian

"ou#ht "or u!remac0 over 3et Aia. The

Achaemenid em!ire wa (nall0 detro0ed 0 the

4ree+ under the leaderhi! o" Ale$ander o"

2acedon. 6e con;uered Aia 2inor% Ira; and Iran

and then marched toward India because of her

fabulous wealth.

Ale$ander' invaion rou#ht Euro!e% "or the (rt

time% in cloe contact with India%

Chandra#u!ta de"eated one o" Ale$ander'

#eneral% /eleucu Ni+ator and rou#ht the

whole o" north wetern India u!to A"#hanitan

under hi control.

4ree+ art i "ound in the develo!ment o" Indian

cul!ture a well.

Learnt the art o" ma+in# well-ha!ed and

eauti"ull0 dei#ned #old and ilver coin

Inuence on Indian atrolo#0 a well.

Indian !hiloo!h0 and reli#ion which (ltered into

the Roman em!ire owed throu#h the channel

o!ened 0 Ale$ander.


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ASHO2A THE GREAT: RE#RESENTING

THE AC"E OF IN$IAN CLTRE

6i !olicie o" univeral !eace% non-violence and

reli#iou harmon0 (nd no !arallel in the

monarch o" the world.

9olicie were oriented toward the wel"are o" hi

!eo!le.

Im!ortance to re!ectin# rahmin% and

ervant% oedience to elder% atention "rom

+illin# livin# ein#%

6e tate that in honourin# o" other ect lie

the honour o" one' own ect.

50 #ivin# hi em!ire a common Dhamma% a

common lan#ua#e% and !racticall0 one cri!t

,5rahmi he rou#ht "urther !olitical uni(cation.

6e ent amaador to the 4ree+ +in#dom

and the 3et.

Thevarna 0tem !o!ularl0 +nown a the cate

0tem which had arien in thevedic A#e now

ecame well etalihed and #raduall0 ecame

the dominant "orm o" ocial or#aniation

throu#hout India.


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ART AN$ ARCHITECTRE: "AR*AN

0EGINNINGS

The et !reerved o" all Aho+an edict tand

at Lauri0a Nandan#arh ,5ihar

The ull ca!ital "rom Ram!ura - e$am!le o"

2aur0an cul!ture.

The mot "amou ca!ital i the one at /arnath%

which how "our lion and the Dharmacha+ra.

The lan#ua#e that ha een ued in nearl0 all

the incri!tion and 9ra+rit which a!!ear to

have ecome the lin#ua "ranca o" the countr0

and in the 5rahmi cri!t the earliet +nown

Indian cri!t.

The Lomah Rihi ,with it im!reive entrance

and the /udama cave are e$am!le o" roc+ cut

cave architecture.

#OST 5 "AR*AN CLTRAL

$E&ELO#"ENTS

the 4ree+% /ha+a% 9arthian% and )uhana

were "orei#ner% the0 were lowl0 aored into

the local !o!ulation. /ince the0 were warrior%

the law #iver ai#ned them the tatu o"

)hatri0a.


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2an0 "orei#n ruler ado!ted 8aihnavim.

= 5C to aout ?rd centur0 A.D.

!ro"ound chan#e too+ !lace in the economic

and !olitical li"e and vital develo!ment in

di>erent a!ect o" cultural li"e o" our countr0

i.e. reli#ion% art and cience a well a

technolo#0.

There wa a i#ni(cant advancement in"orei#n trade oth 0 land and 0 ea%

The 2aha0ana received ro0al !atrona#e "rom

)anih+a% who convened the "ourth 5uddhit

Council to (nalie it teachin#.

Art and Scul)ture 6e alo et u! man0 tu!a in memor0 o" the

5uddha.

4andhara chool o" art. Thi chool orrowed

"eature "rom oth the 4ree+ and Roman art

"orm.

5eide the ima#e o" 5uddha% which were madein lar#e numer% tatue o" 2ahavira were alo

!roduced.


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$eccan and South India

The /atavahana in the Deccan held an

im!ortant !oition under the 2aur0a.

The0 e$tended their +in#dom% cleared "oret%

made road and adminitered their /tate well.

New town came u! and trade wa carried on

with "ar o> countrie li+e 9eria% Ira; and

Comodia.

2hara(ela of 2alinga Oria and !art o" Northern Andhra.

4raet adminitrator a well a a rave warrior.

6e carried out wor+ o" !iet0 and !ulic utilit0%

li+e uildin# road and #arden.

South India

It wa the re#ion o" the Chola% Chera and the

9and0a who were contantl0 at war with each

other.

/outh o" the river )rihna and Tun#ahadra

Sources

/an#am literature. It centur0 5.C. to the end o" =nd centur0 A.D.

called the /an#am !eriod


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Cholas

Karikala was the most important ruler of this kingdom.

Many canals dug so that water from the river Cauvery could be

used for irrigation purposes.

Follower of the Vedic religion.

Credited with many welfare activities.

#anda%s

Bounded 0 a woman +in#.

Life and Culture

/im!le li"e.

2uic% dancin# and !oetr0.

Drum% ute% !i!e% etc. were !o!ular.

Societ%

The 4ree+% )uhana% /ha+a and 9arthian

were called 7avana.

The0 oon mer#ed with the Indian ociet0 and

ado!ted Indian name and inter-married.

The Age of Harsh(ardhana

An eHcient #overnment. /udue the !ett0 warrin# ruler and rin# them

under hi domain.

6arha' reli#iou activitie


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5ana wrote 6arha' "amou io#ra!h0%

6arhcharita a well a the literar0 !iece

)adamari.

5uddhim and 6indu Reli#ion. Inclined toward 5uddhim.

2ingdoms of the $eccan and the South:

9ula+ein wa a !ower"ul ruler o" the Chalu+0a

d0nat0.

Ca!ital cit0 8ata!i

Trade relation with Araia% Iran and the Red /ea

!ort to the wet% a well a with /outh-Eat Aia.

2an0 o" the cul!ture o" the Ellora cave were

created at thi time under the !atrona#e o" the

Chalu+0a and the Rahtra+uta.

CLTRAL $E&ELO#"ENT $RING

THE G#TA #ERIO$last phase of ancient Indian history starts in

early fourth century (.&. and ends in about the

*th(.&.

Durin# the 4u!ta !eriod art ecame more

creative and 6indu #od and #oddee alo

came to e !ortra0ed.

4u!ta coin - +in# on one ide on the revere

La+hmi or /arwati


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Tem!le uildin# activit0 ourihed in India "rom

the th centur0 AD onward.

North Indian tem!le were uilt in the Na#ara

t0le conited o" the hi+ara ,!iral roo"% the

#arha#riha ,anctum and the manda! ,!illared

hall%

/outh were uilt in the Dravida t0le com!leted

with vimana or hi+hara% hi#h wall and the

#atewa0 to!!ed 0 #o!uram.

The villa#e !ancha0at called ahha or ur had

e$tenive !ower. It had control over (nance

too. Thi od0 included everal committee

which loo+ed a"ter variou a!ect o" villa#e

adminitration.

The Dravida t0le o" tem!le architecture

Ra


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TRANSFOR"ATION OF &E$IC

0RAH"ANIS" INTO #RANIC

HIN$IS"

50 the "ourth centur0 AD there came into ein#

a "amou 8aihnava wor+ called

&/hrimadha#avad-!urana'which tau#ht

devotion to Lord )rihna.

The 4u!ta ruler e!eciall0 !rovided (llin# to the

5ha#avata /ect o" 6induim. Animal% !lant% river and mountain were

loo+ed u!on with reverence and citie li+e

5anara and 9ra0a# ecame !lace o"

!il#rima#e

Idol worhi! ecame !o!ular.

Thu the !rominent "eature o" modern

6induim too+ ha!e durin# the 4u!ta !eriod.

NALAN$A6S E"ERGENCE AS A GREAT

CENTRE OF LEARNING

Durin# 6arha' rei#n

4rammar% lo#ic% e!itemolo#0 and cience weretau#ht here.

Thu univerit0 continued to e the centre o"

intellectual activit0 till the twel"th centur0.


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CHRISTIANIT* IN IN$IA

5rou#ht to India 0 /aint Thoma in the (rt

centur0 A.D.

It wa mot !roal0 the "re;uent trade and

movement etween India and the wet which

wa re!onile "or rin#in# thi dici!le o" Lord

Chrit to India.

A lar#e communit0 o" chritian +nown a /0rian

Chritian contine to reide in )erala even toda0.

The Chritian Church ha two ma


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F. 2EDIE8AL INDIA

LIFE OF #EO#LE N$ER $ELHI

SLTANATE

Societ%

Bour ma


29/72

5rahman in hindu and ulema in the

mulimTa$-"ree land "or their maintenance

4reat inuence on the mulim ultan ando"ten inuenced their !olicie

Intereted in worldl0 a>air.

The town !eo!le

3ealth0 merchant% trader and artian

Noilit0% the oHcer and the oldier

The adminitrative and militar0 centerThe u( and ha+ti aint

Im!ortant tem!le and mo;ue had ecome

!il#rim center.The ro0al +ar+hana or wor+ho!

The !eaant

Lived in the villa#e

9aid hu#e ta$e to the tate a land revenue

8er0 ri#id cate 0tem

Intercate marria#e and intercate dinin# wa

totall0 !rohiited E$chan#e o" idea and cutom too+ !lace.

+ike those concerning food, dress, clothing and

music, besides many others

Trade

5ania% 2arwari and 2ultani made trade their

!ecial vocation


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The an


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RISE OF ISLA" AN$ SFIS"

Birt came to India in the ei#hth centur0 AD

Entered into matrimonial alliance with the local

!eo!le and learned to live to#ether in harmon0

E$chan#e o" idea and cutom.

Inuenced each other e;uall0 in dre% !eech%

manner% cutom and intellectual !uruit.

9ro!het 2ohammad !reached Ilam in the

eventh centur0 AD in Araia.

6e mi#rated to 2adina "rom 2ecca in AD ==and thi mar+ed the e#innin# o" the 6i


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Rise of Su+sm

Term ued "or Ilamic m0ticim

Lieral in their reli#iou outloo+

5elieved in the eential unit0 o" all reli#ion

9reached !iritualit0 throu#h muic and

doctrine

Litened to !oetr0 and muic ,ama which were

ori#inall0 in 9erian% ut later witched to

6indawi or 6indutani

Ori#inated in Iran and "ound a con#enial

atmo!here in India under the Tur+ih rule

/ene o" !iet0% tolerance% 0m!ath0% conce!t o"

e;ualit0 and "riendl0 attitude attracted man0

6indu% motl0 "rom lower clae% to Ilam.

/u( aint uch a 2oinuddin Chiti% Niamuddin

Auli0a% Bariduddin 4an


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Bourteen ililah

A


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Afghan ruler Sher Shah

+e!t 2u#hal 6uma0u awa0 "rom throne "or 1

0ear ,1F-

outtandin# achievement. contruction o" everal road

the most important being !arak-i-(am or /rand

runk 0oad extending from !onargaon 1now in

Bangladesh2 to (ttock 1now in Pakistan2 and run

through &elhi and (gra a distance of 3455 kos.

eauti"ul coin in #old% ilver and co!!er

"ughal em)eror A'7ar

Ruled "rom 1-1

A sincere effort to foster harmony by discouraging racial,

religious and cultural biases

Develop friendly relations with the hindus

Entered into matrimonial alliances with the rajput The political unification of the country and the establishment

of an all powerful central government with a uniform system

of administration

A great patron of art, architecture and learning.

Started a faith called din-i-illahi

Navratna

2ulla do !0aa

6a+in humam

Adur rahim +han e +hanan

Aul ta0al

Tanen%


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Ra


36/72

The "amou 2u#hal #arden li+e the /halimar

5a#h and the Nihat 5a#h are im!ortant

element o" our cultural herita#e.

Thepietra dura or coloured tone inla0 wor+ on

marle ecame ver0 !o!ular in the da0 o" /hah

ahan

Red Bort in Delhi and the Ta< 2ahal at A#ra.

The tructure within the Bateh!ur /i+ri com!le$%

the "ort at A#ra and Lahore and the /hahi

mo;ue in Delhi and Lahore

2o;ue% tom o" +in# and dargahs came to

dominate the landca!e.

Coinage

Numimatic ,the tud0 o" coin

2a


37/72

ca!ital and had at leat twent0-(ve di>erent

varietie.

Le#end "ound on the coin

he warrior in the cause of /od6 and 7he who

obeys the !ultan obeys the $ompassionate6, are

a few examples.

0HA2TI "O&E"ENT

Teachin# were imilar to thoe o" the /u(

9o!ular amon# the artian% cra"tmen andtrader

8illa#e alo oc+ed to liten

5elie" wa in the need to unite with 4od

Conce!t o" #uru

/tre on love or devotion a the ai o" the

relationhi! with 4od.

Attac+ed the ri#idit0 in reli#ion and the o


38/72

60mn and torie 0 the Alvar and the

Na0annar o" the Tamildevotional cult

Guru Nana' )hatri "amil0 in the villa#eo" Talwandi ,Now

Nan+ana

Le"t home "or the com!an0 o" aint and !ir.

Com!oed h0mn and an# them tothe

accom!animent o" the &raa'% which i a

muicalintrument Em!haied love and devotion "or the one and

onl0 4od

Denouned idol worhi!% !il#rima#e%acri(ce

and ritual

Demanded !urit0 o" character and conduct

Ramanu8a Brom the /outh

Tau#ht in the lan#au#e o" the common !eo!le.

Dici!le wa Ramananda who too+ hi 4uru'

mea#e to the northern !art o" India.

Ramananda

3anted to rid the 6indu reli#ion o" it evil

cutom and !ractice.

5orn at Allahaad and educated at 8aranai.

All men were e;ual in the e0e o" 4od


39/72

Bollower

)air wa a weaver

/adhana wa a utcher

Ravidaa wa a coler /ena wa a arer.

Kabir

Criticied the e$itin# ocial order

Called "or hindu-mulim unit0

The on o" a mulim weaver%

Denounced idol worhi! Em!haied the unit0 o" #od.

Chaitan%a "aha)ra7hu

Brom 5en#al

Devotee o" Lord )rihna.

Condemned the cate 0tem

Em!haied on the e;ualit0 o" all

Trance in#in# devotional on#

"ira7ai

Com!oed and an# on# in !raie o" Lord

)rihna.

Namade(a

2arathi Tailor

Created 9oetr0


40/72

#o)ularit% of the 0ha'ti "o(ement

Im!ortant reaon

Challen#ed the cate 0tem and the

u!eriorit0 o" the5rahman'. 3anted a reli#ion which could ati"0 oth

their rationalit0 a well a emotion. No lon#er ati(ed with the old reli#ion

In northern india

Two tream

1. Nir#una ha+ti

Devotee o" a "ormle #od

)air and nana+

=. /a#una ha+ti

Devotee o" rama% the on o" daharatha% or

+rihna% the on o" deva+i and vaudeva.Tulida ,ramcharita mana /urda(ura#ar

Ra+han% a 2ulim !oet ,devotee o" Lord

)rihna

Im)ortant feature of 7ha'ti mo(ement

Onene o" #od

5rotherhood

A#aintcate or #ender

/urrender into #od

Intene !eronal devotion to #od

Chantin# the name o" #od


41/72

Came the guru or !iritual teacher

Person who had realised god and hence was

capable of leading

/0tem o"pahul.

The ancti(ed water o>ered 0 a mater to the

!u!il or shishya a a to+en o" hi ein# acce!ted

The i+h !er"ormed Mwahin# o" the word

ceremon0% called khande ka pahul, evolvin# a

thepir-muridi cutom ,the aint-oldier conce!t.

Literar0 com!oition% rendered into geet,

#awali, etc united the !eo!le%

/timulated the develo!ment o" re#ional

lan#ua#e.

$E&ELO#"ENT OF FOL2 ARTS

$ance

/everal occaion aociated with a#ricultural

o!eration li+e the tillin# o" oil% owin# o"

a!lin#% !ic+in# o" cotton% !ullin# out the weed

and man0 other ocial "unction !rovided

o!!ortunitie "or in#in# and dancin#

Advent o" rain ecame occaion "or dancin#

and merr0-ma+in# /!ecialpuas o>ered in the tem!le

/in# till late into the ni#ht


42/72

9eculiar dance "orm with a local avour

/arba, )albella, Bhangra, /8ddha, Bamboo

dance, +avani

The tamasha and the lavani "orm o" dance

drama were develo!ed in 2aharahtra*

The Pandavanis in central India

2erai in northern India

#rint Art

In Ra


43/72

Datan-e-Amir 6ama%

Blowerin# o" !ortrait

2iniature !aintin#

9ainter tried to !aint the claical ragas,

there0 #ivin# "orm and colour to uch atract

conce!tion a muic.

/eaon or baramasa paintings were imilarl0

#iven artitic "orm.

2u#hal chool o" !aintin#

A+ar a a lieral ruler e$tended 6indu !ainterli+e Dawant and 5aawan Lal

A "uion o" 9erian and Indian t0le ,o"

!aintin# durin# hi !eriod.

The Euro!ean inuence on Indian !aintin#

ahan#ir% a "amou !ainter

Bamou !ainter li+e Utad and Aul 6aan

2anur wa "amou "or hi miniature !aintin#

The Ra

and tem!le were !ro"uel0 emellihed


44/72

The 2u#hal /chool o" !aintin# "rom the

i$teenth to the ei#hteenth centur0 #ave rie to

the Indo-9erian chool o" miniature art.

/i#nin# on the miniature

Im!ortant wor+ a the $hangenama,

9afarnama and the 0amayana.

Auran#e to!!ed !atroniin# muic and

!aintin#

"usic Tanen in court o" a+aar com!oed new ra#a

Thee muician entertained the em!eror at

di>erent time o" the da0 and in di>erent

eaon with a!!ro!riate ragas.

/0nthei o" indo iranian muic durin# the tur+o-

a"#han rule in india

In north

A ditinct chool +nown a the hindutani chool

o" muic came into ein# and it !ecialit0 la0 in

!roducin# weet and ra!turou melodie to uit

di>erent mood o" li"e. The ragas and the raginis were !eroni(ed

accordin#l0.

)ha0al% thumri and #haal were alo elaorated


45/72

In the south

Carnatic chool o" muic develo!ed.

Indo5"ughal Culture

The !ractice o"harokha darshan

Court !ractice o" sida

Concentrated reli#iou and !olitical !ower

RISE OF "O$ERN IN$IAN LANGAGES

rdu

Ori#inated around Delhi

Develo!ed a a cam! lan#ua#e in the arm0 o"

Allauddin )hil


46/72

Nearly all other modern Indian languages like

Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, hari Boli, !un"abi,

gu"arati, #arathi, $indhi, ashmiri as well as the

four $outh Indian languages %&amil, &elugu,

annada and #alayalam ' came to ac(uire their

present form and de)eloped during this period.

NE9 FAITHS

Two new reli#iou "aith ourihed in India

/i+him

Joroatrianim.

Si'hism

/i+h elieve that 4od to 4uru Nana+ revealed

their reli#ion% whoe !irit entered the econd

and the ue;uent gurus till the tenth 4uru.

The tudent o" hitor0 and reli#ion thin+ that

the eed "or the irth and #rowth o" thi reli#ion

were !reent in the 5ha+ti movement% in it

nirguna ranch.

5aicall0 elieve in a "ormle 4od% e;ualit0 o"

all man+ind% need o" a guru and the pahul

tradition. The ("th #uru% Guru Ar8un $e(% #ave the /i+h

three thin#.


47/72

The(di /ranth, which contain the a0in# o"

(ve #uru and other allied aint. /tandardied cri!t "or 4urmu+hi in which the

(di /ranth wa (rt written.The ite and the "oundation o" the 6ar 2andir

ahi or the 4olden Tem!le and the A+al Ta+ht

at Amritar% the hi#het eat "rom where the

dictat "or the entire /i+h communit0 are

iued.

The tenth #uru% Guru Go7ind Singh created

the )hala% which mean Mthe !ure% in 1KK.

6e #ive (ve vow

)ee!in# o" kesh ,lon# hair and a eard%

)angha ,com%

)ada 1a metallic an#le% )irpan 1a word

)accha ,an underwear e$tendin# to a little

aove the +nee

$onse#uently, these symbols became the

distinguishing marks of a !ikh.

6e "urther added that a"ter hi death the (di/ranth will e the #uru o" the /i+h and the0

have to !a0 oeiance to thi hol0 oo+.

2uic ha alwa0 een an im!ortant "eature o"

/i+him


48/72

Zoroastrianism

"ounded 0 Jarathuhtra or Joroater% in the

ei#hth centur0 5C. in the re#ion now +nown a 9eria.

worhi! o" (re and the !reence o" #ood and ad

in the "orm o" Ahura 2ada and Ahura 2an.

ethical doctrine o" +indne and charit0.

doctrine are enhrined in the Jend Aveta.

!read over the whole o" 9eria and remained

the dominant reli#ion till the ei#hth centur0 AD when 2ulim con;uered thi re#ion. 2ot o" the

9ari mi#rated to di>erent !art o" the world.

The0 alo came to India and ettled at Navari in

4u


49/72

Joratrianim i not a !roel0tiin# reli#ion and

no new entrant are acce!ted into it "old under

an0 circumtance.

SOTH IN$IA

0eteen the ninth and ele(enth

centuries A$

Chola wa rulin# the Cholamandalam re#ion

Develo!ed a tron# arm0% eide a !ower"ulnav0

Develo!ed democratic intitution at the villa#e

level

5uddhim and ainim ourihed in thi re#ion.

Literature% (ne art% cul!ture and metal

catin#

The fourteenth centur%

Rie o" a new tate 8i


50/72

In )arnata+a% )annada% in Andhra% Tele#u and in

)erala% 2al0alam ourihed% all havin# di>erent

cri!t.

Ori#inall0 the entire re#ion !o+e Tamil% a it i a

ver0 old lan#ua#e.

Durin# the Chola !eriod% )anchi ecame a #reat

eat o" learnin#.

Remain o" 8i


51/72

2ODERN INDIA

all those who came to India from outside such as

the urks, the (fghans, and the 'ughals made

India their home. But the British colonial rulers

always remained foreigners to this land.

they brought profound social, economic and

political changes to suit their interests and in the

process left deep imprints on many aspects ofIndian culture.

RISE OF THE 9EST AN$ ITS I"#ACT

ON IN$IA

Brom 1F onward% three im!ortant

develo!ment had chan#ed the ha!e o" Euro!e:The invention o" !rintin# !re%

The e#innin# and the !read o" the

Renaiance and the Re"ormation movementThe dicover0 o" new trade route

4reat !ro#re in the (eld o" cience%

e$!loration and #unner0 Bor trade in India: 9ortu#uee Dutch Brench

5ritih

Bor aout two centurie India remained under

her domination where her entire human


52/72

reource were rec+lel0 e$!loited and her

wealth wa drained awa0 "or the ene(t o" the

rulin# nation

5ritih domination o" India wa uilt u!on

ucceive !hae.

The (rt !hae conited o" ta+in# hold o" the

Indian trade. In the econd !hae% the 5ritih too+ control o"

the !roduction activitie in a manner that

would uit their e$!ort o


53/72

India had ecome an e$cellent conumer o"

5ritih #ood and a rich u!!lier o" raw

material 0 the 0ear 1G1? A.D.

Introduced team hi! and railwa0 O!ened a vat mar+et to the 5ritih

Bacilitated e$!ort o" Indian raw material

aroadThe railwa0 connected the raw material

!roducin# area with the e$!ortin# !ort

The railwa0 !la0ed an im!ortant role in the

national awa+enin# o" the countr0

1G? that Dalhouie o!ened the (rt tele#ra!h

line "rom Calcutta to A#ra and alo introduced

the !otal ervice in India

IN$IA IN THE ;ee% #old% dru# and hone0 "rom araia*Tea% !orcelain and il+ came into india "rom

china*


54/72

Lu$ur0 #ood were alo rou#ht in "rom tiet%

in#a!ore% indoneian iland% a"rica and

euro!e.

Indian e$!orted raw il+% il+ "aric% indi#o%

u#ar% !e!!er and man0 other thin#. India' cotton te$tile were "amou all over the

world.

In !ite o" uch a "avourale alance o" trade%

india' economic condition could not im!rove

5ecaue o" contant war"are

There were revolt o" the i+h%


55/72

The tudent were tau#ht readin# and writin#

alon# with arithmetic Not !atronied 0 the tate% ut 0 local

ruler% memer o" the aritocrac0 and

enevolent contriutor

Hindu5"uslim Relations

Briendl0 relation

Reli#iou tolerance

An e;ual re!ect

DiHcult to ditin#uih one "rom the other.

SOCIAL CON$ITIONS

The condition o" women

The irth o" a #irl child wa conidered to e

un"ortunate 2arried o> in their childhood

9ol0#am0

No ri#ht to !ro!ert0 or divorce

9er!etual widowhood

9reence wa conidered inau!iciou

Inter-cate marria#e were not allowed.

2ulim 3omen 9ractice o" !urdah% !ol0#am0% lac+ o"

education and ri#ht to !ro!ert0


56/72

SOCIAL AN$ RELIGIOS REFOR"ERS

Chritian !riet came to India

/tarted o!enin# chool

/tarted the !rintin# !re and ma#aine "or

dieminatin# Chritian !rece!t and literature

En#lih education wa introduced

Thou#h the !ur!oe o" introducin# En#lih

education wa to "ul(l 5ritih !olitical and

adminitrative need% it o!ened the window "or

Indian to the 3et New idea o" lieralim% rationalim% democrac0%

e;ualit0 and "reedom

Acted a a cementin# "orce

Ram "ohan Ro%

6arin#er o" the modern a#e in India

Role in re"ormin# the 6indu ociet0 and the

reawa+enin# o" India

Ra


57/72

Deendra Nath Ta#ore ,1G1@-1K ucceeded

Ra


58/72


59/72

Social Reform

Two main o


60/72

Amed+ar o!ened man0 chool and colle#e "or

their ene(t

2ahatma 4andhi% on the other hand%

cham!ioned the caue o" untouchale whom he

called 6ari


61/72

Now ha over @ intitution under one

umrella.

other e#ually well-known personalities and

organiations like Ishwar $handra ;idyasagar,

0adhakanta &eb, the heosophical !ociety and

the (rya !ama

1%otirao Go(indrao #hule 3;


62/72

#RESS AN$ THE GRO9TH OF "O$ERN

IN$IAN LANGAGES AN$

LITERATRE

In 1@KG% litho#ra!h0 wa invented

It ued the !eciall0 !re!ared ur"ace o" a

tone "or !rintin# a cri!t% a !icture% or

drawin#

Brom aout 1G= onward% hundred o"

!am!hlet and oo+ were !rinted A a reult% 0 the end o" the nineteenth

centur0% the !re had ecome a !ower"ul tool

"or inuencin# !ulic o!inion.

9rintin# !ree were not cotl0

Encoura#ed a lar#e numer o" writer to

!roduce literature in di>erent Indian

lan#ua#e.

Enrich our cultural herita#e

Awa+enin# o" the Indian.

3ee+lie% "ortni#htl0


63/72

Dinaandhu 2itra' Neeldar!an%

5hartendu 6arih Chandra' 5harat Durdaha%

La+hminath 5earua' wor+ in Aamee%

/uramaniam 5harti' writin# in Tamil

Alta" 6uain' wor+ in Urdu

Role of Nes)a)ers

5ecome a !ower"ul and an im!ortant intrument

"or creatin#% !readin#% inuencin# and

har!enin# !ulic o!inion

6el!ed in !romotin# a !an-indian concioune

and in #ivin# im!ortant !olitical education to the

!eo!le o" India

Some im)ortant Nes)a)ers

5en#al

The 6indoo 9atriot ,En#lih

The Amrita 5aar 9atri+a ,En#lih

5oma0

2aharatha ,En#lih%

)eari ,2arathi

2adra

The 6indu ,En#lih%

/wadehmitran ,Tamil

9un


64/72

IN$IA SINCE IN$E#EN$ENCE

"a8or achie(ement

/ecular and democratic re!ulic 9arliamentar0 0tem o" #overnance

Inte#ration o" the ertwhile !rincel0 tate

Economic !lannin#

Commendale !ro#re in the (eld o" cience

and technolo#0.

6eard with re!ect in international meetin#

The iue o" india ecomin# a !ermanentmemer o" the un ecurit0 council i imilarl0

#ainin# wide acce!tance toda0.

Nationalist "o(ement?The 0eginning

5ritih im!erialitic colonialim

Chie" caue o" India' ac+wardne in ever0!here

Indian were now comin# to realie thi truth

9eaant and the wor+er were the wort

vicitim Indutrialit and the ca!italit were alo not

ati(ed

50 the 1Kth centur0 all Indian were united in

that% the0 had all realied the0 had a common

enem0the 5ritiher


65/72

The 5ritiher did hel! in rin#in# aout

adminitrative and economic uni(cation o" the

countr0.

Communication 0tem o" railwa0% tele#ra!h

and !ot Road and motor tran!ort

3etern thou#ht and education

2odern idea o" democrac0% humanim%

nationalim and overei#nt0

9re and literature

Revival o" the ancient #lor0 o" India

The inteni(cation o" anti-5ritih "eelin# due

toP

The racial arro#ance and dicrimination on the!art o" the 5ritih ruler in India%

The a#itation o" the 5ritiher a#aint the

Ilert 5ill% Lord L0tton' anti-India meaure and the

holdin# o" the lavih 5ritih )in#' Durar in

India when man0 Indian were d0in# due to"amine

Indian National Con#re% tarted 0 A.O. 6ume

in 1GG


66/72

It did ucceed in creatin# !olitical awarene

and a "eelin# o" unit0.

&he formation of the #uslim eague is considered

to be the -rst fruit of the British master strategy

of /i)ide and 0ule1. &he British were happy that

they had succeeded in separating the 23 million

#uslims from the +indus. &hus arose the e)il

monster of communalism in our country.

The Home Rule "o(ement

A"ter (rt world war% two 6ome Rule Lea#uewere et u!

One wa tarted 0 Tila+ at 9oona

Other 0 Annie 5eant at 2adra.

Aimed at the achievement o" /wara< or el"-

#overnment

4ot de(nite #oal to achieve.

Avoided violent or revolutionar0 method.

3or+ed a au$iliar0 unit o" the Con#re.

;=/>5;=;< #eriod

The Era of E@tremists

Criticied the 2odertate on thee #roundP

Bailure to de(ne India' !olitical #oal%

Uin# mild and ine>ective method

Bailure to ma+e the movement a ma

movement


67/72

Led 0 the trio !o!ularl0 +nown a - Lal% 5al% 9al

Lala La< 9at Rai%

5al 4an#adhar Tila+%

Bipin Chandra Pal

5an+im Chandra% /wami 8ive+ananda% /wami

Da0ananda /arawari and Auroindo 4hoh

in!ired the e$tremit !hiloo!h0

Curon' re!reive !olicie

Divide and Ruleecame the immediate caue

o" a#itation

&5o0cott' o" "orei#n #ood and ado!tion o"

&/wadehi' or indi#eneoul0 !roduced #ood.

The 5ritih #overnment ued all +ind o" violent

re!reive meaure to u!re it.

;=;=5;=B #eriod

2onta#u-Chelm"ord Re"orm with the

4overnment o" Indian Act% 1K1K

The Rowlatt Act

To u!re !olitical violence.

4andhi

Ued the !olitical wea!on called /at0a#raha

Cham!aran /at0a#raha.

The allianwala 5a#h 2aacre too+ !lace in

Amritar on A!ril 1?% 1K1K


68/72

The )hila"at 2ovement tarted

Aim wa to !reurie the #overnment to et

ri#ht the wron# done to the 2ulim on the

iue o" Tur+e0.

)hila"at 2ovement mer#ed with the non co-

o!eration movement

5o0cott o" an0thin# 5ritih includin#


69/72

)nown a Dandi 2arch% on th A!ril% 1K?

4andhi too+ u! the caue o" the &De!reed

Clae' and the &Untouchale'

The 6ari


70/72

The0 tried to tem the riin# nationalim 0

a!!eain# the 2ulim and inducin# them to a+

"or !rivile#e a &minorit0 ri#ht'.

A a reult the two-nation theor0 wa evolved

in 1K?G and clearl0 !elt out 0 innah in

1KF.

Dr. 6ed#ewar "ounded the Rahtri0a /wa0am

/ewa+ /an#h ,R//.

Aimed at awa+enin# and or#aniin# the 6indu

!eo!le &/ha+ha' techni;ue wa evolved

The Cri!! 2iion% in 1KF= o>ered &Dominion

/tatu' to India at the end o" the war. The

Con#re reer.

The uit India 2ovement "or com!lete

inde!endence wa launched 0 4andhi and the

Con#re in Au#ut% 1KF=.

2ovement under the leaderhi! o" ai 9ra+ah

Narain were alo active

/uhah Chandra 5oe and Rah 5ehari 5oe

launched the Indian Inde!endence Lea#ue and

the Indian National Arm0 ,INA% alo called Aad

6ind Bau


71/72

3ith the hel! o" the a!anee% the INA reached

the Indian order and ca!tured )ohima.a!an wa de"eated 0 the 5ritih Arm0.

A"ter the end o" the war% election were held in

India in the e#innin# o" 1KF. The Con#re

won mot o" the eat.

The Cainet 2iion 9lan

Dia#reement on the 9lan etween the

Con#re and the 2ulim Lea#ue 8iceor0 invited the Con#er under Nehru to

"orm an Interim 4overnment.The 2ulim Lea#ue wa "uriou and it reulted

in communal riot and a lot o" loodhed. /tuc+ to their demand "or a e!arate 2ulim

countr09a+itan.

5ritih 9rime 2initer Attlee announced in

Beruar0% the 9lan "or the tran"er o" 9ower 0

une 1KFG.

Lord 2oundatten wa ent a 8icero0 to India in

2arch to ma+e arran#ement

The Con#re had to acce!t the !artition o" India

due to man0 !reure% e!eciall0 ecaue o"

the wide!read communal loodhed and the

uncom!romiin# attitude o" the Lea#ue and

innah.


72/72

India ecame "ree on 1th Au#ut% 1KF@ a"ter

!artition. At the tro+e o" midni#ht ,1Fth-1th

Au#ut tran"er o" !ower too+ !lace.

/ource

NIO/ oo+

505harat Chaudhar0

nios culture notes

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