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The 20th Annual General Body Meeting ofNepal Geological Society (NGS) was held

on 31August 1999 (15 Bhadra 2056) in theauditorium of Department of Mines and Geology,Lainchaur, Kathmandu. The meeting wasconducted under the chairmanship of Mr R. K.Aryal, President, Nepal Geological Society. Themeeting was attended by most of the membersof the society residing in Kathmandu and outside.

The meeting commmenced with thewelcome speech of Mr R. K. Aryal, President,NGS. It was followed by the presentation ofannual report by Mr U. B. Shrestha, GeneralSecretary, and annual financial report of thesociety for the fiscal year 2055/056 by Mr ArjunAryal, Treasurer. Mr ShresthaÕs speech wasfocused on the activities carried out by theSociety in the last one year period and about thefuture programmes of NGS. Mr Arjun Aryalpresented the financial status of 2055/056.Onthis occasion, Dr. B. N. Upreti, Convener ,International Symposium gave a brief accounton the progress of the Symposium. It wasfollowed by discussions on various topics. Therewas an active participation of the membersduring the discussions on various issues. Someimportant decisions were made in the meetingafter the discussions.

Nepal Geological Society in collaborationwith IDNDR National Committee, Nepal,

HMG/ Ministry of Home UNDP-Nepal, DisasterMitigation Support Programme Project (DMSP),National Society for Earthquake Technology,Nepal and Lutheran World Federation/ Nepalorganised a one-day National Meeting cumSeminar on ÒPrevention PaysÓ to commemoratethe International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR) Day 1999 declared by UN.The meeting was held in the auditorium ofRussian Cultural Centre, Kamalpokhari,Kathmandu on 13 October 1999. It was attendedby more than 250 participants from various

organisations and institutions. The inauguralsession was chaired by Mr P . P. Pokharel,Secretary, Ministry of Home. Honorable HomeMinister, Mr P. B. Khandka sent his message tothe meeting and read by Mr A. M. Dixit. MrP. B. Malla. Honourable member of NGSinaugurated the Seminar.

The national meeting was followed by aTechnical Seminar on Natural DisasterPrevention in Nepal. In this seminar eighttechnical papers were presented by theprofessionals of various disciplines in twotechnical sessions.

Nepal Geological Society (NGS), under thesponsorship of the International

Association for Engineering Geology andEnvironment (IAEG) and endorsed by theInternational Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR) Secretariat, GenevaSwitzerland, COGEOENVIRONMENT (IUGS)and also in association with various national andinternational organisations, has successfullyorganised an International Symposium onEngineering Geology, Hydrogeology andNatural Disaster with emphasis on Asia inKathmandu, on 28 Ð 30 September 1999. TheSymposium was graciously inaugurated by HisMajesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.Her Majesty Queen Aishwarya Rajya LaxmiDevi Shah also graced the occasion. It wasattended by over 419 geoscientists/ delegates andguests from 34 countries of Europe, America,Australia, Africa and Asia. Altogether 185research papers were presented in this 3 day-longSymposium. Publication of Proceedings of theSymposium is in progress.

In this year of 1999/2000, the Nepal GeologicalSociety has organised one geoscientific talk

programme on ÒThe origin of Himalaya inanatexis and inverted metamorphism: Model andconstraintsÓ by Dr . T. M. Harrision, adistinguished geo-scientist and Professor of the

NGS NEWS

2

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Nepal Geological Society

on the auspicious occasion of

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News Bulletin Volume 17, 2000 Issue

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A Memorandum of Understanding for aprofessional exchange between the

Nepal Geological Society (NGS) and theGeological Society of Thailand (GST) wassigned in Bankok, Thailand, on 28 January2000. The areas of future cooperation include:(a) to make regular exchange of informationand publications of the respective societies,(b) to accord priority in terms of support(partially or fully) of the participation ofmembers of the respective Societies ininternational seminars, conferences, andexchange of visits of respective members inthe programmes organised by NGS/ GST; (c)to provide respective or ganisationalmemberships after appropriate considerationwithin the relevant bodies, and (d) to accordmaximum possible cooperation in carrying outgeo-scientific research in their respectivecountries.

The representation of the Nepal GeologicalSociety is being made, as in the past, in

various meetings, workshops, and seminarsorganised by various governmental and non-governmental organisations.

Dr B. N. Upreti, Former President of NepalGeological Society, participated in the

15th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet (HKT)International Workshop held in Chengdu,PeopleÕs Republic of China, from 15 to 22 April2000. On behalf of NGS he proposed to holdfor the second time, the HKT InternationalWorkshop in Kathmandu on the occasion of 25thAnniversary of Nepal Geological Society in theyear of 2005.

On the occasion of 55th Birth day, His MajestyKing Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev hasdecorated two of NGS members, Mr R. K. Aryal,President, and Mr K. P. Kaphle, Former Presidentof NGS, with Prabal Gorkha Dakshin BahuMedal for their devotion and ef forts in makingthe International Seminar a success.

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20th GENERAL BODY MEETING OF NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Hydrogeology and Natural Disasters with Emphasis on

g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfhsf cWoIf >L /d]zs'df/ cof{nsf] :jfut efif0f(Welcome Speech By Mr R.K.Aryal, President, Nepal Geological Society)

Asia from 28 to 30 September 1999. / 19 October

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ca d cf gf] dGtJo k"/f ub}{ cGo laifo k|j]zsf]nflu c? ;fyLx?nfO{ cfdlGqt ub{5'Ê.

6

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Mr Chairman,Respected Members of the Society,

It gives me a great pleasure to welcome youall to the 20th Annual General Body Meeting ofthe Nepal Geological Society, on behalf of the10th Executive Committee and myself . We havealready passed a year since we took theresponsibility of prestigious office of the NepalGeological Society.

During the period we have put our efforts tothe extent possible to enhance the activities ofthe Society and fulfil its objectives. In thiscontext, dear Respected Members, firstly I wouldlike to inform you about the major workscompleted during the year and then to informabout the activities to be undertaken in thecoming year.

The various works completed during one yeartenure are:

Observing the IDNDR DayThe Nepal Geological Society in close co-

operation with HMG/ Ministry of Home, IDNDRNational Committee Nepal, Water InducedDisaster Prevention Technical Centre (DPTC),UNDP-Nepal, Lutheran World Federation -Nepal, National Society for EarthquakeTechnology Nepal (NSET-Nepal) had organiseda one day National Meeting cum Seminar onNatural Disaster Prevention and the Media:Prevention begins with Information tocommemorate the UN declared InternationalDecade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)Day 1998, at the Russian Culture Centre on 14th

October 1998. It was attended by more than 250participants from various institutions andorganisations. On this occasion variousdistinguished personalities highlighted theimportance of media in natural disastermanagement. Nine technical papers and a dramawere also presented.

To celebrate this occasion, a three day trainingprogramme on ÒDisaster JournalismÓ to themedia people and the awareness-raising posterpublication on Natural Disaster Preventionfor wider distribution was also carriedout.

Award:1998 - UN Merituous Certificate for the

Disaster Prevention: The Nepal GeologicalSociety was awarded by the jury of 1998 - UN

Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award with the1998 Merituous Certificate for the DisasterPrevention. The Society was awarded for itsefforts in disseminating the scientific knowledgeand spreading the awareness of prevention ofnatural disasters. The award was announced byUN Humanitarian and Emer gency Relief Co-ordination Office of IDNDR Secretariat inGeneva, Switzerland.

Publication:The News Bulletin of Society (V ol. 16) as

well as the Proceedings of the Second NepalGeological Congress, Special Issues of theJournal of Nepal Geological Society (V ol. 18)were published. We have already starteddistribution of this Journal to our subscribers,members, and other institutions. We request allour members to purchase the journal and helptowards making the publication sustainable. TheNews Bulletin of the Society is distributed forfree of cost to our respected members. Vol. 19and 20 of the journal are in the final stage ofediting and will soon be sent for publication.

Talk Programme and Film Show:Scientific talk programmes were or ganised

with the close co-operation of Scientific Sub-Committee. The programmes conducted areÒThe evolution of the Himalayan Orogeny" byDr. G. Fuchs, ÒWhy Study the Pollen Grains?Óby Dr. D. K. Fergussion, ÒEnvironmental Changeand Mammalian Evolution in east Asia Duringthe Late Tertiary and QuaternaryÓ by ProfessorNina G. Jablonsli, and "Seismo-tectonics ofCentral Himalayas: Current Knowledge" by Dr.J. P. Avouac. A documentary film on HimalayanGeology entitled ÒThe roof of The worldÓprepared by BBC was also shown. All theseprogrammes were conducted in the auditoriumhall of the Department of Mines and Geology.

A Memorandum of Understanding:A Memorandum of Understanding for

professional exchange was signed betweenHighline Community College des Moines,Washington, USA, and the Nepal GeologicalSociety on 27 Feb. 1999. The details of theMemorandum of Understanding werehighlighted by Dr. Dibya Ratna Kansakar in theauditorium Hall of the Department of Mines andGeology on 9th Phalgun, 2055.

Annual Report by Mr U. B. Shrestha, Secretary General, NGS

8

Best Wishes

and

Hearty Felicitations

tothe Nepal Geological Society

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Respected Members of the Society,The Society had gained a considerable

strength in its membership. At present, theSociety have 440 members and 20 associatemembers.

Dear respected members, now I am pleasedto inform about the major activities of the Societyto be undertaken very soon:

International Symposium On ÒEngineeringGeology, Hydrogeology, and Natural Disasterswith Emphasis on Asia, Sept. 28-30,1999Ó

Dear respected members, I feel proud toinform you that this symposium is going to be heldon 28-30 Sept. 1999. The organisers have receivedoverwhelming responses from the members of theSociety, professionals as well as concernedorganisations/institutions throughout the world.Keeping this in mind, we are or ganising thissymposium in the Birendra InternationalConvention Centre. We have approached HisMajesty the King for the inauguration. Till nowwe have received positive response from HisMajestyÕs Secretariate. We hope that His Majestywill grace the inauguration ceremony.

The first and second circulars of thesymposium were widely distributed to themembers of various societies, professionals,concerned organisations, and institutionsthroughout the world. As a consequence of thewide circulation, we have received 434registrations. Among which, till now , we have100 confirmed participants from the SAARCregion (out of them, there are 55 from Nepal).There are 180 participants from Europe, America,Japan, and other countries. We will be coveringall the presentations by running three parallelsessions in auditoriums of Birendra InternationalConventional Hall.

In this context, soon we will distribute thethird circular to concerned professionals, relatedorganisations, and institutions.

Excursions:In connection with the International

Symposium, we are arranging the following twofield excursions for our participants:(1) Kathmandu-Butwal-Tansen-Pokhara-

Kathmandu: A four day excursion. Tillnow we have 80 confirmations from theparticipants for the excursion.

(2) Kathmandu-Kodari-Kathmandu: Oneday excursion. Till now we have nearly 30participants for this excursion.

Financial Aspect of the Symposium:We had estimated the whole activities of theSymposium by considering 350 confirmedparticipants.The expected expenditure ofRs. 2,832,103.00 and expected income of Rs.2,471,000 leads to a deficit of Rs. 361,103.00.We expect to raise this amount by the incomefrom registration of the additional Nepaleseparticipants and also from the contribution oflocal consulting and construction companiesworking in Nepal.

Dear respected members, I think anyactivities of the society could be consideredsuccessful only if it is participated by a maximumnumber of members of the Society. Keeping thisin mind and the cost of the symposium, we havefixed a very liberal registration cost ofRs.1000.00 only for the Nepalese members ofthe Society who will be joining the Symposiumindividually. Any members of the Societywishing to register for the symposium couldregister in the NGS of fice. For those memberswho are busy at present, could also register on27 September 1999 in Birendra InternationalConventional Hall.

IDNDR- Day, 1999:The coming IDNDR-Day 1999, the last event

of the decade, will be held on 13 October 1999on the theme ÒPrevention PaysÓ. As usual, thisIDNDR Day will be observed in close associationwith HMG/ Ministry of Home, IDNDR NationalCommittee, Nepal DPTC-Nepal, UNDP-Nepal,Lutheran World Federation - Nepal, NationalSociety for Earthquake Technology (NSET-Nepal) by running a day-long National Meetingcum Seminar. There will also be two additionalprogrammes: 1) publication of natural disasterawareness-raising posters and 2) workshop to themembers of the Parliament. We have got financialassurance for some of the programmes fromUNDP-Nepal.

Third Nepal Geological Congress:Dear Respected Members, during the 19 th

Biennial General Body Meeting, we hadpromised that the Third Nepal GeologicalCongress will be organised in 2000 A. D. As allof you are aware that present executive body isquite busy with the present InternationalSymposium, we will not be left with suf ficienttime for the or ganisation of the Third NepalGeological Congress in 2000 A. D. Moreover,there will be a great dif ficulty in generating

10

financial support within such a short period.Hence, I propose that the Third Nepal GeologicalCongress be organised in 2001 A. D. May I recall,dear respected members, that traditionally weobserve the congress every twoyears.

Dear members, whatever we are able to doduring the year are due to your help, support,and advice. On behalf of the ExecutiveCommittee and myself, I would like to offer oursincere thanks all of you for your activecooperation and continued support all the time.Various governmental and non-governmentalorganisations / Agencies, have provided technicaland financial support to the Society . The 10th

Executive Committee would like to thank thoseorganisations and agencies and hope that suchcooperation will be continued in the future.Particularly, I would like to mention here thefollowing organisations:• Department of Mines and Geology;• Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project;• Ground water Resources Development

Project;• Department of Irrigation;• Central Department of Geology , Kirtipur

Campus, Tribhuvan University;• Department of Geology , Tri-Chandra

Campus, Tribhuvan University;

• DPTC, UNDP;• Lutheran World Service;• BGR/DMG;• Nepal Electricity Authority;• Nepal Electricity Development Centre;• Ministry of Home;• ICIMOD;• Ministry of Science and Technology;• Nepal EngineersÕ Association;• UNESCO Regional Office, Delhi;• IAEG;• NSET;

While working, there may have beenshortcomings and weaknesses from our part. Forthis, I would like to take this opportunity toextend our sincere apology on behalf of theexecutive committee. Also at this moment, wewould like to renew our request once again forthe continuation of your support, advice, andcooperation as well as to point out ourweaknesses. We sincerely hope that we will beguided by the respected members of the societyin future.

Thank you all.

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a}+s df}Hbft ¿= (,!&,(%(=^&gub ¿= @!,)#!=))hDdf ¿= (,#*,(()=^&

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Malla df ePsf] Dinner vr{, Second Nepal Geological

Congress sf] Proceeding Printing vr{, h'g cl3Nnf]

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• IAEG US$ 3,400.00

• BGR Project US$ 2,000.00

• ICIMOD US$ 2,000.00

• UNESCO US$ 500.00

• Dr. Hirayama, Japan Rs. 11,200.00

• Natraj Travel Rs. 10,000.00

• East Consult Rs. 10,000.00

International Symposium sf cGo k|d'v cfDbfgLx?M• Registration Rs. 178,200.00

• Registration US$ 4,425.00

• Post Symposium Excursion US$ 5,400.00

• Advertisement (Pagini) US$ 477.00

;fy} ;f]xL Pagini Company n] International

Symposium df ljt/0f ug{ #@) j6f Computer CD

pknJw u/fPsf] 5Ê.

IDNDR sf] nflu sf] nflu sf] nflu sf] nflu sf] nflu Contribution:

• DPTC Rs. 35,000.00

• Lutheran World Rs. 20,000.00

• Ministry of Home Rs. 10,000.00

Contribution for Journal Printing:

• Godavari Marble (P) Ltd. Rs. 15,000.00

• Dr. Klaus Busch, (Germany) Rs. 8,000.00

o; jif{sf] cGo cfDbfgL tyf vr{x?sf] ljj/0foxfx?nfO{ k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5Ê. pQm vr{dWo] ;dfhsf];DktLsf] ?kdf /xg] u/L Ps Laser Printer 6L / PsSteel Cabinet tyf cGo ;fdfgx? ;d]t lslgPsf5g\Ê.

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12

Bes t W is h e sTo

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

FROM

BUTWAL POWER COMPANY LIMITED (BPC)

Field of Activities: Build, own and operate hydropower plantsby maximising use of local capability andinstitution building

Accomplishments: Tinau - 1 MW, Andhikhola - 5.1MW,Jhimruk - 12MW

On-going Activities:Project Development Khimti Hydropower Project (60 MW) through

involvement as sponsor and party toengineering design, project management,training and technology transfer and othersupport services

Environment and community developmentservices and various other consultingservices i.e. feasibility studies, model studies,geotechnical studies etc. through itsHydroconsult Department

Operation & Management Andhikhola and Jhimruk Power Plants

Rural Electrification Syangja, Palpa and Pyuthan districts

Address: Pulchowk, Lalitpur, P.O. Box: 11728, Tel: 538419/535595/538404 Fax: 527901

13

Auditor's Financial Report of Fiscal Year 2055/056

The MembersNepal Geological SocietyKathmandu.

Gentlemen,I have audited the attached Receipt and Payment Account for the year ended on

32nd Shrawan, 2056, and reports as follows:1. I have got all the information and explanations which are required for the purpose

of audit.2. Proper books as required are maintained according to Company's Law.3. The attached Receipt and Payment Account and Income and Expenditure Account

are drawn properly up in accordance with records which are made available tome.

4. According to the information given to me the attached Income & ExpenditureAccounts prepared for the year ended 32nd Shrawan 2056 exhibit true and fairview.

Sd.(Babu Raja Bajracharya)

Date: 10th Bhadra 2056 Registered Auditor

With the Best Wishes

from

GANESH HIMAL ZINC-LEAD PROJECT

★ ★ ★

NEPAL METAL COMPANY LIMITED

Gyantole, GyaneshworPost Box 468, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 412 657, 410 210 Fax: 00977-1-410 210

14

Auditors financial Report of Fiscal Year 2055-056

15

Auditors financial Report of Fiscal Year 2055-056

16

CEMAT CONSULTANTS (PVT) LTD(Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Architectural and Transport Consultants)

G.P.O. Box: 3953Kumari Path, Thapagaon

New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, NepalTel.: 493198, 491439Fax: 977-1-491598

E-mail: cemat@wlink.com.np

Fields:❑ Water Resources Development and Irrigation❑ Water Supply and Sewerage❑ Road, Highways, and Bridges❑ Commercial, Industrial, and other Complexes❑ Power Engineering❑ Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development❑ Mechanical and Industrial Engineering❑ Integrated Rural Development

Services:❑ Preliminary Investigation and Feasibility Studies❑ Assistance in Project Start-up❑ Detailed Engineering, Tendering, and Contract Negotiation❑ Construction Supervision and Quality Control❑ Project Management❑ Socio-Economic and Environmental Studies

17

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aL;f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf ePsf 5n˚n tyf lg0f{ox?

18

GEOMIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY

Contact Address:Executive Director

Battishputali, BaneshworPhone No.: 495964

We are providing dedicately services in the following fields:• Water Supply and Sanitation

• Survey, Design and Planning of Roads, Irrigation, andHydropower Sectors

• Integrated Rural Development

• Geo-technical Investigation and Prefeasibility Studies

• Drilling and Material Testing

• Geophysical Exploration

• Soil and Ground Water Engineering

• Building, Physical Planning and Urban Development

• River Training and Flood Protection

• Exploration, Evaluation, and Assessment of Mineral Resources

• Survey and Data Base

• Forestry, Environment, and Socio-Economic Studies

Best Wishes to

Nepal Geological Society

on the auspicious occasion of publishing its

New Volume of Bulletin

from

19

The Nepal Geological Society (NGS) underthe sponsorship of the International Associationfor Engineering Geology and the Environment(IAEG) and endorsed by the International Decadefor Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, CO-GEOENVIRONMENT(IUGS) and also inassociation with various national andinternational or ganisation organised anInternational Symposium on EngineeringGeology, Hydrogeology, and Natural Disasterswith Emphasis on Asia from 28 to 30September 1999.

The Symposium was graciouslyinaugurated by His Majesty King Birendra Bir

BRIEF REPORT ONINTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENGINEERING GEOLOGY,

HYDROGEOLOGY AND NATURAL DISASTERSWITH EMPHASIS ON ASIA

28 - 30 SEPTEMBER, 1999

Bikram Shah Dev . Her Majesty QueenAishwarya Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah also gracedthe occasion.

On the occasion, His Majesty conferredupon the Honorary Membership of the NepalGeological Society to two distinguished geo-scientists, Professor Dr. Koshiro Kizaki (Japan)and Mr Madhav Raj Pandey (Nepal) for theircontribution to research and development of geo-science in the Himalayas. Their Majesties alsogranted audience to the distinguished geo-scientists from thirty two countries. Theinaugural function was also attended by MrYog Prasad Upadhyay, the Rt. Honorable ActingPrime Minster of Nepal and other distinguishedpersons.

Their Majesties the King and Queen taking Guard of Honour on the occasion of Inaugural Ceremony ofthe International Symposium on Engineering Geology, Hydrogeology, and Natural Disaster with Emphasison Asia. Rt. Hon. Acting Prime Minister, Minister for Science and Technology, and the President of NGSwere also present on this occasion.

20

Best Wishes

and

Hearty Felicitations

to

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

HIMAL CEMENT CO. LTD.Chobhar, Kathmandu

PO Box No. 321Tel.: 330958, 331763

Fax: 330136

21

Welcoming the participants Mr R. K. Aryal,President of Nepal Geological Society, expressedhis confidence that the outcomes of research/working papers deliberated in the symposiumwill certainly be a solid contribution towardssustainable infrastructure development.

At the inaugural ceremony , HonorableMinister of State for Science and Technology,Mr Surendra Prasad Chaudhary highlighted onthe importance of engineering geology ,hydrogeology, and natural disaster preventionand mitigation in a country like Nepal, which issituated in a highly fragile geoenvironment. Healso stated that His MajestyÕs Government ofNepal will give high priority to involve geo-scientists in all the governmental organisationsresponsible for infrastructural development.

On this occasion, President of IAEG,Professor Wang Sijing shade light on theactivities of IAEG and expressed his pleasure atorganising such a symposium in Nepal.

Convener of the International Symposium,Professor Dr. Bishal Nath Upreti highlighted thestatus of the International Symposium. He alsopointed out that the holding of such a meeting inNepal provides a forum for the scientists of theregion to interact with their counterparts fromthe developed countries. General Secretary of theNepal Geological Society , Mr Uttam BolShrestha presented vote of thanks.

The Symposium was attended by 419 geo-scientists from 34 differ ent countries. Theparticipants were from the following countriesand regions:SAARC: Nepal (231), Bangladesh (4), India(18), Pakistan (2) and Sri Lanka (2).

Asia-Pacific region: Japan (56), China (7), Iran(3), Israel (4), Malaysia (2), Taiwan (1), Turkey(1), Australia (1) and New Zealand (1).European countries: Austria (3), CzechRepublic (1), Finland (3), France (17), Germany(6), Greece (4), Italy (27), Netherlands (1),Norway (1), Portugal (2), Romania (1), Slovenia(1), Sweden (3) and United Kingdom (5).African continent: South Africa (1).North America: United States of America (4)and Canada (2).South America: Argentina (1), Brazil (2) andColombia(1).

During the three days of symposium,twenty-three technical sessions were held in threemain topics: engineering geology , hydro-geology, and natural disasters.On the second day of the symposium, a specialsession on seismology (DMG/Nepal and DASE/France) was conducted. His excellency, MichelLummuas, French Ambassador to Nepal shedlight on the twenty years of cooperation inseismology between DMG/Nepal and DASE/France. Mr N. R. Sthapit, Director General ofthe Departments of Mines and Geology ,highlighted on the activities of the NationalSeismological Laboratory and appreciated thecooperation between Nepal and France. Mr R.K. Aryal, President of the Nepal GeologicalSociety, also spoke on the occasion. The specialsession was chaired by Mr R. R. Pokhar el,Secretary, Ministry of Industry,

After the technical sessions, a valedictorysession was conducted. Mr Surendra PrasadChaudhary, Hon. State Minister for Scienceand Technology, was the Chief Guest of thesession. Mr Ramesh Kumar Aryal, thePresident of the Nepal Geological Society

His Majesty the King inaugurating the InternationalSymposium in Kathmandu on 28 September 1999

His Majesty the King presenting HonouraryMembership of NGS to Mr Madhav Raj Pandey

22

chaired the session. At the session, eminent geoscientists from eight countries expressed their views regarding the importance of the Symposium and the achievements that could be gained through such conferences.

His Majesty the King presenting the honorary Membership of NGS to Professor Dr K. Kizaki After the symposium, a one-day Excursion to

Kathmandu-Kodari-Kathmandu and another four-day Excursion to Kathmandu-Butwal-Pokhara-Kathmandu were also organised. These excursions were attended by30 and 90 participants, respectively The excursions were planned to show the participants various engineering geological problems along the mountain roads of Nepal, including visits to hydropower projects, and the general geology of the Nepal Himalayas. The Executive and Council meetings of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) were also held in Kathmandu prior to the symposium. A total of 185 scientific research/working papers including six keynote addresses were presented in the symposium. Out of which, about 110 full papers have been submitted for publication. The Society will be publishing the proceedings of the symposium in the Journal of the Nepal Geological Society by the end of 2000. The paper will be reviewed by international referees before publication.

Their Majesties the King and Queen with the 10th Executive Committee Members of Nepal

Geological Society

23

Your Majesty the King,Your Majesty the Queen,Rt. Hon. Acting Prime Minister, Mr Yog PrasadUpadhaya,Rt. Hon. Chief Justice, Mr Mohan Pd. Sharma,Rt. Hon. Speaker, Lower House, Mr Tara NathRana Bhat,Hon. Minister for Science and Technology, MrSurendra Prasad Chaudhari,Hon. Heads of the Constitutional Bodies,Your Excellencies the Ambassadors,Honorary Members of Nepal Geological Society,President of IAEG, Prof. Wang Sijing,Distinguished Geo-scientists,Engineers and Managers,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen.

Your Majesty,We, the geoscientists and engineers are

highly grateful to your Majesty for gracefullyinaugurating the International Symposium/Conference on Engineering Geology ,Hydrogeology, and Natural Disasters withEmphasis on Asia organised by the NepalGeological Society under the sponsorship ofInternational Association for EngineeringGeology and the Environment (IAEG).

On this occasion, on behalf of NepalGeological Society and Geo-scientificCommunity, I express my heartfelt gratitude toYour Majesty for the MajestyÕs gracefulpresence. I also express my hearty gratitude toYour Majesty the Queen for Your MajestyÕsgracious presence.

Your Majesty,The Nepal Geological Society has emerged

as focal point for national and international geo-scientists engaged in geo-scientific research inthe Himalayas, and at present the Societyencompasses more than 450 national andinternational members. The Society has regularlybringing out geo-scientific research papersthrough its publication, Journal of NepalGeological Society.

Your Majesty,May I humbly inform to Your Majesty that

the Nepal Geological Society is awarded Ò1998Merituous Certificate for DisasterPreventionÓ for its ef fort in disseminating thescientific knowledge and spreading the

Welcome Speech by R. K. Aryal, President, Nepal Geological Societyawareness of prevention of natural disaster byUN Humanitarian and Emer gency reliefCoordination Office of IDNDR Secretariat inGeneva.

Your Majesty,I humbly would like to inform to Your

Majesty that about 350 distinguished geo-scientists from 37 countries of the world areparticipating in this conference. On the occasionI welcome all eminent national and internationalparticipants and distinguished guests.

Your Majesty,The Himalayas are very fragile with

complex geological structures. The country hasbeen regularly witnessing the loss of life andproperty due to natural disasters: earthquake,floods, landslides, soil erosion, and glacier lakeoutbrust floods. On the other hand, constructionof infrastructures, harnessing of groundwaterresources, and other developmental activities arefurther escalating the environmental degradationdrastically. On the above context the input ofgeological, engineering geological, geotechnical,hydrogeological knowledge will enhancestowards the sustainable infrastructuraldevelopment and also help in reduction of naturaldisaster effects.

The conference will provide the participantsan opportunity to discuss and deliberate onvarious aspects of geoscience and bring out withtheir findings. This will certainly beneficial tothe national as well as international participants.

Your Majesty,At present, our geo-scientists are directly

contributing towards the national developmentby their involvement in planning andimplementation of hydropower projects such asthe Kaligandaki and Marsyangdi, highways androads, exploration and development of mineralresources, and underground water resources.They are also involved in the natural disasterprevention and environmental management.

Your Majesty,I believe that the scientific papers and

reports to be presented in this conference will beimmensely valuable and will provide inspirationand guidence to all the participating geo-scientists.

Once again I remain yours, Your Majesties.

24

CONSULTING ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND PLANNERS

STUDY AREAS:• SURVEY, DESIGN AND PLANNING OF ALL

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: ROADS,IRRIGATION, WATER SUPPLY, ANDHYDROPOWERS

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• SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES

• TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

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• CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION

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E-mail: dip@unlimit.com.np

25

Your Majesty the King,Your Majesty the Queen,Rt. Hon. Act. Prime Minister Mr Yog PrasadUpadhyaya,Rt. Hon. Chief Justice, Mr Mohan Pd. Sharma,Rt. Hon. Speaker, Lower House, Mr Tara NathRana Bhat,Hon. Ministers,Hon. State Minister for Science and TechnologyMr Surendra Prasad Chaudhary,Hon. Heads of Constitutional bodies,Your Excellencies,Prof. Sijing Wang, President of IAEG,Mr R.K. Aryal, President of NGS,Distinguished Participants,Distinguished Guests,Distinguished Members of Nepal GeologicalSociety,Fellow Members of Nepal Geological Society,Ladies and gentlemen,

Your Majesty,On behalf of the organising committee, all

the members of Nepal Geological Society andon my own, may I take this opportunity to expressour heartfelt gratitude to Your Majesty for beingso kind to grace this occasion and inaugurate theInternational Conference. We also extend oursincere gratitude to Your Majesty the Queenfor your graceful presence. It is indeed a historicmoment to us. Your Majesty, your gracious andaugust presence has made all the member ofNepal Geological Society, very proud. We arehighly encouraged and this occasion has givenus a renewed impetus to work harder and withdedication for the development of the countryand for the advancement of sciences.

On behalf of the Organising Committee andalso on behalf of my own, I also extend a verywarm welcome to all the participants. We aregreatly honoured by your presence here, in thisconference.

Your Majesty,Nepal Geological Society is a non-

governmental professional organisation. It wasfounded in 1980. We will be observing the 20th

anniversary of its establishment next year in thenew millenium. I am very happy to mention herein this august gathering that the Nepal GeologicalSociety is gradually emer ging as an importantregional scientific or ganisation. We haveorganised a number of national and internationalseminars, conferences and congresses whichwere attended by scientists from most countriesof the region and out side.

We are also happy to see that NepalGeological Society is gradually entering into thefamily of international geoscientific community.The Society is the country member of theInternational Association for the EngineeringGeology and the Environment (IAEG). It is alsodeveloping its interaction and networking withmany other international geological institutions.

Your Majesty,Our world is faced with many kinds of

natural hazards that range from earthquakes,floods, cyclones, landslides and watersheddegradation to other environmental problems.The most recent powerful earthquakes in Turkey,Greece and Taiwan remind us how vulnerablewe are to natural disasters. Geoscientists have amajor role to play in the mitigation of thesenatural hazards and addressing variousenvironmental issues. Their role in engineering,environmental management, as a partner insustainable development such as management ofwater resources, soils, urbanisation, wastedisposal, energy sector and natural disasterreductions, have become indispensable.

Your Majesty,The organisation of this symposium was

initiated nearly two years before and was decidedthat the Nepal Geological Society under thesponsorship of the IAEG will organise it. We arevery happy to see that subsequently manyinternational as well as national or ganisationshave joined hands with us. Although theconference is an international event, by virtue ofits organisation in this part of the world, it is but

Speech by Professor Dr B. N. Upreti, Convener, International Symposium

26

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under Himalayan rock condition

is not easy.

Geologists predict the difficulties

but we solve them.

From Tinau, Andhikhola, Tatopani, andJhimruk Projects to Khimti, Modi, and Melamchi

HIMAL HYDRO

is always there.

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Transmission Line ConstructionContact Address: Phone: 535032, Fax: 524350

email: mail@himalhydro.com.np

27

appropriate that we also focus on issues andproblems of Asia.

This international conference was organisedin Nepal essentially with the following three mainobjectives:A. Engineering geology has become more and

more important in every aspect of ourdevelopment activities. Developingcountries of our region are yet to fullyappreciate this reality. Such a meeting willprovide forum to the scientists of this regionto interact with their counterparts from thedeveloped countries, as well as help tocreate awareness among our planers andpolicy makers.

B. Our region abounds in water resources, bothsurface and groundwater. The mighty riversthat flow through our region are the trueblessings of nature, if properly harnessed.The northern Indo-Gangetic plain forms oneof the very large and excellent groudnwaterreservoirs of the world. Their effective useis of paramount importance in the upliftmentof the quality of life of the people in theregion. It is hoped that this meeting willbring out the problems and prospects inharnessing these resources and suggestsolutions to the problems.

C. Our region is highly vulnerable to naturaldisasters. Conferences of such kind will helpin wider exchange of information andknowledge between the scientists of manycountries towards mitigating these hazards.We all know science cannot ef fectively

grow in isolation and confinement. We need moreinteraction, cooperation and collaboration for thedevelopment of the science and to face thechallenges that lie ahead of us. An earthquakeoccurring in Pakistan or other parts of Himalaya,has a great bearing to Nepal. Floods inBangladesh, have a link all the way in the HighHimalaya. The enhanced rate of soil erosion inthe Himalaya affects the plains of the Gangesand the Indus. It is therefore that we need to beaware of the importance of comprehensiveoutlook on these problems rather than onlylooking inwardly and confined within our ownpremises. Natural processes do not recognisepolitical boundaries. Regular meetings and

exchange of information of research findings willgreatly help in better understanding of problemsand their remedies.

Your Majesty,We received over 480 replies from 45

countries in response to our first announcement.Finally, we have now 418 participants from 35countries attending this conference representingthe continents Africa, North and South America,Asia, Australia and Europe. A total of 223abstracts are accepted for the presentation in thesymposium. The papers will be presented in 23sessions spread over the three days.

The Society has received unfailing supportand cooperation from many individuals andorganisations to bring this conference at thisstage. The IAEG and in particular Prof. P .G.Marinos, the immediate past president, Prof.Wanjg Sijing, the current President, and all theIAEG country groups from over 60 countrieshelped us at every stage of the preparation ofthis conference. International organisations suchas UNESCO, UNDP, IDNDR Secretariat,ICIMOD, IUGS, COGEOENVIRONMENThelped us in various ways both in terms of financeand moral support. For the support andencouragement of many Nepalese governmentaland non-governmental or ganisations,engineering consulting companies, and Membersof Nepal Geological Society, we remain highlyobliged.

I am aware that there has been manyshortcomings during the preparation of thisconference, and may have caused inconvenienceto many participants. As a convener, I take thefull responsibility of all these shortcomings, andI sincerely beg for your forgiveness.

To all our honorable participants, once againI welcome to this ancient city of Kathmandu andto the conference. I wish you a very fruitfuldeliberation in the conference and a pleasant andmemorable stay in Nepal. I believe, theHimalaya, this valley of ancient cities and itsfriendly people will bring you back to thiscountry again and again.

Thank you very much honourableparticipants and guests.

Your Majesties, I ever remain yours.

28

Your Majesty the King,Your Majesty the Queen,Honorable Ministers,Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen,

Human society made a grand leap forward whenit put forward and widely accepted the concept ofsustainable development. This human wisdomeventually enables us to recognise that thedevelopment of human being itself should be inharmony with nature. This issue of sustainabledevelopment becomes much more significantnowadays, under the condition of highly advancedstate of modern science and technology that allows,to a certain extent, to conquer the nature.

Human being needs agricultural, industrial, andinfrastructure development for survival and forimproving his living standards. Development hasalways been emphasised especially in the past dozensof decades. Today, the developing nations profoundlyrecognise that economic development is thecornerstone of a nationÕs prosperity. We started inthe path of development at any cost.

However, human being soon learned sufficientlessons from the consequences of depletivedevelopment. More and more settlements startedfacing environmental pollution associated withindustrial process. Greenery stated disappearing, andconsequently desert started expanding, and landslidesbecame more frequent, all threatening human life andproperty. Then the human being started to think aboutdistinguishing the depletive development from thehealthy one, and the need of Òself constraintÓ thatharmonises development and the environment. Soonit was realised that, in fact, there is no absolutecontradiction between the environmental protectionand the economic development. These two aspectsare unified by the concept of sustainabledevelopment.

When we look at the problems from the pointof view of sustainable development, the path becomesvery wide and complex. But, as a Chinese poem ofTang Dynasty said, ÒThe mountains and rivers seemto be ending without a way out, but a new villageappears behind the poplars, willows and flowersÓ,the modern science and technology has come to helpus to implement the goal of sustainable development.

Engineering Geology is such a branch ofmodern science and technology, which is aiming inrealising the approach of sustainable developmentthrough the coordination of human engineeringactivity and the geoenvironment. The Declarationissued by the International Association ofEngineering Geology in 1980 at the 26th International

Geological Congress in Paris had stated that theengineering geologists should undertake the task ofenvironment protection and its rational use. Thestatutes of the International Association ofEngineering Geology also clearly states thatEngineering Geology is devoted to the investigation,study and evaluation of the geological andenvironmental problems resulting from theinteraction between human works and activity , andthe geology, as well as to the prediction anddevelopment of measures for prevention andmitigation of natural hazards. It is important that ourAssociation has changed its name into theInternational Association for Engineering Geologyand the Environment. Therefore, the engineeringgeologists should ensure the economy and safety ofinfrastructure construction and exploitation ofmineral resources, and equally ensure theenvironment quality and safety.

Today, much advancements and innovationshave been achieved in the fields of engineeringgeosciences. The methods of engineering evaluationof the geoenvironment, geo-environmentalengineering planning and management, hazardprediction and prevention, are being perfected andimplemented. Today, we are pleased to gather in thecountry of Himalayan Mountains to exchange theoutcomes of the researches in engineering geology,hydrogelolgy and environmental geology , and toimplement the approach of sustainable development.The Himalayas and the surrounding regions arecomposed of high mountains and deep canyons.Active geological processes, with very intensetectonic processes, which are comparable to only fewregions in the world, have resulted in seriousgeological hazards and sensitive geoenvironment.However, sustainable development of this region canyet be achieved by utilising the knowledge ofengineering geology, hydrogeology and environmentgeology. We do hope that this symposium will greatlypromote the advances of the engineering andenvironment geosciences in this region, in Asia andover the world.

Many thanks to the Or ganising Committee ofthis Symposium and the Nepal Geological Societyfor their great ef forts in holding this meeting, inoffering the opportunity for all of us to be gatheredhere in this old and beautiful country , to meet ournew and old friends in Kathmandu.

I sincerely wish the symposium great successand wish all of you an enjoyable and successfulmeeting. I wish every body a good health.

Thank you for your attention.

Speech by Professor Wang Sijing, President, InternationAssociation for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG)

29

Speech by Mr Surendra P. ChaudhariHon. State Minister for Science and Technology

Your Majesty the King,Your Majesty the Queen,Rt. Hon. Chief Justice, Mr Mohan Pd. Sharma,Rt. Hon. Speaker, Lower House, Mr Tara NathRana Bhat,Hon. Ministers,Your Excellencies the Ambassadors,President of International Association forEngineering Geology and the Environment,President of Nepal Geological Society,International and National Geoscientists,Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

I wish to thank the organiser of this“International Symposium on EngineeringGeology, Hydrogeology and Natural Disasterswith emphasis on Asia” which has beengracefully inaugurated by His Majesty the King.

I am happy to note that the InternationalAssociation for Engineering Geology, and theEnvironment (IAEG) has chosen Nepal to holdsuch an international event with emphasis onAsia. This event is remarkable that more than350 geoscientists from 36 countries of theworld are participating in this symposium topresent and discuss the results of their researchrelating to different aspects of engineeringgeology, hydrogeology, natural disasters, andenvironment.

All we know that the Himalayan range is ayoung mountain system with fragile terrainformed due to the collision of Indian and Asianplates. The continental subduction phenomenonis active still at present time and our Himalaya isrising at the rate of one to two centimenters perannum. It is a highly seismic prone andneotectonic region.

We in Nepal have encountered all theproblems of engineering geology and naturalhazards due to the geological history of ourterrain. We have witnessed the failure of bridgesas in Butwal or Pokhara, the slope instability andcollapse of roads as in Dhangadi-Dandeldhuraroad, the glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) asin Salleri. There is a considerable loss of life and

property due to landslides, debris flows andfloods every year in Nepal. The environmentaldegradation is noticeable due to heavy soilerosion all over the country.

Our geoscientists are actively engaged inevery projects of infrastructural development ashydropower, road, irrigation and town planning.They contribute in mineral resourcesdevelopment and geological survey also. Forexample, our geologists/geotechnical engineersare engaged presently in Kali Gandaki A, MiddleMarsyangdi, Khimti and other hydropowerprojects from the feasibility study to constructionphases. His Majesty's Government of Nepalattributes a high priority for geotechnical studyof infrastructure development. The governmentwill consider to employ the geologists at all theconcerned organisations dealing withinfrastructure development.

Due to the intense seismic activities in ourregion, His Majesty's Government has installed21 sophisticated seismic stations in Nepal withthe assistance of the government of the Republicof France. The National Seismological Centre atDepartment of Mines and Geology conductsseismo-tectonic research and monitors theearthquakes of the Himalayas. I believe, you havea special session dedicated to this topic in yoursymposium.

In present context, we attach a very highimportance to this symposium. I hope theprominent geoscientists gathered here will havea fruitful discussion on their research work andcontribute to the understanding of natural hazardphenomenon and role of engineering geology forour development endeavours. I congratulate theNepal Geological Society for organising aninternational symposium of this kind in Nepal. Iwould like to thank all the geoscientists from somany friendly countries for coming to participateto Kathmandu for participation.

I wish for a very successful deliberation.Thank you.

30

Your Majesty the King,Your Majesty the Queen,Honorable Heads of the Constitutional Bodies,Honorable Ministers,Your Excellencies,President, International Association forEngineering Geology and the Environment,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,

Your Majesty,It is indeed a matter of immemorable event

for all of us to be here in this marvellousopportunity to welcome our beloved King andQueen in this International Symposium onEngineering Geology, Hydrogeology, andNatural Disaster with emphasis on Asia. We arevery much cherished and pleased by the prsenceof His Majesty the King and Queen in thisauspicious ceromony. On behalf of the NepalGeological Society, Organising Committee of theInternational symposium and on my own, I takethis privilege to express our sincere gratitude toour beloved King and Queen.

We are highly grateful to Your Majesty forkindly awarding the Honorary MembershipCertificates of Nepal Geological Society to twodistinguished scientists: Professor Dr KoshiroKizaki of Japan and Mr Madhav Raj Pandey ofNepal. My congratulation to Professor Kizaki andMr Pandey.

I extend my hearty thanks to all theHonorable Heads of Constitutional Bodies andMinisters for their valuable presence in thisconference. I am especially thankful to

Vote of Thanks by Mr U. B. Shrestha, General Secretary, NGS

Honorable State Minister for Science andTechnology, Mr Surendra Prasad Chaudhary forhis valuable speech.

I also extend my sincere gratitude to YourExcellencies, Vice-chancellors, Mayor ofKathmandu Metropolitan City, and high-rankingofficials of His MajestyÕs Government of Nepalfor being with us in this ceremony.

The Society is very grateful to the Presidentof International Association for EngineeringGeology and the Environment (IAEG) forsponsoring the Conference.

I also of fer my sincere thanks to variousGovernment agencies, national and internationalagencies, consulting firms/business groups,Journalists as well as individuals for providingtechnical, logistic, and financial support toorganise this Conference, and hope that they willcontinue to support in future.

I offer my special thanks to the managementof Birendra International Convention Centre forkindly providing necessary facilities.

I would like to give thanks to all Societymembers for their continued cooperation andsupport in organising this Conference.

Finally, I express my hearty thanks to allthe participants of this Conference, particularlyinternational participants for the painstakingefforts, which they have made to attend thisSymposium. I wish them comfortable stay in thiscountry.

We offer our sincere apologies forinconveniences that might have arisen during thisprogramme.

Thank you all.

31

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34

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Nepal Geological Society

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35

To commemorate the UN declaredInternational Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR) Day 1999 , NepalGeological Society in collaboration with HMG/Ministry of Home, IDNDR National CommitteeNepal, UNDP-Nepal, Disaster MitigationSupport Programme Project (DMSP), NationalSociety for Earthquake Technology, Nepal andLutheran World Federation/ Nepal or ganisedone-day National Meeting cum Seminar onÒPrevention PaysÓ in the auditorium of RussianCultural Centre, Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu on13 October 1999. It was attended by more than250 participants from various government andNon-government organisations and educationalinstitutions. The inaugural session was chairedby Mr P. P. Pokharel, Secretary, Ministry ofHome. Honorable Home Minister , Mr P. B.Khadka, could not come because of his tightschedule, and his message was read by Mr A. M.Dixit, Coordinator of IDNDR. Mr P . B. Malla,Honourable Member of NGS. inaugurated theseminar. Mr R. K. Aryal, President of NGSdelivered a welcome speech and highlighted theactivities carried out by the Society in the past,in the beginning of the programme. Mr A. M.Dixit, Coordinator of IDNDR Council, NGS,highlighted the concept of IDNDR and activitiescarried out in dif ferent countries. Mr N. R.Sthapit, Director General, Department of Minesand Geology, Mr Mohan Bahadur Karki, Joint

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction(IDNDR Day, 13 October 1999)

National Meetings cum Technical Seminar ÒPrevention PaysÓ

Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology,Mr Koji Kamee, Chief Advisor, DisasterMitigation Support Programme Project,Kathmandu also gave their views about IDNDRday and activities carried out by theirorganisations with respect to disaster preventionand management.

The UN has declared the year 1991-2000as the International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction. Second Wednesday of October is theIDNDR Day. Nepal Geological Society isresponding UN declaration since 1991 byorganising one day national meeting cum seminarevery year. NGS on request of UN/DMS has alsoprepared a data base on Disaster ManagementCapabilities in Nepal 1997, published awarenessbooklets, posters and or ganised training to theschool teachers in the past.

The inaugural session of national meetingcum Seminar was followed by a TechnicalSeminar on Natural Disaster Prevention inNepal. In this seminar eight technical paperswere presented by the professionals of variousdisciplines in two technical sessions on variousaspects related to disaster , and environmentaldegradation.

All the speeches of the guests and theabstracts of all the eight papers presented inthe seminar are included in the followingpages.

36

Best Wishes

and

Hearty Felicitations

to

Nepal Geological Society

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37

Respected Chairman, Mr Padam Prasad Pokharel,Secretary, Ministry of Home,Ms. Saraswoti Menon, Deputy Resient Representative,UNDP/ Nepal,Mr Mohan Bahadur Karki, Joint Secretary , Ministryof Science and Technology,Mr Nanda Ram Sthapit, Director General, Departmentof Mines And Geology,Mr Koji Kamee, Chief Adviser, DMSP/NEPAL,Mr A. M. Dixit, Coordinator , IDNDR- Committee,NGS, and Secretary -General, NSET-Nepal,Honourary Members of Nepal Geological Society,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is my great pleasure to welcome you all in thisNational meeting cum seminar or ganised by NepalGeological Society on the occasion of IDNDR Day -1999. This meeting and the following seminar is beingorganised in cooperation with several institutions andforms a part of the National Programme of the IDNDRNational Committee, Nepal.

We thank you very much for kindly acceptingour invitation to attend this programme. We areparticularly thankful to the Chief Guest HonorablePurna Bahadur Khadka, Minister for Home Affairs,Information & Communications and Chairman of theIDNDR National Committee, Nepal, for being withus this morning, despite his busy schedule.

We all know that the UN General Assembly in1989 had declared the decade of 1990-2000 as theInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction,and the Second Wednesday of October as theInternational Day for Natural Disaster Reduction. TheDay is observed by the global community, and in thiscontext, we are observing this day today.

Nepal Geological Society has been activelyobserving the IDNDR Day in close cooperation withthe IDNDR National committee-Nepal, since the veryfirst Year of the IDNDR Decade, i.e. since 1990. TheSociety has been putting its ef forts to spread theideology of IDNDR through a permanent councilwithin the Society, the NGS-IDNDR Council.

As a consequence, it has drawn national focusand at present several government and non-government organisations are actively involved in thisprogramme.

It gives me immense pleasure to inform you thatin recognition of efforts of Nepal Geological Societyto spread the ideas of IDNDR in Nepal, the jury of1998 UN Sasakawa Disaster Prevention Award hasawarded the Society the Meriteous Certificate for theDisaster Prevention for 1998. We are thankful to UNHumanitarian and Emergency Relief CoordinationOffice of IDNDR Secretariat in Geneva for therecognising our work.

Welcome Speech by Mr R. K. Aryal, President, the Nepal Geological SocietyThe UN theme of the IDNDR Day for this year

is ÒPREVENTION PAYSÓ. Indeed, this particulartheme is very much relevant and largely signifies therole of preventive aspect of disaster managementincluding mitigation and preparedness during pre- aswell as post-disaster periods.

Prevention really does pay. This has been provensuccessful in so many developed, as well as indeveloping countries. For example, resettlement ofvictims of natural disaster costs money , time, andefforts of several institutions. Even then the questionof long- term sustainability is often doubtful. In orderto avoid such circumstances, identification of hazardprone areas on the basis of its vulnerability analysis,and zoning of habitation areas must be done. Thezoning should be implemented, at least in the new areaso that less number of people and properties areexposed to the extremes of disaster. Such preventivemeasures adopted will certainly pay of f in the longterm. But, such programmes of disaster preventionneed to be made a culture of the society, and recognisedappropriately at the policy levels.

Successful disaster prevention is an endeavor thatinvolves all people and institutions in the country .Therefore, multi-disciplinary approach needs to beadopted. This is the key to make disaster prevention asuccess.

Even though the decade of IDNDR is coming toan end, the Nepal Geological Society that hadcontributed to the successful accomplishment duringthe decade would continue in coming days also. Ipropose that the NGS IDNDR Council should berenamed and reorganised in the form of a WorkingGroup on Natural Disaster Reduction of the NepalGeological Society. It is realised that the lessons andexperiences of the past Decade will pave the way forfuture activities of the Society.

In this context, I urge His MajestyÕs Governmentof Nepal to provide a continuity to the work of theIDNDR National Committee, albeit with a dif ferentname. The National Action Plan prepared by theIDNDR National Committee and endorsed by HisMajestyÕs Government of Nepal also seeks to establishsuch a national body.

As in the past, this meeting will be followed bythe technical sessions in which various aspects onnatural disasters will be presented and discussed. I dohope that the seminar will pave the way for looking atand mitigating natural disasters in a wider frameworkby bringing together all the concerned professionalsto such common platform.

I also hope that this meeting will certainly bringout outlines of new programmes and guidelinesrequired for Natural Disaster Reduction in Nepal.

Once again I extend a very warm welcome toyou all and thank you very much.

38

Speech by Mr Amod Mani Dixit, Coordinator, NGS IDNDR Council, andGeneral Secretary, National Society for Earthquake Technology - NepalMr Chairman,Respected Chief Guest,Distinguished Guests,Dear Friends,Ladies and Gentlemen,

IDNDR HAS DONE MUCH TO THECOUNTRY

Nepal has gained much from the IDNDRconcept and activities.• Awareness level has increased, publications,

use of media, disaster journalism• Multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral

approach has been accepted in principle• Emphasis on pre-event planning and

preparedness has bee recognised• Partnership and synergy developed• Hazard maps prepared• National capabilities assessed• Building Code Prepared, other guidelines

prepared• National Action Plan prepared and partly

implemented• on concrete terms, risk engineering being

implemented in linear infrastructure, newdesign methods developed and implemented

• Researches conducted and used• GLOF Risk Reduction in progress• Training conducted by government and non-

government/academic institutions• Specific works conducted in areas of

earthquake scenario development and riskmanagement planning

There are many other achievements. So, wehave much to be proud of.

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

• We are part of the process• A personal communication with UNDP-

Nepal and UNDRO back in 1989 followingthe devastating 1988 Udaypur Earthquakeresulted in a spark - the tremendous potentialsof IDNDR concept in Nepal was recognisedand the Nepal Geological Society started

working to propagate IDNDR ideals in Nepalthrough the NGS IDNDR Council.

• NGS and also NSET and other professionalsocieties contributed also as the as themembers of the IDNDR National Committeein developing the National Action Plan or inthe national delegation to Yokohama andother international meetings.

• IDNDR Days have become synonymous withNGS

• Award of Merits received from the UnitedNations

BUT DISASTERS ARE ON THE INCREASE• Disaster Risk is on the increase because of

growing exposure and vulnerabilities• The preceeding 12 months witnessed loss of

more than 100 lives and a damage of morethan 61 crores of rupees. This is only thedirect loss

• Some years back, the figures were much less• Relief funds allocated for the same period

amounted to 2.5 crores• Obviously the benefit - cost ratio of relief

measures does not compare with theestablished B/C ratio of mitigation andpreparedness that runs anywhere from 10:1to 1000:1

• We can not afford to catch up with such trend,it is a luxury too expensive for a developingcountry

WHAT DID WE LEARN?• We are not alone, the Asia Pacific region

suffers from similar problem• Many countries have tried prevention

measures, and they were successful• Questions asked whether disaster is really

man-made. Because the scale of disaster isproportional to the level of or ganisation ofpreparedness measure a society has.

• Turkey and Taiwan are example• This learning reflected in the GENEV A

Mandate for a safer world in the 21st centurythat emphasises on

39

• foster a culture of prevention• proactive rather than reactive approach• multi sectoral and interdisciplinary approach• community participation

POSSIBLE STRATEGIES• We have achieved much, but there are many

works that need to be done• We have to look into all spheres: from policies

to awareness to planning, assessment toimplementation, training and education

• Existing policies have brought us to this level,but we need to see if we can improve itfurther. And possibilities are there. Buildingcode is an example. Then comes the Buildingpermit process

• We may like to look into the Natural CalamityRelief Act and incorporate the above-mentioned approaches

• Possibly we need to organise the 2nd NationalConference on Disaster Management?

• Possibly we need to review the NationalAction Plan to update it

• Possibly we need to prepare a planningdocument for training and education,awareness raising

• Possibly we need to develop long-term visionsay for 20 years: Can we state there we willreduce unnecessary deaths from naturalevents within the next 20 years? Perhaps wecan.

IDNDR IS CLOSING BUT DISASTERSNEED CONTINUED ATTENTION• Even if IDNDR closes, we need to work in

this field• Since our national committee was successful,

there should be a continuity to it in this orthat form

• But it should be a comprehensive body thatcould look after all phases of disastermanagement from hazard mapping toassessment and preparedness to rehabilitation

and reconstruction• Should be mandated to oversee that risk

management is incorporated into thedevelopment planning

• Should constantly oversee that our strategiesconfirm to what lessons have been learnedglobally

• The Central Disaster Relief Committeeobviously does not fulfil such role

I extend my thanks to NGS for giving methe responsibility to serve as the coordinator forthe whole decade. It was an immenseresponsibility, and it is for you all to judge mywork. I would like to thank all the NGS INDDRcouncilors for their wisdom and cooperationextended to me for implementing the IDNDR-related initiatives. All the executive committeesof the Society during the Decade were alwayshelpful. I wish to thank them all.

I would lie to thank the DisasterManagement Unit of the Home Ministry for thefaith in us, for the cooperation extended. I wouldlike to thank here Mr Secretary, Dr. Poudyal foryour guidance to us. Here I would like to thankthe previous secretaries Mr Rebati RamanPokhrel and Mr Bhoj Raj Pokharel, and also MrJnan Kaji Shakya ad Mr Sushil Rana, the formerchiefs of the Special disaster Unit for theirwisdom and guidance.

We always received encouragement fromthe Disaster Management Of fice of the UNDPNepal. I wish to thank Mr Bill Berger who alwaysassisted us in developing our vision, and to MrMan Bahadur Thapa for

We also would like to acknowledge theintellectual and financial assistance andcooperation received from the office of the WaterInduced Disaster Prevention Technical Centreand the JICA Experts, who endorsed our visionand were always ready to assist us in ourendeavor.

Thank you.

40

Best Wishes

and

Hearty Felicitations

on

the Auspicious Occasion

of

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41

Speech by the Chairman, Mr P. P. Pokharel, Secretary, Ministry of HomeHonourable Chief Guest,Distinguished Guests and Participants,Ladies and Gentlemen,

At the outset, I would like to thank theorganisers of this seminar for inviting me to chairthis inaugural ceremony.

As in the past today we are celebrating theInternational Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR) day organising severalactivities throughout the kingdom upon the callof IDNDR National Committee chaired byHon'ble Home and Information andCommunication Minister. Today's meeting andthe seminar are a part of those activities.

Looking back on the past Decade of theIDNDR, we should recall the emphasis of UnitedNations resolution on the importance of adoptingan integrated approach for disaster managementin all its aspects to initiate a process towards aglobal culture of prevention. Keeping in viewthe UN resolution we should decide whatmeasures are necessary, feasible and affordable.Most importantly, disaster mitigation can not beaccomplished in isolation. Therefore hazardawareness and risk management practice willhave to be incorporated into national planningprocess. Moreover, in the context of our country,disaster management course has to be includedin the school and university curriculum.

I believe that a composite effort of all peopleand information sharing is very necessary for aneffective disaster management. We should notwait for something to happen first rather weshould be well prepared beforehand.

We should not forget the fact that the futurebefore us still poses the challenges of naturaldisasters and we must be able to meet thosechallenges by raising public awareness andtechnology development. There should beadvances in managing the natural disasters.

The Decade has provided an importantnational, regional and international focus ondisaster mitigation. Disaster prevention is aprocess that sustains by the informeddecisiveness of political commitment, masseducation and public awareness.

Effective disaster management for the futurecan only proceed if it is multi-sectoral, but yetintegrated in the development planning andresource allocation that reflects publicaspirations. Nepal Geological Society admirablyserves to demonstrate what is beingaccomplished in the past as well as what has tobe done in the future. I am confident that NepalGeological Society demonstrates both thefeasibility and the reach necessary to worktowards a safer 21st century. It is appreciable thatthis seminar includes together many importantdisaster management actors. While I would liketo thank our chief guest Honourable Minister ofHome and Information and Communication forhis august presence here and for his inspiringspeech on this occasion. In addition, I would liketo express my gratitude to DPTC/UNDP/LWSand N-SET for their contribution to make thisprogramme a success.

Thank you.

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Honorable Mr Chairman,Hon. Chief Guest,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is an honor for UNDP to join HMG andthe people of Nepal in commemorating WorldDisaster Reduction Day. Today we mark not onlythe World Disaster Reduction Day but also theend of the International Decade for NaturalDisaster Reduction, 1990-2000. The theme fortodayÕs observation is Prevention Pays.

There are few events that draw the worldcommunity together like a natural disaster .Disasters destroy lives, livelihoods and the well-being of so many people. Our hearts go out tothose who have suffered. Financial and volunteersupport cross boundaries and political tensionsto help people rebuild their lives. In the past yearwe have known particularly serious devastations/floods in China, Bangladesh and India,hurricanes in the Caribbean and the Americans,forest fires in the Indonesia and Brazil,earthquakes in Turkey, Greece and Taiwan. Theclimatic force of E1 Nino has spanned continents.It would seem that nature has been on a rampage.In 1998 alone, 50,000 people lost their lives andlosses to the economy accounted to $90 million.This is a cost the world cannot afford.

Today as we meet, the people are markingthis day in countries all over the world. Werecognise that we can and must act jointly tominimise the damage. We can and must jointlydevelop and foster ef fective disaster reductionmeasures. World Disaster Reduction Dayprovides an opportunity for all of us to reflectand to act. Allow me to make three points in thiscontext.

First we are more vulnerable to naturaldisasters because of our own actions. Rapidurbanisation, environmental degradation anddegradation of natural resources, climatic changeand aging infrastructure- all contribute to naturaldisasters. The forest fires in Indonesia were theresult of indiscriminate commercial logging . Thefloods in China were the result of a pattern ofunsustainable development, which the Chineseleaders have now declared the source of theproblem. We must change our patterns of

Speech by Ms Saraswathi Menon, Deputy Resident Representative(Programme), UNDP

development if we want to prevent rather thanaggravate disaster.

Secondly, we must build on ourcommunityÕs own knowledge. Traditionalpractices often protect the environment. We needto rely and promote the resources of thecommunity. UNDP has been supporting HMGin a programme to implement community leddisaster mitigation and awareness raising in thedistricts of Chitwan and Kavre. Through theirefforts community in the programme haveprevented floods and landslides. We areexpanding the programme to Syangja and Bardia.The Community themselves are resource for thecountry- they are training others and internationalorganisations like the Red Cross are learningfrom them. I am happy to note that women aretaking the lead in these programmes.

Third, system of all types need to bestrengthened. UNDP is supporting HMG todevelop standard operating procedures torespond to future disaster and to train humanresources and develop capabilities ingovernment, agencies and among the people.UNDP serves as a clearinghouse for the UNsystem and international doors for informationexchange enabling a coordinated response fromthe international community to disasters. UNDPhas, since early 90Õs been coordinating withdonors and government or ganisations throughsectoral working groups such as food, health, andlogistics. We also need to expand on systems ofknowledge to develop a coherent response.Support to professional organisations such as theNepal Geological Society is critical in buildingbetter scientific knowledge of the causes andconsequence of disaster.

In conclusion, if we fundamentally adoptown development strategies to be more sensitiveto the environment and protect our naturalresources; if we base our strategies on thestrength and awareness of the community; andif we develop systems that work, we will go along way not just to mitigate disasters but alsoto prevent them. Prevention does pay dividends.At the end of the International Decade for NaturalDisaster Reduction we know more about whatto do. Now we need to act.

44

Speech by Mr Koji Kamee, Chief Advisor,Disaster Mitigation Support Programme Project, Kathmandu

Mr Chairman and Secretary, Ministry ofHome,Honourable Chief Guest,President of Nepal Geological Society,Coordiantor, IDNDR Council, NGS,General Secretary, Nepal Geological Society,Deputy Resident Representative UNDP/Nepal,Country Representative, Lutheran WorldFederation, Kathmandu,Distinguished Guests,Participants,Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great privilege for me to have thisopportunity to say a few words on the occasion ofthis National Meeting cum Seminar on “PreventionPays” organised by the Nepal Geological Societyto mark this International Decade for NaturalDisaster Reduction (IDNDR) day.

Allow me first to congratulate the Ministryof Home/HMG, UNDP/Nepal, Lutheran WorldFederation/Nepal and NSET/Nepal for jointlycollaborating with the Nepal Geological Societyalong with the Water Induced Disaster TechnicalCentre (DPTC) to make this important daymeaningful and also fruitful.

I find that the theme of this NationalMeeting cum Seminar “Prevention Pays” is veryappropriate to this occasion, as it reflects a shiftfrom the primary focus on post-disaster relief andrehabilitation aspects of the past. It is alsoconventional wisdom to say that “Prevention isbetter than cure”. Of course, natural disasters assuch may never be prevented, but peoples'awareness combined with preparedness atcommunity and institutional levels can contributea lot to prevent much unnecessary damage to lifeand property in the event of a natural disaster.

As water induced disasters are very commonto both Nepal and Japan, the Government of Japanhas been cooperating with His Majesty'sGovernment of Nepal through the JapaneseInternational Cooperation Agency (JICA) for thepast eight years in this field. The First Phase ofcooperation helped to establish the Water InducedDisaster Prevention Technical Centre (DPTC) in1991. Certain infrastructures like the office buildingand Hydraulic and Material Laboratory atGodawari have been put in place. Sometechnologies suitable for Nepal in the area oflandslide mitigation, river control and saboengineering have been experimented with the jointefforts of JICA experts and Nepalese technicalpersonnel. Certain guidelines for the application

of appropriate technologies have been developedand drafted. Training has been provided to HMGpersonnel of various departments in Nepal as wellas Japan Maintenance of a disaster data base anddissemination of disaster information andawareness through international, national anddistrict level seminars have also been achievedduring the previous DPTC project.

Since 1st September, 1999, the next stageproject “Disaster Mitigation Support ProgrammeProject (DMSP)” has been launched in Nepal fora period of 5 years with the cooperation of theGovernment of Japan through JICA. The focusof the DMSP in line with the theme of thisNational Meeting cum Seminar “PreventionPays”, as it stresses also the software aspects atcommunity level such as advocacy and educationamong its various activities, which are also veryimportant for the prevention of disaster. Theoverall goal of the DMSP project is to strengthenthe capability of HMG/N and communities tocope with water induced disasters. The expectedoutputs of the DMSP project are;• Identification for disaster mitigation measures

and construction methods suitable for localenvironment.

• Strengthening of disaster rehabilitationmeasures through technical support.

• Improving the sharing of disaster informationand mitigation technology.

• Raising awareness on disaster mitigationamong HMG/N organisations andcommunities.

You may find some more information onthe planned DMSP Project activities in the singlepaper handed out to you. And you are alwayswelcome to contact DPTC for furtherinformation.

Finally, I would like to thank the NepalGeological Society for organising this NationalMeeting cum Seminar. I am most grateful to allthese organisations who have collaborated withthe Nepal Geological Society to organise thisevent. I firmly believe that this IDNDR willfurther strengthen the national and internationalcommunities to reduce the impact of naturaldisasters throughout the world.

Last but not least, even though this IDNDRday is the last one as we approach the end of thedecade designated by the United Nations, let usall resolve to continue our efforts at reducingnatural disasters well into the coming century andmillennium.

Thank you!

45

Respected Chairman Mr Padam Prasad Pokharel,Secretary, Ministry of Home,Ms Saraswathi Menon, Deputy Resident,Representative ,UNDP/Nepal,Mr Mohan Bahadur Karki, Joint Secretary,Ministry of Science and Technology,Mr Koji Kamee, Chief Adviser, DMSP/Nepal,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,

I am thankful to the organisers of this meetingcum seminar for providing me this opportunity toaddress this august gathering. We are here toobserve the IDNDR Day -1999.

In 1989 the UN General Assembly declaredthe decade of 1990-2000 as the InternationalDecade for Natural Disaster Reduction. It hashelped to draw attention to channelise the ef fortsof all governmental and non-governmentalorganisations towards solving the problems ofvarious aspects of disaster management.

The Department of Mines and Geology , inkeeping with the national goal of His MajestyÕ sgovernment to create a safe and secure habitat forthe Nepalese people where every member of thesociety can enjoy the fruits of development. TheDepartment is also active in various fields ofdisaster management.

Since its establishment, DMG has beencarrying out systematic geological investigation ofthe country not only for mineral exploration butalso to provide baseline data and information forplanners and decision makers for sustainableplanning of various development infrastructuressuch as roads, dams, irrigation canals and bridges.We have been engaged in geological andengineering geological investigation of Kathmanduand Pokhara valleys as well. The DepartmentÕswork is in the area of mitigation. We preparedhazard maps and risk maps. The informationcontained therein helps the designers and projectplanners to avoid hazardous areas, or if not possibleto avoid, to design the infrastructure adequately towithstand the potential hazards. We, thus are helpingtowards integration of geological knowledge forsustainable development.

One of the important activities of theDepartment of Mines and Geology is the activityof the National Seismological Network. Scientistsof this department acquire real time data onearthquake occurrence, interpret the data fordeveloping the earthquake catalogue and for betterunderstanding of the geological structure of theHimalayas.

The seismological information is shared withinternational seismological centres. Thus the Nepal

Speech by Mr N. R. Sthapit, Director GeneralDepartment of Mines and Geology, Ministry of Industry, HMG/Nepal

Network is assisting the global community to betterunderstand the global seismicity. We are thankfulto the Government of France for consistentlyproviding us assistance since the very establishmentof the first seismograph of the network some twodecades ago.

The Department of Mines and Geology isclosely working with the Nepal Geological Society.We are thankful to the Society for publishing theJournal and Bulletin of the Nepal GeologicalSociety which provides a forum for the widerdissemination of the results of the geological studiesof the country including the works carried out bythe Department of Mines and Geology. I assure youthat the Department will continue to providenecessary support to the Society and to work withit in mutual cooperation. Here, I am immenselypleased to know that the United Nations hasawarded to the Society the 1998 MeriteousCertificate for Disaster Prevention in recognitionof the contribution done by the Society to thedevelopment and propagation of IDNDR ideals inNepal. Indeed, the Nepal Geological Society hasdone a great job in raising awareness on mitigationpossibilities against natural disaster. I congratulatethe Nepal Geological Society for a consistent andcommendable work. I am sure that the work doneby the society has not only helped the country in itsefforts towards enhancing capabilities for a bettermanagement of natural disaster , but has also putNepal in the global map of IDNDR success stories.

The IDNDR is coming to an end this year .But we still have to do much to safeguard theNepalese from the onslaught of natural hazards. Thecountry still has to improve its policy by buildingand enacting additional regulations, we still haveto work towards raising awareness and bring themessage to the villages and communities of thecountry. We still have to conduct researches andintegrate the fruits of science and technology in ourdevelopment projects for ensuring safeenvironment, we have to train our professionals andtechnicians. There is still much to do. Therefore, Iurge the Nepal geological Society , to continuemobilising its efforts even after the closure of theIDNDR. The Department will work hand in handwith you in your new endeavors.

I do hope that the seminar to follow thisinaugural session will help disseminate the resultsof the scientific works carried out by individualsand institutions. I do hope that such sharing ofknowledge will ultimately help the country towardsbetter management of the disaster risks.

I wish you all the successes.

46

Respected Chairman,Honorable Chief Guest,Your Excellencies,Respected Senior Government Officials ofHMG/Nepal,Distinguished Guests and Participants,Dear Fellow Members of the Society,Ladies and Gentlemen,

On behalf of Nepal Geological Society, I amprivileged to extend my sincere gratitude to allthe distinguished guests and the participants ofthis one day National Meeting cum Seminar onÒPrevention PaysÓ.

I extend my profound gratitude to Hon P.B.Khadka, Home Minister, Ministry of Home andthe Chairman, IDNDR National Committee,Nepal for his message to the society in thisoccasion. The Nepal Geological Society hasalways received strong cooperation and supportfrom the IDNDR National Committee, Nepal toobserve this IDNDR-Day. The Society extendsits sincere thanks to the IDNDR NationalCommittee, Nepal, for their kind supports andcooperation to organise todayÕs programme.

I also extend sincere gratitude to our ChiefGuest, Mr P. B. Malla, Honorary Member, NGS,for the inauguration of this programme.The society also would like to express its deepgratitude to Mr Padam Prasad Pokharel,Secretary, Ministry of Home, for chairing thisinaugural session despite his very busy schedule.The speech is highly appreciable in the contextof awareness raising in prevention and mitigationof the natural disaster.

The Society would like to extend its sinceregratitude to Your Excellency Ms. SarasotiMenon, Deputy Resident Representative,UNDP/Nepal for marvelous address and handingover the 1998 UN Sasakawa Disaster PreventionAward to Nepal Geological Society. The societyis highly delighted for this prestigious award. Weare highly obliged to UN Humanitarian andEmergency Relief Coordination Of fice ofIDNDR Geneva, Switzerland. We further extendour sincere thanks to UNDP\Nepal for providingfinancial help in or ganisation of todayÕsprogramme.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks toMr Mohan Bahadur Karki, Joint Secretary ,Ministry of Science and Technology for the

Vote of thanks by U. B. Shrestha, Secretary, NGSimportant massage. The society highlyappreciates the Ministry of Science andTechnology for its continued cooperation,support and guidance. And hope that this willbe continued in future also.

The Society is very grateful to Mr NandaRam Sthapit, Directorate General of the Dept.of Mines and Geology for his informative speech.Dept. Mines and Geology has always beensupporting the society by providing all kinds ofhelps at the time of the societyÕs necessity. Thesociety would like to express sincere appreciationand acknowledgment to the Dept. of Mines andGeology.

I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr KojiKamee, the chief advisor , Disaster MitigationSupport Programme Project (DMSP) forimportant speech and Financial Support. Wefurther extend our sincere thanks to DPTC forits strong cooperation and support in all theactivities of Nepal Geological society.

I am also thankful to National Society forEarthquake Technology (NSET) Nepal for itscollaboration and necessary helps it has providedin organising todayÕs programme.

I also extend my hearty thanks to LutheranWorld Federation (L WF) Nepal for itscollaboration and financial Help in or ganisingtodayÕs programme

The Nepal Geological Society would alsolike to extend its sincere gratitude to all the highofficials of His MajestyÕs Government of Nepal,Distinguished Guests, NTV personnel, andJournalists for being with us in this ceremony.

I also of fer my sincere thanks to variousgovernment agencies, national and internationalagencies, consulting firms/business groups aswell as individuals for their kind support andcooperation in all activities of the Society.

Great deal of thanks to all the members ofthe Nepal Geological Society for their continuedcooperation and support in or ganising toadyÕsprogramme.

Our sincere thanks are also due to theRussian Centre of Science and Culture forproviding this venue for todayÕs meeting.

We offer our sincere apologies forinconveniences that may have arisen during theprogramme.

Once again thank you, thank you all !

47

Abstracts of the papers presented in the Technical Sessions of theSeminar on Natural Disaster Prevention in Nepal

A Perspective of Disaster Management in Nepal : Scope andLimitations

Meen B. Poudyal ChhetriMinistry of Home Affairs

Singha Durbar, Kathmandu.

Rugged and fragile geophysical structure,very high peaks, high angle of slopes, complexgeology, variable climatic conditions, activetectonic processes, unplanned settlement,increasing population, weak economic conditionand low literacy rate have made Nepal vulnerableto various types of natural disasters. Apart fromthese, the lack of coordination among agenciesrelated to disaster management, no clear-cut jobdescription of those agencies, resource constraint,the lack of technical manpower , absence ofmodern technology, the lack of public awareness,very remote, rural and dif ficult geo-physicalsituation of the country , absence of moderntechnology and so on are other factors that havebeen found as the major obstacles to cope withthe natural disasters in Nepal.

In view of the above situation, formulationof a Disaster Management Regulation andamendment in the existing Act is needed to definethe job and responsibilities of the agencies relatedto disaster management. Well trained technicalmanpower, advanced technology and sufficientmeans and resources are also needed to reducethe disaster.

Despite the above problems and limitations,Nepal is gradually picking up the momentumtowards improving the disaster managementsituation. Moreover, policy makers have showninterest to look into the problems of disastermanagement from the point of view of economicdevelopment which is gaining speed in thecountry.

Above all, the concept of InternationalDecade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)has been instrumental in transferring theemphasis from relief and rescue to preparednessand prevention. Various agencies of His

MajestyÕs Government of Nepal are involved indisaster prevention and mitigation works in closecooperation with various international agenciessuch as : Japan International Cooperation Agency(JICA), Asian Disaster Reduction Centre(ADRC), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre(ADPC), United Nations DevelopmentProgramme(UNDP), International Centre forIntegrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD),International Red Cross Society (IRCS), UnitedStates Agency for International DevelopmentMission to Nepal (USAIDMN), United Missionto Nepal (UMN), Cooperation for AmericanRelief Everywhere (CARE), World FoodProgramme (WFP), Save the Children Fund(SCF), Technical Cooperation of the FederalRepublic of Germany (GTZ), Lutheran WorldService (LWS) etc.. Besides, professional andnon-governmental organisations of Nepal arealso providing highly valuable support at the timeof disasters.

1. DefinitionThe Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982 AD

includes earthquake, fire, storm, flood, landslide,heavy rain, drought, famine, epidemic and othersimilar natural calamities as natural disasters. Italso incorporates the industrial accident oraccident caused by explosions of poisoning andany other kinds of natural disasters.

Natural Disaster Relief Work means anyrelief work to be carried out in the affected areaor likely to be affected by the natural disaster inorder to reduce the sufferings and inconveniencecaused to the people, to rehabilitate the victimsof the natural disaster, to protect life and propertyof the people, to control and prevent the naturaldisaster.

48

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2. LegislationHis MajestyÕs Government of Nepal has

Natural Disaster Relief Act (NDRA) 1982 ADwhich is amended twice in 1989 AD and 1992AD before the advent of NDRA, 1982 there wasno well-structured disaster policy. Prior to 1982AD relief and rescue works were carried out onan ad hoc basis, mainly as a social service.

3. Regulation and ProcedureIn Nepal, all the pre and post disaster

activities are being carried out as the provisionsmade in the Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982.The Ministry of Home Affairs is the apex bodyin relation to disaster management in Nepal.Formulation of national policy and itsimplementation, preparedness and mitigation ofdisaster, immediate rescue and relief works, datacollection and dissemination, mobilisation offunds and resources are the vital functions of theMinistry. It has its network throughout thecountry to cope with the natural disasters. Thereare 75 administrative districts in the country andin each district there is the Chief District Officeras administrative of ficer who also acts as thecrisis manager in the time of disaster. Thus, the

Ministry of Home Affairs is the key agency forimmediate response during disasters and has toplay a leading role in managing the naturaldisasters in the country . There is a separatesection i.e. Disaster Relief Section within theMinistry of Home Affairs to look after all thedisaster management-related affairs.

Despite very limited funds and resources,the Ministry of Home Affairs is continuing tomitigate the natural disasters in all respects,though there are a number of problems in disastermanagement and enough room for theimprovement.

4. OrganisationNatural Disaster Relief Act (NDRA), 1982

has the provision to constitute the followingorganisational structure through which thevarious activities of disaster management arebeing carried out effectively and efficiently.

According to the NDRA 1982, CentralNatural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) hasbeen constituted under the ÔChairmanship of theHome Minister in order to formulate andimplement the policies and programmes relatingto the natural disaster relief work and to

Central Natural Disaster ReliefCommittee

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District NaturalDisaster Relief

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Local Natural DisasterRelief

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undertake other necessary measures relatedthereof. Moreover, the Central Committeeprepares specific norms of relief assistance to bedistributed to the disaster victims of the affectedarea in cash and/or in kind. There is also theprovision of the Regional Natural Disaster ReliefCommittee, District Natural Disaster ReliefCommittee and Local Natural Disaster ReliefCommittee in order to undertake the naturaldisaster relief works immediately on the spot.Thus, the Central Committee functions as acentral agency and District Committees functionas the field agency . The Central Committeeprovides immediate relief assistance to thedisaster victims through the District NaturalDisaster Relief Committee. The rescueoperations and relief assistance are being carriedout and provided basically by the District NaturalDisaster Relief Committee in close cooperationwith other disaster management-related agenciesand various other actors in the district.

The Central Committee may constituteRelief and Treatment Sub-Committee (RTSC)and Supply, Shelter, and Rehabilitation Sub-Committee (SSRSC) which provide necessaryadvice and suggestions to the Central Committee,help to execute policies and directives of theCentral Committee and operate ef fectively therescue, relief, and rehabilitation works duringvery severe natural disasters.

The Central Natural Disaster ReliefCommittee and the District Natural DisasterRelief Committee also mobilise the army and thepolice personnel as and when necessary in searchand rescue operations.

5. Equipment/AppliancesNepal lacks modern equipment and

appliances to control and reduce the impact ofthe natural disasters. Early warning system is ina way non-existent in Nepal except in weatherforecasting. For an ef fective early warningsystem, it is needed to develop a scientificdetection system to monitor changes in thephysical environment. The system of hazardmapping, vulnerability assessment, and riskanalysis has to be developed as all these sectorsare still at primitive stage in Nepal.

6. FinancesProvision of a Central Natural Disaster Aid

Fund has been made under the control of theCentral Natural Disaster Relief Committee. Thefund consists of: (a) cash and kind provided byHis MajestyÕs Government of Nepal, (b) fundreceived from the Prime Minister Aid Fund, and(c) cash and kind assistance received fromforeign countries, nationals, foreign agencies, andfrom other sources. In addition, provision hasalso been made of the Regional Natural DisasterAid fund, the District Natural Disaster Aid Fund,and the Local Natural Disaster Aid Fund. Thesefunds consist of the cash and kind provided byHis MajestyÕs Government, the cash and kindreceived from Central Natural Disaster Aid Fundand from other sources. Whatsoever, at present,only the Prime Minister Aid Fund, the CentralNatural Disaster Aid Fund, and the DistrictNatural Disaster Aid Fund are into operation. Thebudget to the District Natural Disaster Aid Fundis being released from the Central Fund accordingto the need and justification for immediate reliefassistance to the victims of the natural disasters.

For the fiscal year 1999/2000, His MajestyÕsGovernment of Nepal has allocated NepaleseRupees 25 million for the immediate rescue andrelief operations.

7. Involvement of NGOs and INGOsThe history of non-governmental

organisations in Nepal is quite young. However,some inter-governmental agencies like NepalRed Cross Society carry out remarkable rescueand relief operations during the time of naturaldisasters. Nepal Scout and very few other non-governmental and social or ganisations alsoinvolve themselves to carry out relief and rescueoperations in the time of disaster . Some non-governmental organisations like: CARE Nepal,United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), Lutheran World Federation (LWF),National Society for Earthquake TechnologyNepal (N-SET) and Nepal Geological Society(NGS) are being involved in carrying outresearch, training, and river control activities.

8. ConclusionVarious problems such as dif ficult and

undeveloped physical infrastructure, mass

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poverty, fatalistic nature of some people, poorpublic awareness, low literacy rate, lack ofpolitical commitment etc have made the disastersituation more complex in Nepal. In view of thecomplexities and diversities of the disastermanagement a concrete, effective and practicablepolicy is needed for which political commitmentand a pragmatic policy formulation is verynecessary. It is also believed that lack ofcoordination, insufficient fund and resources, andtheir mobilisation problems have to be addressed

The Kathmandu Valley, like many othersintermontane basins filled with unconsolidatedsediments, experiences an intense soilamplification of earthquake ground motion indifferent parts of the valley. The effect of 1934earthquake in the valley imprinted as "IntensityDistribution" somewhat reflects the groundamplification. However one has to keep in mindthe insufficiency of structural types of buildingdefining the earthquake intensity in 1934. Apreliminary projection on earthquake scenariowas prepared by NSET based on the imprint of1934 earthquake in the valley.

The main factors contributing to groundamplifications are: buried bedrock topography ,shear wave velocity of unconsolidated sediment,shear zones (fracture zones) in bedrock etc. Fromsimple comparison of bedrock contour map

Amplification of Earthquake Ground Motion in Kathmandu Basin

M. R. PandeyNational Seismological Centr,

Department of Mines and Geology, Lainchour, Kathmandu

derived from geophysical observation and the1934 intensity distribution, one could argue thereported high IX - X intensities to be confined toburied bedrock depressions.

The amplification due to shear wavevelocity is estimated from the comparison ofmicrotremor data and one dimension model curvefor SH wave buildup. This is specially applicableto frequency band of 1 to 5 Hz. The Chhauni -Humat Pakha area characterised by 200 msediment of lacustrine clay underlain by 250 mof fluviatile sandy sediment has a RMSamplification of 6 to 7 with a sharp peak near 2Hz. The Gaushala - Koteswor area characterisedby delta deposit and part of the lacustrinesediment domain has a 3 - 5 RMS amplification.In general a RMS amplification of 2 isrecommended for most part of the valley.

Earthquake is a sudden, sometimes violentmovement of the earthÕs surface from the releaseof energy in the earthÕs crust. It is a catastrophicnatural disaster, which causes variable casualtiesof lives and variable property damage. Nepal hasexperienced a number of earthquakes, the most

Earthquake Disaster and Hospital Preparedness

Ram Prasad ShresthaMedicare National Hospital and Bir Hospital, Kathmandu

dreadful being that of 1934. Next earthquake ofsimilar or higher magnitude may occur any timeabout which one cannot predict exactly. In suchsituation, estimated death would be about 40,000and injuries 95,000.

Hospital being the key centre for the mass

through the ef fective implementation of thepracticable policy. In addition, disastermitigation, early warning, emergency rescue andrelief operation, rehabilitation and recovery plansshould involve in activities such as: training,post-disaster evaluation, monitoring of reliefworks, review, cooperation and coordination ofCentral, District and Local preparedness, andresearch etc Recovery planning should involvein long-term as well as immediate recoveryprogrammes.

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casualties management system, has to have a wellthought disaster response management plan, inthe situation of any mass casualties .The planshould be aimed at minimising loss of life anddisabilities. Retrospective analysis of Mexico andArmenia Earthquakes illustrate the magnitudeand complexity of casualties and theirmanagement. Key questions, which a hospitalshould answer in relation to its preparedness to adisaster, are:♦ Whether the hospital is or ganised for a

disaster situation;♦ Do hospitals have a disaster preparedness

plan?;♦ What are the contingency provisions?;♦ Are staff familiar with the hospital disaster

plan?;♦ What is the level of motivation?;♦ Do the hospitals perform drills?; and♦ Adequacy of medical supplies during the

disaster.

Thus in a disaster plan following componentsare to be undertaken:♦ Disaster committee formation;♦ Internal mobilisation of personnel, resources

and support services;♦ Case receiving and flow pattern;♦ Triage & category tagging;♦ Managing of a disaster ward;♦ Administrative support ;♦ Inter institutional coordination and link with

field;♦ Morgue for deceased;♦ Drill / Mock exercise;♦ Site disaster activity with search and rescue;

and♦ Retrospective analysis of each disaster

situation.Disaster may not strike twice in the identical

way but the lesson from one situation can beapplied to another situation and achieve betterresult in minimising the loss of life anddisabilities.

55

LWF/Nepal is celebrating InternationalDecade for Natural Disaster Reduction IDNDRDay jointly with Nepal Geological Society, HMGMinistry of Home and UNDP, Nepal every year.

As we approach the twenty-first century ,population growth, ecological damage, rapidindustrialisation and socio-economic imbalancesmake the risk of major disaster around the worldhigher than ever. To make people aware of howmuch they can do to make themselves safer fromnatural disasters, the United Nations launchedthe International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR,1990-2000)

As you might be aware, the UN Resolution44/236 of 22 December1989 has declared 1990sas the IDNDR. In pursuant with this declaration,Nepal formed a National Committee on IDNDRchaired by the Hon. Home Minister in 1990.

The impact of natural disasters is on the rise.Death, injury, and economic ruin caused bydisasters are avoidable. Countries should makenatural disaster reduction part of theirdevelopment plans, otherwise, progress in socialand economic development will continue to beeroded by recurring disasters. As we knowÔPrevention is better than relief.Õ Nepal is adisaster-prone country with a population, which

Disaster Preparedness Project, Lutheran World Federation, and theInternational Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

Bimala RijalDisaster Preparedness Programme

LWF/WS-Nepal

is very vulnerable due to a combination of a highincidence of hazards, widespread poverty and alack of national infrastructure.

LWF/Nepal is celebrating the IDNDR daynot only for the celebration but also for day today support in the field of natural disasterreduction through different activities, e.g. schoolearthquake management and safety awarenesstraining to school teachers, EarthquakeAwareness Street Drama in the public andschools, publication of disaster related materialslike poster, leaflet, sticker etc, and to celebrateNational Earthquake Day has been implementingthe disaster preparedness Project/ Programme.

LWF/ Nepal has been implementing mainlyCommunity Based Disaster Preparedness(CBDP) training for the disadvantage people inown working area and to collaborate with otherpartner INGO/NGO in local community level.SEAT programme launched by L WF/NepalDisaster Preparedness Project in KathmanduValley. Many or ganisations are involved forreduction and preparedness of disaster inKathmanu Valley (e.g. National Society forEarthquake Technology, KVERMP, UMN,Disaster Management Department of KathmanduMetropolitan City etc).

LWF/Nepal DisasterPreparedness Programmehas been networking as amember of DPNet formabout disaster reduction,preparedness and sharing theinformation, data, resourcesamong the 14 membersagencies. DPNet formadvocacy about disastermanagement within thegrass-root level people andgovernment level.

56

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57

The Kathmandu Valley has been impactedin the past by several catastrophic earthquakes.Study of the earthquake catalog indicates thatindicates that a devastating earthquake isinevitable in the long term and likely in the nearfuture.

Knowledge gained in schools gets easilyspread to the households and to the parents also.When schools are closed because of earthquakedamage, education is delayed and community lifedisrupted. School buildings are used as temporaryshelters, medical posts and relief centres after alarge earthquake. Schools play a vital role inevery community. Therefore, earthquake-threatened communities need earthquake-resistant schools.

The Udaypur Earthquake of 1988 showedthat schools are specifically vulnerable in Nepal:more than 6000 school buildings requiredreconstruction after the earthquake. Therefore,increasing safety of schools was emphasised inthe Kathmandu Valley Earthquake RiskManagement Project (KVERMP), which is beingimplemented since September 1997 by theNational Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET-Nepal) and GeoHazardsInternational (GHI) as a part of the Asian UrbanDisaster Mitigation Programme (AUDMP) of theAsian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC)with core funding from OFDA/USAID. SchoolEarthquake Safety (SES) is one of thecomponents of KVERMP.

The objectives of SES are 1) awarenessraising, and 2) enhancement of seismic safety ofpublic school buildings of the Valley. A SchoolEarthquake Safety Advisory Committee, with theRegional Education Director, Central Region, asthe Chairman and representatives of the districteducation offices, municipalities, experts, INGOsetc. provides advice and overview.

SES methodology included inventory of642 public schools, and conduction of a survey

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Retrofit Design for SchoolBuildings in Kathmandu Valley

J. K. Bothara1, A. M. Dixit1, L. R. Dwelley-Samant2, M. Nakarmi1, S. B. Pradhanang1,B. E. Tucker2, and A. S. Arya3

1 National Society for Earthquake Technology - Nepal (NSET-Nepal), nset@mos.com.np2 GeoHazards International, Palo Alto, CA, USA, info@geohaz.org

3 University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, vkgcy@rurkiu.ernet.in

of the school buildings involving the schoolheadmasters to know the situation of the existingbuilding stock and develop retrofitting solutionswhich are economically feasible, technicallypossible, socially acceptable. An illustrative andsimplified survey questionnaire was developedthat included age of construction, number ofstories, structural system, configuration, basicconstruction material for walls, floor and roof;openings, and existing earthquake resistancefeatures in the school buildings. Thequestionnaire was subject to review byinternational expert, and tested in a pilot seminarfor school headmasters, which helped to modifyit further. A series of 15 one-day seminars, eachattended by 25 to 40 school headmasters andmembers of the management committee, andauthorities from the district and regionaleducation offices, were conducted subsequently.The seminars aimed at raising awareness as wellas instructing the headmasters to conduct thesurvey for their school buildings using thequestionnaire format.

Out of 643 public schools, only 443participated in the seminars. Of these 206responded with filled up questionnaires. Anadditional 222 schools were visited bytechnicians for completing the questionnaireentries that happened to be difficult for the schoolheadmasters. An structural engineer field verifiedthe survey formats of 34 (9%) schools.

A computer programme was developed tocreate the school database for data analysis. Asper the analysis there are 909 buildings in the378 schools. Out of these data is available for894 blocks, rest are either incomplete, rented outor not usable. Of these 894, 199 buildings wereconstructed under the Earthquake Affected AreasReconstruction and Rehabilitation Project(EAARRP) during 1992-1997, and the rest (695buildings) are normally constructed buildings.Out of 695 buildings, 621 are in load bearing

58

system and rest 74 are reinforced concrete framebuildings. Out of 621 buildings, the wallingmaterial of 34 buildings is adobe, 114 buildingsis rubble stone in mud mortar, 281 buildings isrectangular blocks (brick, dressed-stone) in mudmortar, and rest 192 buildings are constructedwith rectangular blocks in cement sand mortar.Interestingly, out of 621 masonry buildings onlyfour constitute seismic strengthening measures.As no established methods are presentlyavailable for the vulnerability assessment ofthese building types, effort was made to developa method that could meet our requirements forvulnerability assessment, which aimed todevelop economically feasible, technicallypossible, socially acceptable retrofittingsolutions for the school buildings and to estimatethe associated costs for retrofitting. Fourmethods, notably, i) analytical method, ii) ratingmethod, iii) method based on comparison withcodal provisions and iv) MSK intensity method(based on walling materials and definition ofMSK intensity scale) were developed.

Although the Rating Method could be thebest for the assessment for group of thebuildings, time and resource constraints did notallow the required research for determining theapplicable scores and relative weight of thevarious factors af fecting the vulnerability .Testing for compliance with codal provisionresulted in all buildings to be considered unsafe;however, this result could not give any lead tothe likely losses. Therefore, the MSK intensitymethod was used for vulnerability assessment.The analytical method helped to develop anoverall pattern of damage, and this method is

used for the detailed analysis of individualmasonry buildings constructed with rectangularblocks such as brick and concrete blocks orframed buildings.

According to the analysis conducted usingthe MSK intensity method, the economic loss ofsurveyed masonry buildings varies from 55% to90%, depending upon the walling material andthe number of stories.

Based on the analysis, the building stockhas been classified into five groups according tothe vertical load bearing system and wallingmaterial. Each of the five groups has been furtherclassified into sub-groups depending on the floorand roof structural system and materials, and thenumber of stories. This led to the identificationof different conceptual retrofitting schemes foreach sub-group of building. The schemes wereweighted against their suitability and ease inconstruction. The most suitable ones have beenselected and designed. It is found that 100buildings are too weak to be strengthened andneed total reconstruction.

The philosophy adopted for retrofitting theschool buildings considers i) achieving fail-safedamage: delayed collapse allowing pupils toescape, and ii) achieving reduction in likelydamage allowing repair and re-strengthening, atnominal cost, during the reconstruction phasefollowing a damaging earthquake. Retrofittingschemes are proposed only for those groups ofbuilding for which the retrofitting cost does notgo beyond 25% of the present value of thebuilding, and which will have, after retrofitting,an economic loss of less than 50% in MSKintensity IX.

59

In 1996, HMG/Nepal requested theGovernment of Japan for technical assistance forthe surveying the 1993 severely af fected areasof the Makwanpur , Sindhuli, and DhadingDistricts. The Development Study entitled ÒTheStudy on the Disaster Prevention Plan forSeverely Affected Areas by 1993 Disaster in theCentral Development Region of NepalÓ wascompleted in March 1997.

Based on the report, HMG/Nepal requestedthe Government of Japan to implement aprogramme entitled, ÒChisapani CommunityDevelopment and Disaster PreventionProgrammeÓ (CCDDPP) in Agra VDC of theMakwanpur District. The two and a half yearprogramme began in March. Due to theintegrated nature of the CCDDPP programme,the executing agency is the Department of SoilConservation and Watershed Management(DSCWM) under the Ministry of Forests and SoilConservation. The implementing agency is theNGO, Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS).

A four day Logical Framework Workshop,where all the concerned partners and local peopletook part, was conducted to determine thepurpose, goal and implementing strategy of theprogramme. The purpose of the programme wasthe reduction of water induced disasters to ensurea safer livelihood and the reduction of povertyof the people of the Chisapani village. The ideawas to develop a model village of community-based disaster management through capacitybuilding of the Chisapani community on disastermanagement, natural resource management andthe improvement of socio-economic conditions.The outputs include: (1) increase in the incomelevel of the community; (2) development andimplementation of a disaster managementsystem; (3) implementation of communitydevelopment activities; (4) construction ofphysical infrastructures for the prevention oflandslides; and (5) institutionalisation of disastermanagement and community developmentprocess.

Chisapani Community Development and Disaster Management

Bishnu Das ShresthaDepartment of Soil Conservation & Watershed ManagementMs. Yuka Makino, Japan International Cooperation Agency

Established on October 7, 1991, one of theobjectives of DPTC is to develop the appropriatetechnology and perform research on waterinduced disaster in Nepal through Model SiteDevelopment and Monitoring. The Landslide atKm 19 of the Kathmandu-Trishuli Road is one

Landslide Hazard Assessment at 19 Km Model Site of Kathmandu-Trishuli Road

Prakash Man ShresthaWater Induced Disaster Prevention Technical Centre (DPTC)

Pulchowk,Lalitpur

of such Model Site of DPTC. This paper brieflyexplains the monitoring equipment, investigationmethods, result of investigation, preventionworks, evaluation of prevention works, analysisof investigation etc. used at the Landslide ModelSite at Km 19 of the Kathmandu-Trishuli Road.

60

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61

In Pokhara, the bank failure along the SetiRiver is one of the major problems. A bridge overthe Seti Khola, along the Prithvi Highway ,collapsed on the second of September 1991. Thebridge was destroyed because of bank failure byextensive cracks developed on the right (western)bank of the river. The bridge formed a part of thePrithivi Highway. Numerous old cracks are alsoobserved between the mouth and outlet of thegorge of the Seti River.

A new bridge (about 120 m long) wasconstructed along the same route in 1998. But inthe monsoon of 1999, a large (about 150-m long)crack was seen on the left (eastern) bank of theSeti River. The crack is at about 25 m east of theleft bank. This newly developed crack hasbecome a matter of great concern for the peopleof Pokhara.

In the vicinity of the Seti Khola, there arethree major sediment units: namely, the GhachokFormation, the Pokhara Formation, and theGravel Veneer. The Ghachok Formation isgenerally karstified and jointed. Sinkholes andpinnacles are developed in it.

The Ghachok Formation is widelydistributed in Pokhara. Most of the area alongthe Seti Khola is covered by this Formation. Atthe vertical banks of the Seti River gor ge, theGhachok Formation appears to be an extremelyhardened rock-like material. This is due to twoeffects: one is its very high content of calcareouscement and the other one is the formation ofcalcareous crusts on its surfaces.

It is composed of angular to sub-roundedgravels, cobbles, and boulders within a lightbrown calcareous silty matrix. Locally lar geblocks are also found. The elements arecomposed mainly of laminated grey limestones,sandstones and shales that are derived from thesedimentary rocks of the Tethys Group of theAnnapurna Massif. A small quantity of gneiss,quartzite, and schist is also present. Sorting is

Bank failure problem along the Seti River, Pokhara

M.R. DhitalCentral Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University,

Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

very poor and sedimentary features as beddingplanes are nearly absent except for the lower part.

In the lower part of the Ghachok Formationsome differences from the main part of the unitare observed. In general, the composition issimilar but well-developed bedding planes arepresent especially in the area south of the failedbridge. Furthermore, some well-rounded cobblesand boulders are found, but most of it is madeup of the matrix-supported material, whichmostly prevents grain-to-grain contacts.

The upper part of the Ghachok Formationcontains cone-shaped pinnacles. A black crustforms their surface. In the depressions betweenthe cones a soft to stiff yellow soil is found whichcontains gravels, cobbles and even someboulders.

The second widely distributedlithostratigraphic unit of the study area is calledthe Pokhara Formation. Compared to thesediments of the Ghachok Formation, there aretwo main dif ferences: (i) grain size isconsiderably smaller; boulders have not beenobserved; and (ii) the degree of cementation ismuch lower. The mineral composition and thepoor rounding and sorting, however , are quitesimilar.

A layer of conglomerates called the GravelVeneer unconfirmably overlies the GhachokFormation at the bridge site. It consists ofrounded to well-rounded gravels, cobbles, andboulders in a sandy matrix. A certain degree ofcementation is observed giving rise to theformation of hard pans upon caves below them.The water level in the Seti Khola rises manytimes every year during heavy rains by 15 to 20m at the opening (400x700 m 2) at Ramghat,which is about 600 m upstream of the collapsedbridge. The water level in the Seti River rose by10 to 15 m for about an hour at midnight of 1September 1991, at Ramghat.

62

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The field investigation on September 3 and4 revealed that extensive bank failure andtoppling is observed between the mouth andoutlet of the gorge of the Seti River.

The crack record of the Department ofRoads revealed that the on 2 September , thecracks started from the edge of the western bankabout 50 m upstream and progressed to the edgeof the bank about 120 m downstream. The crackbehind the western abutment was 52 m away .The failure pushed the bridge to the east and itresulted in the heaving of the approach pavement,adjacent to the bridge. Failure by fall and topplingoccurred subsequent to the initial slip. It resultedin 3 to 5 m wide cracks and diversion of the flowto the new channel behind the west abutment on5 September 1991, and about 20 m chunk of the

west bank subsided by about 3 m, tilting thebridge by about 6 degrees. No sign of failure wasnoticed in the eastern bank of the bridge site.

The angle of internal friction was 37 degrees(calculated from the soil sample of the matrix).This fact indicates that the material completelylost its strength parameters at some depth andfailed along an inclined plane more or less equalto that of the angle of internal friction. The failuremechanism is related to the saturation of the soilby the groundwater as well as water from theSeti River. After some time, when the materialwas completely saturated with water, as a resultof the fall of the water level in the Seti River, theseepage forces acted upon it, and due to piping,the mass failed making an angle equal to that ofinternal friction.

With Best Complimentsto

NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYon the auspicious occasion of

Publishing its New Bulletin

(Volume 17), 2000 Issue

from

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64

ARTICLES -n]vx¿_

Mines and Environment: Present Status and Issues in Nepal

Krishna P. KaphleDepartment of Mines and Geology

Lainchaur, Kathmandu, Nepal

1. BACKGROUNDFormation of various rock types and

minerals under different geo-physico-chemicalconditions and depositions of different types ofminerals, fossil fuels etc took place during thegeological past. As soon as the formation of soiland water took place on the surface of the earth,various types of plants as well as animalsappeared. By the process of evolution from aunicellular micro-organism to human beings ittook over 500 million years. Early Homo Sapiens(early human beings) came into existence in theearth only about 0.5 million years ago. Since thetime of Stone Age, human beings are making useof all types of natural resources. By the time ofIron and Bronze Age, they started exploitingvarious types of natural resources like minerals,water, land and plants, and making multiple useof them for their benefit and comfort. Nowadays,rocks and minerals are not only used asconstruction materials, decorative stones,ornaments, industrial/ chemical raw materials,sources of various types of metals, preciousstones and fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas,and coal) but also used for nuclear energy, opticaland electronic appliances, chemical and modernmedicines. At present these mineral commoditiesare becoming the essential parts of the modernlife. Therefore, to fullfill the present publicdemand, all these natural resources are so muchexploited and used that they are creating theadverse effects in the natural environment.

All the mining and development activitiestake place on the earth. Our ultimate resourcesalso come from the earth and people areexploiting these resources for the betterment oftheir life. Together with uncontrolled populationgrowth the demand of these commodities isincreasing. To fulfill the demand, unplanned andhaphazard mining and exploitation practices ofthese mineral commodities has increasedsignificantly causing global environmental

pollutions since the beginning of 20th century .This burning environmental problem came torealise by the people only since last 2-3 decade.In addition to haphazard and uncontrolledmining, other major causes of environmentaldegradation are unplanned urbanisation,improper development activities,industrialisation, uncontrolled land use,haphazard disposal of all kinds of waste,exploitation of natural resources etc. All thesecausing, air, water and ground pollution andultimately bringing the problem of healthhazards. Now, it became a global problem. Thepeople realise that it is their responsibility to carryout sustainable development activities, preservenatural environment, keep the ecological balanceand maintain the friendly ecosystem.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND POLLUTION

Every country has environmental problembut the spectrum of the problem is different. Theenvironmental degradation in the industrialisednation is largely chemical. They are responsiblefor the bulk of the emission that causesgreenhouse effect. On the other hand theenvironmental degradation in the developingcountries is lar gely physical such as mining,agriculture, urban and infrastructuredevelopment, industrialisation, hydroelectricschemes, waste disposal etc. have some impactson environment. At local/regional level thepollution takes place through particulate andgaseous emissions of SO2, NO2, CO2 which maybe transported through stratospheric winds,causing acid rain. Similarly , at global level,pollution takes place by burning of fossil fuelswhich increases the carbon dioxide content andbring about global warming or what is generallyknown as the Greenhouse ef fect. As a result,climatic changes are taking place. Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCÕs) destroy the ozone layer in the

65

stratosphere. To discuss about the globalenvironmental problems in international foruman international conference on Mining andEnvironment was held in Berlin in 1991 and inIndia in 1995. In these meetings environmentalproblems and issues were identified. A high levelInternational conference was also held in Rio-De-Zenerio in 1992 and many Heads of Statesand Heads of the Governments took part in it. Inthese meetings, all of them agreed upon anddetermined to solve these global issues ofenvironmental degradation. But the problems stillremain unsolved.

3. MINING HAZARD, POLLUTION, AND ISSUES IN NEPAL

A number of historical small-scale iron,copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, nickel, gemstones, andother industrial minerals and constructionmaterial mines and quarries are known in Nepal.Most of them were operational before 1950without proper environmental geologicalassessment. Only after the establishment of NepalBureau of Mines in 1961 and Nepal GeologicalSurvey in 1967, (presently as Department ofMines and Geology), systematic geological studywas initiated in the mineral resourcesdevelopment in Nepal. Since then, Departmentof Mines and Geology (DMG) has alreadyidentified a number of lar ge, medium to smallsize economic and sub-economic mineraldeposits like, Godavari marble, Chovar lmestone,Bhainse limestone, Okhare limestone, Sindhalilimestone, Jogimara limestone, Chaukunelimestone, Narapani limestone, Dhankutalimestone, Salyan limestone, Khari Dhungamagnesite and talc, Ganesh Himal lead - zinc,Phulchoki iron, and quite a few other smallcopper, lead, zinc, gemstone, coal, limestone, andconstruction materials in dif ferent parts of thecountry. Based on some of these economicmineral deposits a few mines are in operation asthe source of raw materials for marble, cement,deadburnt magnesite (DBM), talc, lead and zinc,coal, and construction materials. Mineralindustries like cement factories, brick factories,stone crushing plants, agri-lime industry, DBMplant and all the quarries produce smoke and dust,which are the chief causes of air pollution.

It is a known fact that exploitation andmining of mineral resources create multitude of

effects on natural environment of the entire areaand disturb the eco-system. Environmentalimpacts could be of various magnitude andsignificance if, mining is unscientific andhaphazard. Mining activities (specially open castmines/ quarries) bring the visible changes in thelandscape such as deforestation, change in naturalslope, soil erosion, landslides, subsidence andlowering of ground water table and ultimatelycauses air, water and ground pollution in theregion. In this case, open-cast mining is of moreconcern to the public rather than under groundmining.

In Nepal, almost all the operating mines/quarries are open-cast mines except few small-scale coal and copper mining activities. Themineral industries (as mentioned above) damagethe natural landscape, accelerate deforestation,and make negative impacts on fauna, flora, andaesthetic values of the area. Similarly, improperand haphazard mining and exploitation of theconstruction materials including sand/gravelmining from the riverbed are causing damage tothe infrastructure (houses, bridges, dams etc) inthe mining area. Haphazard disposal of miningwaste and industrial ef fluents also create theproblem of air , water, and ground pollution,which directly or indirectly af fect the health ofthe people around.

Particulate (dust) is one of the majorpollutants in the air. Quarry operation, drilling,sawing, blasting, crushing plants, vehicularemission from the movements of heavy vehiclesin the quarry sites, and smoke from the chimneysof the industries are the main sources of dust,smoke, and gaseous emissions which causes airpollution.

Noise pollution is mainly due to operationof compressors, drilling, sawing, blasting, andcrushing unit, grinding and processing units inthe industry, movement of working vehicles, andunnecessary blowing horns.

Water pollution takes place due tohaphazard dumping of mining and mineral waste,sediment coming with the rainwater from thequarry/ mine site, crushing/ cutting, and polishingunits. In the factory, water is commonly used forwashing, cleaning, cooling, sawing, polishingetc. As a result, water gets contaminated withvarious chemicals as well as sludge and other

66

effluents from the factory . Improper andhaphazard dumping of all types of industrialwaste could also contaminate groundwater.

4. PRECATUTIONARY MEASURESSoil erosion and landslides can be reduced

by afforestation and rehabilitation of theexhausted mine areas. Application ofbioengineering techniques, construction ofphysical structures like gabion walls, check dams,stone barriers etc also help to control soil erosionand trap the sediments. Sediment impoundingstructures and tailing dams with proper drainagesystem could also control silt and sediments toprotect river water pollution.

Mining activities such as blasting createsground vibration, fly rocks, dust and resultingcracks in the houses and engineering structuresand air as well as noise pollution. Now a days, tominimise blasting hazard shot exploders and lowcharge of explosives are practiced. Similarly, useof diamond wire saw can also help to reducedrilling noise and blasting hazard considerablyas it is done in Godavari marble quarry/ Industry.Proper dumping of mining and mineral waste insuitable place can help to reduce the air/ waterpollution.

In Nepal, some of the active mines/ quarriesand mineral industries are still adoptingconventional practices for the extraction of rawmaterials. Possible pollutants and environmentalhazards associated with the operation of mines/quarries and mineral industries have beenidentified. Many issues were also raised by thepublic about environmental degradation due tomining and operation on mineral and otherindustries. Nowadays, the industries are alsoconscious about the environmental problem andthey are trying to minimise the impact byapplying various mining techniques andmitigation measures. However, only a few ofthem are in operation under the regularsupervision of concerned professionals. Topmanagement of Godavari Marble Industry hasformulated the environmental planningmanagement policy. According to that policy theindustry has adopted environment friendlytechnology and used various measures tominimise the negative impact on environment.(1) Air/ dust pollution is controlled by waterspraying, putting jute covers, cyclone dust

collector and bag filter and dust masks (2) Thefly rocks and blast hazard is controlled by shotexploders, low charge of explosives and muffleblasting is adopted to eliminate fly rocks.Similarly diamond wire saw machine isemployed where ever is possible to reduce thedrilling noise. (3) Noise pollution is reduced byenclosing the compressors and gangs saws,reducing the numbers of blasts and blasting time.Workers use cotton earplug to minimise thedamage of hearing capacity. (4) Soil erosion andmudflows are controlled by boulder pitching,construction of gabion weir , check dams andretaining walls. Plantation on the slope has helpeda lot to control soil erosion and landslides. Properdisposal of waste in a suitable dumping yard andlater use of dumping material into post miningreclamation and rehabilitation helps to controlindustrial waste. This way Godavari marblequarry and Industry is doing well to minimisethe environmental pollution. It follows theenvironmental guidelines prepared by DMG.

Sand deposits of Kathmandu Valley areterrigeneous in origin and mainly derived fromthe surrounding hills. Previously there were quitea few sand mines in the riverbeds of Bagmati,Bishnumati and Manahara rivers in KathmanduValley. As a result, river sand deposits inKathamndu Valley are nearly exhausted (Sharma,1996). Extraction of excessive amounts of sandfrom the riverbeds has created negativeenvironmental consequences like lowering of theriver beds, damage of foundation of the bridges(e.g. Manahara Bridge near Sano Thimi, BagmatiBridge in Kopundole), and dams, lowing ofground water table, water impounding andnarrowing the river channel and encroachmentof the river bed for agriculture and settlement,degradation of aquatic animals, river waterpollution and health hazard and also loss ofaesthetic beauty etc. Sand deposits of hillocksand older terraces are the alternative sources ofsand in KathmanduValley. Now a day , suchdeposits are also being exploited in Thimi,Duwakot, Gokarna and few other places withoutany environmental geological consideration.Such unscientific mining activities havepromoted environmental degradation e.g.erosion, siltation, threats to infrastructure, lossof agriculture land, change in natural drainagesystem, air/ water pollution, health hazard.

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Mining and exploitation of magnesite atKharidhunga obviously causes environmentalimpacts like in other open cast mines. Therefore,the mining company has realised the environmentalproblems and some mitigation measures are takento minimise the ef fect. An extensive network ofgabion walls and check dams are constructed tocontrol soil erosion, landslide and to trap thesediments to minimise the pollution further down.Tailing dams are constructed to control siltation.Forestation on surrounding inactive areas to controlsoil erosion. Dust pollution minimised by sprayingin the quarry site and road. Proper drainage systemis maintained

Similarly mitigative measures are also takenin other limestone quarries like in Bhainse, Okharelimestone quarry and Hetaunda Cement Factory ,Makwanpur and Sindhali limestone quarry andUdayapur Cement Factory. However, thesemeasures are not suf ficient enough to controlenvironmental problem. It is advised to followenvironmental guidelines prepared by Departmentof Mines and Geology.

Chobhar limestone quarry and Himal CementFactory as well as over 200 brick kilns/ factoriesand about a dozen of stone crushing plants are themajor pollutant mineral industries in KathmanduValley. They do not have any dust controlmechanism at all in their factory.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES

Environmental impact is a change in theenvironmental parameters over a specific periodand in a specified geographical area.Environmental mitigation measures are the toolsfor avoiding or reducing the potential adverseenvironmental impacts resulting from mining/development activities carried out by human. Someof the mitigation measures to minimise theenvironmental degradation in the region arerecommended to protect environment from miningactivities are as follows.

Air is polluted due to increased level ofparticulate matters, carbon-di-oxide, carbon-mono-oxide, sulphur-di-oxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrousoxide and lead (IUCN, 1998) The level has to bereduced considerably. Therefore, adopt bestavailable environmentally friendly technology tocontrol air, water, noise and ground pollution.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) must be

carried out for all types of mines/ quarries andindustries before and during operation of mines/quarry.

Open cast mining/ quarrying activitiespromote air, ground and water pollution. Suchquarries must be located far away from thesettlement areas, drinking water source/ intakes,historical monuments, cultural heritage, cultivatedlands etc. Therefore, at least 1km buf fer zonebetween the settlement area and mine/ quarry siteand industrial site should be left for safety . It isrecommended to control sliding by constructingappropriate stabilising structures, using bio-engineering techniques, making proper benchingand suitable drainage system to dischar ge stormwater, planting trees and protection of forest in thenear by areas and rehabilitation of the old quarries.

Chobhar limestone quarry, Himal cementfactory, brick factories and stone crushing plantsare the main air and water pollutants in KathmanduValley. Himal cement factory must have dust andsmoke control mechanism. Brick factories mustbe relocated far from the settlement areas. Stonecrushing plants should not be allowed in the valley.All types of mining operation must be systematicand they must follow the environmental guidelines.All the unwanted waste materials must be disposedin identified suitable landfill sites just to avoidpollution.

People are gradually realising that they mustlive in harmony with the nature. Therefore,environmental awareness programme will help toeducate the people about human activities andconsequence environmental degradation and healthhazard. The role of public participation in theprocess of environmental protection is veryeffective.

Control on licensing and regular monitoringand supervision of all mines and mineral industrysectors including their environmental aspects areentrusted to the Department of Mines and Geology/HMG. To enforce the environmental protectionpolicies of the government some laws, rules andregulations are enacted e.g. (1) The IndustrialEnterprises Act 1991, (2) Mines and Mineral Act 1985,(3) Nepal Mines Act 1967, (4) Mineral Regulation1961, (5) Legal aspects of sand mining guidelines(DMG, published 1998), (6) Newly drafted MinesRegulations 1994. All these existing acts, rules andregulations must be implemented effectively.

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1. IntroductionMost of the Nepalese municipalities are

confronted with fast deterioration of theirenvironment. Haphazard disposal of solidwastes, generally uncontrolled dumping alongrivers, roadsides or within forests is one of themain problems causing severe environmentalimpacts. With the changing way of living style,the simple harmless urban waste has also changedto a more complex and hazardous substancesposing more and more threats to the livingconditions of the people. Waste disposal is aproblem that increasingly demands the attentionof scientists, engineers, policy makers and thegeneral public. Therefore, the selection anddevelopment of a suitable sanitary landfill is amulti-disciplinary task and requires a series ofactivities. One of the first steps is theidentification of areas with sufficient geologicalbarrier potential to avoid pollution of subsoil andgroundwater by leakage originating fromdisposal of waste. After selection of a suitablelocation, the design and technical requirementsto develop the site have to be planned thoroughly.Preparing the concept for proper management,operation and monitoring is the last step towardsan environmentally sound sanitary landfill site.

The Department of Mines and Geology(DMG) under its Environment Geology Project(Nepal-German Cooperation) is currentlyproviding advisory services to dif ferentmunicipalities in selecting appropriate landfillsites for solid waste management. In this context,a Letter of Understanding was signed betweenthe DMG and Urban Development through LocalEfforts (UDLE) in September 1, 1999 stipulatingthe steps of investigation and the modality ofcooperation to support five municipalitiesnamely Tansen, Butwal, Bharatpur, Dhangadhiand Banepa. Primary objective of thiscooperation was to help municipalities inselection and development of sanitary landfills.

Geo-Scientific Inputs and Contribution of Department ofMines and Geology in Selection of Waste Disposal Sites for

Some MunicipalitiesBharat M. Jnawali

Department of Mines and GeologyLainchaur, Kathmandu

2. Geo-scientific rationaleIdeally a waste disposal site should be

located in an area where the permeability ofunderlying soils is very low and the nature ofsoils is attenuative of dissolved chemicalconstituents from nigrating pollutants. In otherwords, soil should be more clayey with highvallues of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC).Therefore, any search for landfill site should befocussed on delineation of areas where rocks/ soilwith a high retention capacity for pollutants andsufficient thickness (at least 5m) and extensionexist in shallow subsurface to act as geologicalnatural barrier. Such barrier is an important partof the overall safety concept for waste disposaland has to be considered as the last protectionlayer which prevents the infiltration of polutantsinto the ground water if the technical barrier (i.e.artificial) fails. Any landfill site in addition tobeing geo-scientifically suitable should beeconomically feasible and socially acceptable.

3. Main criteria defining site suitabilityIn order to ensure that the negative

environmental impacts of a landfill areminimised the following criteria should bethoroughly considered:- low permeability ground (transmissibility

kf≤10 -7 m/s) of at least 5m thicknesspreferably clay or low permeable bed-rocks

- high Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) andlow percolation rate of the subsoil

- more than 2m distance between level ofground water and bearing surface of thelandfill site

- site not located in the drinking watercatchment area, well fields, and maingroundwater recharge area

- sufficient distance to major drainage (about200m) and settlements; not located withinflood prone areas

- extreme morphology and land slope of over

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15° should be avoided- availability of cover material ( suitable soil)

in the vicinity of the site- should not be close to the areas of historical

cultural and national importance- areas closer than 3km from airports used by

turbo-jet aircraft or 1.5 km from airports usedby piston-type aircrafts.

4. Procedure/Methodology

Advisory visits start after the DMG, UDLEor TDF receive a letter of request from themunicipality for technical assistance. Thecooperation programme includes three mainsteps as described below. DMG carries out thefirst two steps of site investigation while the finalstep of technical design and development of thesite will be supported by TDF.

Step 1. Preliminary geological assessmentof the sites pr oposed by the municipality: Itconsists of 1-2 days field work for rapidevaluation focusing mainly on the presence ofgeologic barrier potential of the subsoil andgeneral site suitability. If non of the proposedsites appear to be suitable, the search foralternative location should be carried out by themunicipality following the guidelines providedby DMG experts.

Step 2. Detailed assessment of barrierpotential and soil condition: This investigationis conducted only if the site is passed throughthe above step. This investigation involves aseries field and laboratory tests in addition totopographical survey e. g. auguring, CECanalysis, sieve analysis, engineering parametersetc.

Step 3. Technical design and developmentof landfill site: Based on the recommendation

of the geological investigation, the relatedmunicipality can apply to Town DevelopmentFund (TDF) for investigation grant and TDF willthen select a local consultant for design and sitedevelopment.

At all steps, the municipalities should getinvolved in the field works and contribute inwhatever possible means (local labour ,transportation, lodging/fooding for experts orother logistics) to ensure active participation.

5. Current statusDMG has rendered advisory services to all

5 municipalites included in the Letter ofUnderstanding in preliminary assessment of thesites proposed by them. In Tansen, Butwal, andDhangadhi, detailed field investigations havebeen completed, while in Bharatpur the proposedsite which lies within forest area and istemporarily used by Royal Nepal Army, is underprocess of securing a permission prior to go fordetailed investigation. Recently advisory serviceof the DMG has been extended to Dhankutamunicipality as well on specific request.

DMGÕs initiatives in this sphere has beenparticularly successful in imparting knowledgeor message to the enlisted municipalities in thesense that they are now aware of the importanceof a suitable landfill site and for its selectiongeo-scientific investigation is a first step towardsits development.

It is pertinent to recall here that DMG underthe project prepared a map of the KathmanduValley showing Ôpotential areas for wastedisposal selection and also participated in EIAstudies for proposed landfill sites namelySyuchatar, Sundarighat and Sanglatarcontributing significantly on the geo-scientificaspects.

70

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uO{/xÒbfsf] r/0f xf]Ê. of] s]xL ;]s]08b]lv s]xLldg]6 cjlwsf] x'G5Ê.

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-3_ k"j{–e"sDk r/0f (Preseismic) M s]xL ldg]6b]lvs]xL jif{;Dd sf] e"sDk hfg' nuQ} cl3sf] cj:yfxf]Ê. cGt/-e"sDk tyf k"j{-e"sDk r/0fdf e"sDkpTkfbs k¢ltdf ef/ a9\b} hfG5 eg] ;x-e"sDktyf pQ/-e"sDk r/0fdf ef/nfO{ la;fpg] sfo{x'G5Ê. o;/L e"sDk rs| eg]sf] ef/ nbfpg] /la;fpg] k|s[of xf] / k|To]s r/0fdf cf-cf g} vfnsfef}lts tyf ef}ule{s k|s[ofx? x'G5g\Ê. o:tfk|s[ofx? cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/df;dembf/L u/]/ dfq e"sDk k|sf]ksf] j}1flgsd"Nof°g tyf k"j{ ;"rgf ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd eOG5Ê.7"nf e"sDkx?sf] e"sDk rs| ;fwf/0ftof s]xLzo jif{sf] x'g] / e"sDk lj1fgsf] vf; ljsf;eg] kl5Nnf] $ bzs otf dfq ePsf] xÒ'bf ;+k"0f{e"sDk rj|msf] k|s[ofut canf]sg lxdfnodf jfcGo st} klg ePsf] 5}gÊ. oBlk e"sDk rj|msflaleGg r/0fdf /x]sf v08x?sf] cjnf]sgnfO{ld>0f -Composite_ u/L k"0f{ rs|sf] cjwf/0ffeg] tof/ kfl/Psf] b]lvG5Ê.

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71

e"sDk pTkfbs ;+/rgfsf] klxrfg, e"sDk rs|sf]k|s[ofut ;dembf/L OToflb ljifodf w]/} pknlAw xfl;nePsf] b]lv“b}gÊ.

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-sflGtk'/ b}lgs, $ >fj0f @)%&_

72

!= kl/robf» lhNnfnfO{ lrgfpg] o;sf b'O{ ;'Gb/ pkTosfx/m

Gf} x'g\Ê. lxdfnosf] blIf0fL sfvdf cjl:yt o:tf ljleGgpkTosfx/m blIf0fdf ef/tsf] b]x/fb'g klZrddfkfls:tfgb]lv k"j{df l:flSsdsf] l6:6f pkTosfaf6adf{;Dd 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\Ê. tL dWo]sf s]xL 7"nfpkTosfdf bf» tyf b]pv'/L] pkTosfx/m k5{g\ . ToxfÒklxn] afSnf] h·n lyof] / ljleGg cflbaf;Lx/m a;f]jf;ub{y]Ê. bf»df sfnfGt/df t/fO{af6 cfPsf yf/m hfltx/mvf]nfsf lsgf/x/mdf a:b} uP / h·n km“8fgL u/L v]tLkftLug{] k|rng rNof] . bf» pkTosfnfO{ hf]8\g] d'Vo;8sx/mdf ndxL-3f]/fxL-t'n;Lk'/ ;8s, t'n;Lk'/ -

cldlnof ;8s, 3f]/fxL-Ko"7fg ;8s tyf t'n;Lk'/-;Nofg;8s kb{5g\ . To;}u/L, b]pv'/L pkTosfdf k"j{-klZrd/fhdfu{ efn'jf», ndxL x'Òb} cldlnof;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg],efn'jf»-Ko"7fg ;8s o;sf] k"jf{]Q/ s'gfdf 5Ê.

@= ef}uf]lns cjl:yltbf» tyf b]pv'/L pkTosfx/m *@ l8u|Lb]lv *#

l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / @& l8u|Lb]lv @* l8u|L pQ/LcIff+zdf cjl:yt 5g\Ê. bf» pkTosf, b]pv'/L pkTosfeGbf em08} !) lsld pQ/lt/ cjl:yt 5Ê. tyf b]pv'/LpkTosfdf s/Lj #) ls=ld= klZrdaf6 ;'/m eO{ b]pv'/LpkTosfsf] klZrdL lsgf/f eGbf emG8} #) ls=ld=klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] 5Ê. bf» pkTosfsf] ;/b/ pÒrfO{&)) ld6/ / b]pv'/Lsf] #)) ld6/ 5Ê.

bf» pkTosfsf] :j/mk c08fsf/ 5 / o;sf] k"j{-klZrdsf] clwstd nDjfO{ sl/a %) ls=ld= / pQ/blIf0fsf] clwstd rf}8fO{ sl/a !& ls=ld= 5Ê. o;sf]If]qkmn sl/a %$) ju{ ls=ld= 5Ê. bfª pkTosfsf]pQ/df dxfef/t kj{t 5Ê. bfª pkTosfsf] pQ/dfdxfef/t kj{t >[+vnf / cGo tLglt/ lzjflns cyjfr'/] kj{t kb{5g\Ê. bfª pkTosfsf] k|d'v gbL aaO{ xf]Ê.of] gbL pkTosfsf] blIf0fL l;dfgfdf k"j+{af6 klZrdlt/aU5 / cGo ;a} gbL / vf]nfx/m o;d} ;dflxt x'G5g\Ê.pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ aUg] k|d'v vf]nfx/mdf s6'jfvf]nf,;]jf/ vf]nf, u'h{] vf]nf , xfk'/ vf]nf, rx'jf vf]nf, Ujf/

bfªsf] ef}ule{s jgfj6 / ljsf;sf ;Defjgf

d]3 /fh lwtfns]Gb|Lo e"ue{ ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+

vf]nf, kft' vf]nf, eds] vf]nf, ax'nf vf]nf, RofÒ6L vf]nf/ sfnfvf]nf k5{g\ eg] t'O{ vf]nf k"j{af6 klZrd aUb}ajO{df ldNg'eGbf klxn] blIf0faf6 pQ/lt/ aU5Ê. ajO{gbL k'/gwf/faf6 bf» pkTosfnfO{ 5f]8L r'/] kj{t l5rNb}t/fO{lt/ nfU5Ê.

bf» pkTosf sl/a @)) ld6/ hlt ulx/f] 9'·fdf6f]sf] k/tn] 5f]k]/ ag]sf] 5Ê. Toxf“sf 6f/x/m pQ/af6blIf0flt/ aUg] gbL / aaO{ gbL tyf t'O{ vf]nfn] agfPsfb'a} lsgf/fdf ;dfgfGt/ EfP/ km}lnPsf 5g\Ê. ;fdfGotMbf» pkTosfsf 6f/x/m pQ/k"j{lt/ cUnf 5g\ / s||dzMblIf0fklZrdlt/ xf]rf x'+b} uPsf 5g\Ê.

b]pv'/L pkTosf nflDrnf] cfsf/sf] 5 tyf of] k"j{-klZrd km}lnPsf] 5Ê. o;sf] k"j{ -klZrdsf] clwstdnDjfO{ sl/a %) ls=ld= tyf pQ/ - blIf0fsf] clwstdrf}8fO{ sl/a !@ ls=ld= 5Ê. o;sf] If]qkmn sl/a%)) ju{ ls=ld= 5Ê. b]pv'/L pkTosf rf/}lt/af6 r'/]kj{tdfnfn] 3]l/Psf] 5Ê. o;sf] dWo efuaf6 /fKtLgbL aU5Ê. /fKtL gbL efn'jfªaf6 b]pv'/L pkTosfdfk|j]z u5{ / em08} () l8u|Lsf] df]8 agfO ToxfÒaf6 of]klZrdlt/ aUb} cldlnofsf] 5]p5fp;Dd k'U5 / ToxfÒaf6b]pv'/L pkTosfnfO{ 5]f8L , r'/] >[+vnfaf6 aUb} t/fO{lt/Kf'U5Ê. b]pv'/L pkTosfsf cGo dxTjk"0f{ gbLx/mdfch{'g vf]nf, ss|fxf vf]nf, cldlnof vf]nf / /f»l;»vf]nf x'g\Ê.

bf» pkTosf em}+, b]pv'/L pkTosf klg sl/a !))ld6/ hlt ulx/f] afn'jf, u]u/ / kfÒuf] df6f]sf] k/tn]ag]sf] 5Ê. /fKtL gbL eGbf pQ/ tkm{sf 6f/x/msf]s|dzM pQ/af6 blIf0ftkm{ / /fKtL gbLb]lv blIf0ftkm{sf6f/x/msf] s|dzM blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ p“rfO{ 36\b} hfG5Ê.o; pkTosfsf] w]/} h:tf] :yn/mk /fKtL gbLn] 5f]8]/uPsf 6f/x/mnfO{ cGo vf]nfgfnfx/mn] s6fg u/L ag]sf]xf]Ê.

#= ef}ule{s cjl:yltbf» lhNnfdf kfOg] r6\6fgx/mnfO{ df]6fdf]6L /mkdf

b'O{ efudf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5M pQ/df cjl:ytdxfef/t >[+vnfdf kfOg] lgDg lxdfnosf r6\6fgx/m /To;eGbf blIf0flt/sf lzjflns r6\6fgx/mÊ. lxdfnod}sd kfOg] hLjfid ePsf g'd'lnl6s r'g 9'+uf kft'vf]nf,

73

tf]z, wf/fkfgL tyf Ujf/ vf]nfsf] dflyNnf] efudf kfOG5g\eg], Hjfnfd'vLaf6 ag]sf cfUg]o r6\6fgsf 6'S|mf6fS|mL9fÒ8vf]nf -wfg vf]nf_ sf] lzj dlGb/ jl/kl/ b]vfk5{g\Ê.bf»sf] pQ/L e]udf sf]Onfsf ;–;fgf vfgLx/m klg5g\Ê.

#M! bf»»»»» tyf b]pv'/L pkTosf s;/L ag] <dxfef/t / lzjflns kj{t >[+vnfx/m S|mdzM

pQ/af6 blIf0ftkm{ sl/a ! ;]lG6ld6/ k|lt jif{sf b/n];b{}5g\Ê. oL >[+vnfx/m ;Dk"0f{ lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fLl;dfgfdf sl/a @$)) ls=ld= nfdf] / #) ls=ld=rf}8f rGb|fsf/ :j?k agfO{ a;]sf 5g\Ê. o;/L oLr6\6fgx/m t/fO{tkm{ ;b}{ hf“bf v'lDrG5g\, afl·G5g\ /km'6\5g\\ klg . o:tf] ;g{] k|s[of cToGt dGb ultsf] ePtfklg slxn] sfl+xÒ PsfPs r6\6fg km'6]/ vK6gfn] jfklxn]s} ;txdf PSsf;L lrKngfn] e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5Ê.

lrq !,@ tyf # df bf» tyf b]pv'/L pkTosfsf]ljsf;S|mdsf] gd"gf b]vfOPsf] 5Ê. lrq ! df pQ/ tkm{dxfef/t kj{t b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] To;sf] blIf0ftkm{ klxn]t/fO{ -t/fO{ !_ b]vfOPsf] 5Ê. pQm k'/.gf] t/fO{sf] d}bfgdfly To;a]nfsf vf]nfgfnfx/mn] y'kf/]/ agfPsf] kqklg b]vfOPsf] 5Ê.

Tof] kq d'lg sl/a ^ ls=ld= hlt lzjflnsr6\6fgx/m 5g\Ê. Tof] a]nfsf] dxfef/t kj{tsf] d'lggof+ rL/fx/m la:tf/ x'“b}5g\Ê. dxfef/t kj{tsf lgDglxdfnosf r6\6fgx/m To:t} rL/fx/måf/f lzjflnssfr6\6fg dfly vlK6Psf 5g\. lrqdf cw{tL/sf] lrGxn]r6\6fgx/m ;g{] lbzf klg b]vfPsf] 5Ê. lrq ! sf]cj:Yffsf] b[Zo sl/a @)–@% nfv jif{ cufl8sf] xf]Ê.

lrq @ df ;aeGbf pQ/tkm{ dxfef/t kj{tb]vfOPsf] 5 / aLrdf ev{/} ag]sf] klxnf] r'/] >[+vnfklg b]vfOPsf] 5 / pQm r'/] kxf8sf] blIf0ftkm{ Tof]a]nfsf] t/fO{ -t/fO{ @ _ klg bzf{OPsf] 5Ê. klxn]sf]

t/fO{ !sf] :yfgdf ca S|mdzM bf» pkTosfsf] ljsf;x'“b}5Ê. o; afx]s gofÒ r'/] kxf8sf d'lg cGo rL/fx/mS|mdzM blIf0ftkm{ a9\b} u/]sf klg b]vfOPsf 5g\Ê. o:tf]b[Zo !) nfv jif{ klxn] lyof] xf]nfÊ.

lrq # df lxdfno If]qsf] v'Drg] S|md hf/L x'Òbfkm]l/ gofÒ rL/fn] t/fO{ @ nfO{ 5]8L To;sf] blIf0ftkm{csf{] gof“ r'/] >[+vnf ag]sf] b[Zo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5Ê.o; cj:yfdf cfP/ ;aeGbf pQ/df dxfef/t kj{t,To;sf] blIf0fdf bf» pkTosf, To;kl5 klxnf] r'/] kj{t/ clg b]pv'/L pkTosf / To;sf] blIf0fdf bf]>f] r'/]>[+vnf b]lvG5g\Ê. of] lrq # clxn]sf] cj:yfsf] xf] /eljiodf of] s|d hf/L /x]df / gofÒ rL/fx/m blIf0ftkm{aGb} uPdf gofÒ r'/] kj{tx/m clxn]sf] t/fO{ -t/fO{ #_ dfaGg ;Sg] b]lvG5g\Ê.

#M@ vlghx/mbf» lhNnfdf laleGg k|sf/sf vlghx/m kfOG5g\Ê.

tL dWo] k|d'v o; k|sf/ 5g\Ê.

#M@M! ;'g M/fKtL gbLsf] tNnf] e]udf jfn'jfdf ldl;Psf] ;'gsf]

dfqf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ToxfÒsf ljz]if hflt -v'gfx/m_ n]rfn]/ hDdf ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5Ê. Ps k|f/lDes ;j]{]If0f

lrq g+ @ M bf» pkTosf alg;s]sf] t/ b]pv'/L aGg'eGbf klxn]sf] cj:yf -!) nfv jif{ klxn]_

pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/ dxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tblIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0f

t/fO{ @t/fO{ @t/fO{ @t/fO{ @t/fO{ @bf»r'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{t

lrq g+ #M bf» tyf b]pv'/L pkTosfx? alg;s]sf] b[io

bf»

pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/dxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{t

blIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0f

t/fO{ #b]pv'/Lr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{t r'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{tr'/] kj{t

lrq g+ !M r'/] kj{t aGg' eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf-@) nfv jif{ klxn]_

pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/pQ/ dxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{tdxfef/t kj{t blIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0fblIf0f t/fO{ !t/fO{ !t/fO{ !t/fO{ !t/fO{ !vf]nfn] agfPsf] kq

74

cg';f/ pQm ;'g lgsfNg dWod :t/sf] pBf]]u ;+rfngug{] ;+efJotf b]lvG5Ê.#M@M@ sf]OnfM

bf»sf] pQ/L e]u: tf]z, l;phf, ;'Sofsf]6, clhdf/f,eds] vf]nf, /.d|L, ax'nfvf]nf / cGo :yfgdf clxn]lgDg:t/sf] sf]Onf pTvgg\ eO laS|mLljt/0f eO/x]sf]5Ê. ;–;fgf pBf]u wGbf ;+frfng ug{ pQm sf]Onfpkof]uL eP klg jftfj/0fdf klg b'Zk|efj tyf sf]OnflgsfNbf af9L / klx/f] hfg] vt/f a9\g] sf/0fn] tyfcfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] klg tL vfgLx/m ;+rfng ug{[ Toltnfek|b b]lvÒb}g .#M@M# g"gM

b]pv'/Lsf] /]xf/df ePsf] g"lgnf] df6f] ufOa:t'nfO{v'jfpg k|of]u ul/G5Ê. t/ Toxf“ s'g} 7"nf] vfgL 5}gÊ.o;sf] lj:t[t cg';Gwfg x'g' cfjZos 5Ê.#M@M$M r"g 9'+ufM

bf»sf] pQ/L efudf k|z:t r"g 9'·fx/m kfOG5g\Ê.tL dWo] s]xL l;d]G6 lgsfNg] u|]8sf klg 5g\Ê. eljiodfbf»df 7"n} l;d]G6 sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{;lsg] ;Defjgf5Ê.#M@M% dfj{n / Sjfhf{O6M

bf»sf] pQ/L efudf ljleGg lsl;dsf r'g9'·f /Sjfh{fO6 9'·f kfOG5g\Ê. tL 9'·fx/maf6 dfj{n /Sjfhf{O6sf :Nofa agfpg] pBf]u vf]Ng ;lsG5Ê.#=@=^ :n]6M

bf»sf] pQ/L efudf laleGg 7fpÒx/mdf :n]6sfvfgLx/m 5g\Ê. To:tf :yfgx/msf] cWoog u/L o;pBf]unfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5Ê.#=@=^ jfn'jfM

/fKtL gbL cToGt 7"nf] >f]t xf]Ê. of] jfn'jfdfgu0o dfqfdf ce|s ldl;Psf]n], g]kfnsf cGo :yfgdfkfOg] afn'jfeGbf o;sf] u'0f:t/ lgs} /fd|f] 5Ê. of]jfn'jf g]kfn / ef/tsf laleGg zx/x/mdf lgsf;L ug{{;lsG5Ê. o;sf] lglDt /]ndfu{ lj:tf/ ug{'kg{] x'G5Ê.#=@=& 9'·9'·9'·9'·9'·fffffM

9'·f bfªsf] ckf/ >f]t xf]Ê. laleGg ;fOhsf 9'·fx?d]lzgaf6 rfn]/ 5'6\ofO{ Pu|Lu]6 a]Rgfn] 7"n} cfly{snfe x'g] ;Defjgf 5Ê. o;sf] ;b'kof]u klg /]ndfu{sf]dfWodaf6 9'jfgL ubf{ x'g] b]lvG5Ê.

#=@=* sfnLdf6L, sd]/f] / /ftf]df6f]Mbf» / b]pv'/Lsf ljleGg :yfgdf sfnLdf6L, sd]/f],

kx]“nf] df6f] / /ftf] df6f] kfOG5g\Ê.logLx?af6 efÒ8fsÒ'8f, sk, Kn]6 OToflb tyf

l8|Ç|ln»df k|of]u x'g] df6f]sf] ;fy}, l;d]G6 agfpÒbf k|of]uug{ / /ª agfpg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5Ê. To;afx]s, 7"nf]:t/df O{+6f, 6fon, kfOk OToflb df6fsf ;+/rgfx? Afgfpg]sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5Ê.

#=@=( k]6«f]lnod kbfy{Mbf»sf] blIf0fL e]u / b]pv'/Lsf] dWo efudf k]6Çf]lnod

kbfy{ x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf 5Ê. t/ o;sf] clxn];Dd lj:t[tcg';Gwfg eO;s]sf] 5}gÊ.

#=@=!) tftf] kfgLM/]xf/ , ;'/Ovf]nf / cGo s]xL 7fpÒdf tftf] kfgL

km]nfk/]sf] 5Ê. o:tf 7fp“x?df Resort/Rest Housexf]6]n, OToflb :yfkgf u/L kmfObf lng;lsG5 t/ xfn;Ddo;sf] cWoog gu0o dfq ePsf] 5Ê.

bf» lhNnfsf] clxn];Dd /fd|f] ef}ul{{es gS;fgePsf]n] vlgh tTjsf] lj:t[t vf]h / cGj]if0f x'gaf“sL g} 5Ê.

$= bfªsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdfly pNn]lvt vlgh tTj afx]s bf»sf cGo

k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?df hn>f]t, sf7 / h8La'6Lx? kb{5g\.bf» / o;sf] 5]p5fpdf lgDg hnljB't cfof]hgfx?;+efJo 5g\ .

$=! Zff/bf hnljB't cfof]hgfMbf» pkTosfsf] klZrdL l;dfgfdf zf/bf gbLaf6

hnljB't lgsfNg] S|mddf ljleGg cwoog eO;s]sf 5g\Ê.

$=@ efn'vf]nf hn ljB'[t cfof]hgfM/fKtL gbLsf] pb\ud :yn cyf{t\ df8L vf]nf tyf

lemd?s vf]nfsf] bf]efg -P]/fjtL_ df afÒw agfO To;sf]tn /ftdf6]df /fKtL gbLsf] kfgL v;fnL agfOg] hnljB'tcfof]hgf klg clxn];Dd cWoogs} S|mddf 5Ê.

$=# ;fgf hnljB''t cfof]hgfx?Mbf»df pQ/lt/af6 k|j]z ug{] w]/} gbL / vf]nfx?df

;fgf hnljB't cfo]fhgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5Ê. To;af6cfPsf] kfgL l;+rfO{ tyf vfg]kfgLsf] ?kdf bf»df k|of]uklg ug{ ;lsG5Ê. Tf/ o; k|sf/sf] ax'p2]Zo EfPsf]cfof]hgfsf] xfn;Dd cWoog ePsf] 5}gÊ.

$=$ ldg/n jf6/Mk'/gwf/f, d"nsf]6, wf/fkfgL tyf Ujf/vf]nfsf] pQ/L

e]udf 7"n7"nf d"nx? 5g\Ê. h;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u u/]dfvfg]kfgLsf ;fy} ldg/n jf6/df cfwfl/t pBf]uwGbfx?Klg :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5Ê.

dfly pNn]lvt hn>f]t afx]s ljleGg lsl;dsfsf7 -;fn, l;;f}, ;fh, vo/, lrnfpg] cflb) sf] j}1flgslsl;dn] pTkfbg / pkof]u ug{ ;s] dgUo cflYf{snfesf ;fy{} /f]huf/Lsf] klg Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5Ê. To;afx]s cr]n kxf8af6 t'n;Lk'/ / 3f/]fxLdf rf]/L lgsf;L

75

eO{ cfpg] h8La'6LnfO{ klg Jojl:yt ug{'kg{] / o;sf]v]tL tyf lj:tf/ ug{'kg{] b]lvG5Ê. csf{] tkm,{ nf]Stfh:tf la?jfx?sf] ljsf; u/L g]kfnL sfuhsf ;fy} cGosfuh sf/vfgfsf] ;+efJotf klg lgs} 5Ê.Ê

%= bfªsf k|d'v k|fs[lts tyf cflYf{s ;d:ofx?Hfg;+Vofsf] rfk, ;+/rgfx?sf] hyfefjL tj/n]

lgdf{0f, jg ljgfz tyf pj{/f hldgsf] IfoLs/0fn] bf»lhNnfsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ kf/]sf] 5Ê. To:tfs]xL k|d'v ;d:ofx? o; k|sf/ 5g\Ê.

%=! Aff9LMUjf/ vf]nf, xfk'/ vf]nf, kft' vf]nf / cGo pQ/af6

blIf0flt/ aUg] vf]nfsf ;fy} /fKtL gbLsf] af9Ln]bf·lhNnfnfO{ jif{]gL Iflt k'¥ofp“5Ê.

%=@ klx/f]Mcltj[li6n] / hyfefjL 9·n] ;8s / gx/ lgdf{0f

ug] sfo{n] bfª lhNnfsf kxf8L e]ux?df 7"nf–7"nf klx/fk|z:t b]lvG5g\ . efn'jfª–;'/Ogfsf If]qsf k"j{–klZrd/fhdfu{df o; jif{sf] jiff{n] lgs} klx/fx? Efm/]sf] 5 .To;}u/L, 3f]/fxL–Ko"7fg tyf bf·–;Nofg ;8sdf klgklx/f]n] lgs} Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5Ê.

%=# e"IfoMe"Ifo bfª lhNnfsf] Ps k|d'v ;d:of xf]Ê.

jg:kltsf] ljgfz / ufO{–j:t'x?sf] cTolws r/gsf]k|efjn] hldgsf] pj{/f zlQm x|f; e} /x]sf] 5 eg], csf{]tkm{ /f;folgs dnsf] cTolws k|of]un] df6f]sf] u'0f:t/dfx|f; Nofpg] dfq geO{ vf]nf tyf e"ldut hndf klg s'–k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5Ê.

%=$ w]/} kfgLM yf]/} kfgLsf] ;d:ofMbf» lhNnfdf jiff{ofddf clt w]/} kfgLn] ;d:of

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%=% pmhf{ tyf OGwgsf] ;d:ofM

w]/} h:tf] ufpÒn]x?n] OGwgsf] cefjdf u'O{+7fsf]?kdf uf]j/sf] Jofks Kf|of]u -afNgdf_ ug{] ubf{ Psftkm{hg:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ UfPsf] 5 eg] hldgsf]pj{/f zlQmsf] klg x|f; ePsf] 5Ê. o;n] cToGt ?U0fcj:yfdf /x]sf] r'/] kj{t tyf dxfef/t kj{tsf] jgnfO{klg lbgfg'lbg a9L Rffkdf kfl//x]sf] 5Ê. bfª lhNnfdfljB'tljt/0f gu0o ?kdf dfq 5Ê.

%=^ oftfoft tyf ;+rf/sf] ;d:ofM

pTkfbg ePsf s[lifhGo a:t'x? ahf/;Dd k'́ ofpgxf];\ cyjf cGo sfo{sf] nflu ;dfg 9'jfgLug{ xf];\bf»df kof{Kt dfqfdf ;8sxsf] lj:tf/ e};s]sf] 5}gÊ.csf{] tkm{ :jf:Yo, pBf]u, lzIff / ljsf;-lgdf{0fdf ;f]emf]c;/ kfg{] :f+rf/ dfWodx?af6 klg ax';+Vos bf» lhNnfjf;Lx? jflGrt 5g\Ê. a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fsf] rfkn];'ljwfd'lvx? zx/lt/ a;fO{;g{] c:j:y k|rng bf»lhNnfdf klg a9\bf] 5Ê.

^= ;d:ofsf s]xL dfgjLo kIfx?

bf» tyf b]pv'/L h:t} cGo w]/]} lxdfno kj{tsfpkTosfx?sf] t'ngfdf oL b'O{ pkTosfx? ljsf;sf]b[li6sf]0fn] lgs} k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\Ê. o;sf s]xL dfgjhGosf/0fx? lgDg 5g\ .

^=! /fhg}lts k|ltj4tfsf] cefjM

hGd, a;fO“{–;/fO{, r'gfj If]q, cyjf Toxf“sfbnk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] cfwf/df lhNnfnfO{ pkof]u ug{]/fhg{}lts kl/kf6Lsf] lzsf/ bfª ePsf] 5Ê. x/]s3/3/df km/s kf6L{x? x'g', x/]s kf6L{sf ljsf;sf7"nf–7"nf gf/f x'g', lstfaL 1fgsf] cfwf/df /fhwfgLd}a;]/ sfuhL of]hgfx? AfgfOg', r'gfj lhTg] p2]Zon]clek|]l/t laleGg kf6L{sf ljsf;sf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltaGg' tyf kb / clwsf/sf] Jofks b'?kof]u x'g' g}/fhg}lts 6f6kN6fO xf]Ê.

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76

^=# cfly{s c;dfgtfMljsf;sf gfddf ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx? Dffq b]vfj6L

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^=$ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L of]hgf ;+rfng gx'g'Mg]kfnnfO{ % ljsf; If]q, !$ c~rn / &% lhNnfdf

ljeflht u/] klg clxn];Dd x/]s If]q, c~rn jflhNnfx?df k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df cfjZos of]hgf;+rfng ePsf] kfO{ +b }gÊ. cy{ljb\, of]hgfsf/ //fhgLlt1x?df dfq ;Lldt xfd|f hyfefjL / xr'jf tfnn];Lldt :jfy{df gLlxt of]hgfx? bL3{sfnLg, l6sfp /ljsf;f]Gd'v x'+b}gg\Ê.

^=% >[hgzLn ;f]rfOsf] cefjdfMcfwf/e"t 1fg / ;Lksf] cefjdf klg s'g} bnk|ltsf]

;+nUgtf, gftfjfb jf cGo cjflG5t tl/sfn] kb, k};f /zf;g xft kf/]sf tyf slyt ;j{1fgL ljz]if1x?n]>[hgzLntfsf] cGTo ul/lbPsf 5g\Ê. s'g} klg :yfg cfkm}dfcljsl;t x'Òb}g, dfq ToxfÒsf k|fs[lts / dfgj >f]tsf] ;xL9·n] kl/rfng gx'g'n] ljsf;df tuf/f] xfN5Ê.

^=^ b"/b[li6sf] cefjM

ljsf; Pp6f k|s[of ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tflbg' / ;xL 9·n] 8f]¥ofpg' cfjZos x'G5Ê. dfly pNn]lvt;d:ofx?sf] Pp6f c;/ eljiosf] lrGtf g} gu/L, Ifl0fsnfe / lglxt :jfy{df cfwfl/t ljsf; cfof]hgfx? ;+rfngx'g' xf]Ê. o:tf cfof]hgfx? cGttf]uTjf kmnbfoL x'+b}gg\Ê.

& pk;+xf/

dflysf k[i7x?df k|fs[lts / dfgjhGo;d:ofx?sf] kl/k|]Ifdf bfª lhNnfnfO{ pEofOof]Ê. bfªlhNnfsf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s kIfsf ;fy}k|fs[lts kIfnfO{ klg ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf ljsf;sfsfo{s||dx? lgZro klg nfebfos / b"/ufdL k|efj 5f]8\g]vfn] x'g] 5g\ eGg'df s'g} cTo'lQm gxf]nfÊ.

bf» lhNNffsf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6 ef}ule{s, ef}uf]lns/ k'/.tflTjs :yfg dfq 5}g, o;sf dgf]/d vf]nf, 5x/f,kmfÒ6x? / kfvfx?n] ;a}sf] dg nf]Eofpg ;S5g\Ê.ljsf;sf] bf}8df / lgdf{0fsf] s|ddf xfdLn] o;sf] k|fs[lts56fnfO{ clnslt klg glauf/L ;'Gb/ tyf ;'/DopkTosfsf] w/f]x/ xfd|f ;Gtltx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{hdsf{] ug{' cfjZos 5Ê.

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Tel: +977-1-482385, 483153, 493764, 493839, Fax: +977-1-482298Email: iteco@mos.com.np

77

BACKGROUNDIn Nepal, coal occurs within three

stratigraphic horizons and can be classifiedbroadly into four major types:• the Quaternary lignite of the Kathmandu

valley;• the Siwalik coal of the sub-Himalaya;• the Lesser Himalayan (Eocene) coal of

western and Mid-Western Nepal; and• the Lesser Himalayan Gondawana coal of

Eastern Nepal.Among the four identified coal types, the

Quaternary lignite deposit of Kathmandu valleyand the Cretaceous-Eocene coal of Mid-WesternNepal are of economic significance.

The Siwalik coal, though widely distributedthroughout the sub-Himalaya is very small andsporadic by nature and is not commercially

exploited. Likewise, the Gondawana coaldeposits of Eastern Nepal are very small in sizeand of low grade. Hence, they are not of anyeconomic significance (Fig. 1).

QUARTERNARY LIGNITE DEPOSIT OF KATHMANDU VALLEY

The fluvio-lacustrine sediments of theKathmandu valley are characterised by theoccurrence of a large number of carbonaceousmaterial varying from carbonaceous clay ,impure fissile peat, to lignite seams. The mostimportant occurrence of lignite deposits in theKatmandu valley is located at Lukundol,Pharping, and Daksinkali, in the southernfringe. The coal occurrences around Kapanand Gokarn area in the north represent theminor lignite beds.

Current Status of Coal Deposit of NepalRamesh K. Aryal

Kathmandu Natural Gas Project

78

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Lukundol areaSeveral sub horizontal (1 ° to 18 °, NE),

lignite seams occur in the Lukndol Formation atLukundol. These seams, in general, vary inthickness from 1 m to 3 m and more. The lignitein general is soft, brown to black colour with poorto moderate lamination and has dull to glossylustre. The deposits are situated 25 to 35 km southof the Katmandu valley.

In the past, about 5000 to 7000 tons oflignite was produced per year . Exploitation oflignite from the area has been suspendedtemporarily due to groundwater problems in theadit.

The approximate analysis of representativelignite samples from the Lukundol area havefollowing chemical composition:

Moisture : 7- 1 1%, volatile matter : 33-38%,ash :42-47%, sulphur :0.1-0.2%, fixed carbon:7.5 - 15% , and the average calorific value is7560 BTU.COAL DEPOSITS OF WESTERNNEPAL(CREATACEOUS-EOCENE)

In the Lesser Himalayan region of Dang,Syllan, and Rolpa districts, Mid-Western Nepal,and Palpa in Western Nepal, the coal -bearingEocene carbonaceous shale and black shale ofOligocene age are found to occur associated withhighly sheared and fractured ferrugenousorthoquartzite and green quartzitic sandstonewith coal occurring at different levels of exposedrock. These coal occurrences in the region arerelated to a belt of intense shearing and crushing,more or less following the bedding.

Though the coal beds appear as pockets orstringers in the exposure, which however, in thedeeper excavation occur along the bedding planeof the quartzite giving rise a stratified deposit ofcoal in the region. Some of the major coaldeposits of Nepla are the following.Coal Deposit of Tosh Area

The Tosh coal deposit is located at analtitude of 1,200 m and is approximately 18 kmnorth of Ghorai Bazaar . The Gorahi, a districthead quarter of Dang district is about 300km.west of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal.

Three workable coal seams, Tosh-I (thebottom most unit), Tosh-II (middle one) andTosh-III(the top most unit) in the region arefound to occur in association with intensivelyfolded and faulted quartzites. The general strikeof the coal bearing ferrugenous quartzites bedin the area is NW-SE with a NE dip of 20°-50°.

In general, the coal is highly friable andranges in thickness from 1.10m to 2.2 m. Thecoal seams extent to an strike length of 2 km,with width being 200 m .

The Tosh prospect was drilled to a totallength of 242.72 at three potential target points :DDH-1, DDH-2 and DDH-3. About 0.5 millontons of deposit is calculated in the area of 0.4 sq.km.

In general the coal has following chemicalcomposition :Moisture content: 1.3%,Volatile Matter :21.7%,Ash content: 16.9%,Fixed carbon: 60%and the Calorific Value is 7212 kcal/kg.

Production from 3 operating mines in theTosh is about 60 tons/day (seasonal).

Coal occurrence of Siujaa areaThe Siuja deposit is located east of the Tosh

deposit, lies approximately at same altitude(1,150 to 1,300 m) to that of Tosh. The area liesabout 26 km north-east of Ghorai bazaar andabout 13 km north-west of Harnok, a point onGhorahi- Libang-Pyuthan road.

Unlike Tosh area, the coal deposit in seuzaarea is not concentrated only in Seuza, but occurswidely in and around Seuza. The averagethickness of the coal deposit varies from 1.8mto 2.5m. Average chemical composition of thecoal is very near to that of Tosh area.

The area produces about 40 tons of coal perday (seasonal).

Coal deposit of Tulsipur-Kapurkot areaAlmost all the coal deposits in the region

are located at an altitude of 1,050 to 1,300 m andlie about 15 km north and north east of Tulsipur,near Kapurkot.

The coal in these region is found associatedmainly with ferrugienous orthoquartzite bedwithin the carbonaceous shale. A few of the coaldeposits in the region are found associated withgreen quartzitic sandstone also. The coal seamson an average are about 1m to 2.5 m in thicknessand extend along the strike for 200-500 m. Thegeneral strike of the coal-bearing rock in the areais NW-SE with a NE dip of 20°-50°.

The main coal producing areas are asfollows:• Kapurkot area: Sibang, Snarpani and

Pakhapani produce approximately 15 tonsof coal/day (seasonal)

• Tulsipur area: Abhidhara and Naulopani,produce approximately10 tons/day(seasonal)

COAL DEPOSITS OF PALPA AREAIn Tansen area of western Nepal, the Eocene

beds (Bhainskati Fm) and the possible Oligoceneto early Miocene beds consisting of non marinegreen quartzite and red shale (Dumri Formation)are found containing thin beds of coal.

80

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The Amile Formation, typical delticsedimentary facies consists mostly of thickbedded, massive white quartzite, which ismottled with ferruginous matter and includesinter bands of black shale and coal beds. It isfound to occur in the south and north of Tansen,along the both limbs of a regional synclinorium,known as the Tansen Synclinorium.

At Simaldi area, about 30 km east ofTansen, the coal seam with average thickness ofabout 1.90 m extends along the strike for morethan 2,000 m. The availability of coal in the areais expected to be more than 20,000 tons. The coalappears to be of sub-bituminous.

At Chirtung Danda, about 30 km east ofTansen, about 5 m thick carbonaceous shale isfound. The coal in the carbonaceous shale isabout 0 .70 m thick and is of sub-bituminous ingrade.

The minor occurrences of coal are seenaround the Agha Khola and Purba Khola.

COAL OF ?GONDWANA AGEAjimara

Anthracite-bearing carbonaceous shalelenses and beds occur at the Ajimara village areaof Dang. This rock sequence, consideredequivalent of the Gondawana Formation in India,and forms an independent tectonic unit lyingbetween the Siwalik rock to the south and the

Late Paleozoic Triassic Group of rocks to thenorth.The general strike of the coa- bearing rockin the area is NE-SW with a NE dip of 20°-60.

The exposed coal being highly tectonisedis friable in nature and is more than 8 m inthickness. It extends along the strike for morethan 50 m.

Due to the collapse of exploration adit, theexploitation of the coal in the Ajimara area hasbeen temporarily suspended. However, in the pastthe mine used to produce about 20 tons of coalper day.

The chemical composition of coal is thefollowing.Moisture content: 1 to 6%, volatile matter: 7 to8%, ash content:15 to 19%, fixed carbon: 72%,and calorific value: 7521 kcal/kg.

4.2 Barahakshetra Area :Minor occurrences (lenses and bes) of

anthracitic coal in the carbonaceous shale areknown to occur within the continental and marinerockseries near the Barahakshetra andKampughat areas of Eastern Nepal.

5. UTILISATIONThe coal of this part of Nepal is mostly used

in brick factories, in domestic use as a briquette,and in paper factory for making pulp. The presentcoal production covers nearly 20 to 25% of thenational demand (180,000 tons) of the country.

81

PARTICIPATION/REPRESENTATION OF NEPAL GEOLOGICALSOCIETY IN VARIOUS MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES

Mr R. K. Aryal, President, Nepal GeologicalSociety, on behalf of NGS took part in the 2 dayWorkshop on ÒDisaster Implementation MannualPreparationÓ at Nagarkot, on 29 - 30 October 1999.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President and Mr U. B. Shrestha,General Secretary, NGS, on behalf of NGS, took partin the "Role of Professional Societies in PromotingScience and Technology Capabilities " at Hotel Archit,Tripureshor, on 31 Ashadh 2056BS.

At the invitation of Mr R. P . Tandukar, ProjectChief, PEPP/ DMG and Mrs. Ellinor Melbye, ProjectDirector, PETRAD, Mr R. K. Aryal, President of NGS,took part in the Inaugural Ceremony of the Workshopon Negotiations of Petroleum Contracts on November31 1999 at Hotel Himalaya, Laltipur.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President of NGS and Mr K. P.Kaphle, Former President, NGS, took part in theSymposium on "Experiences of Earthquake RiskManagement", organised jointly by NSET-Nepal, IOE,SCAEF, NEA, and SONA on 15 January 2000. In thissymposium, eleven papers were presented by nationaland foreign scientists.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President, NGS, also took partin the Second Earthquake Safety Day - 2000 and inthe Earthquake Safety Awareness Exhibition organisedby NSET- Nepal in Bhrikuti Mandap, Exhibition HallKathmandu on 14 - 16 January 2000.

Mr R.K. Aryal, President, NGS, took part in the

National Science and Technology Congress organisedby Ministry of Science and Technology in the Ministryof Science and Technology, Singha Durbar on 16Marga 2056BS.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President, NGS attended theInaugural Session of TeacherÕs Training Programmeon Earth and Environmental Science organised bythe Department of Geology , Tri-Chandra MultipleCampus, TU in collaboration with Ministry ofEducation, HMG /N and UNESCO on 10 March 2000.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President, NGS, took part in thedelegation lead by Dr. K. L. Shrestha, Advisor to theMinister of Science and Technology to meet Hon.Prime Minister, Mr K. P. Bhattarai, in his office on 1stChaitra, 2056 BS. On this occasion, Mr Aryal briefedabout the geo-scientific activities carried out by theNGS in the past and also handed over a few volumesof the Bulletin and Journal of Nepal GeologicalSociety to the Hon. Prime Minister.

Mr R. K. Aryal, President, NGS took part in theFirst Asia Meeeing of CIS Graduates and the 40thAnniversery of RPFO organised by Mitra Kunj, Nepalon 9th March 2000. It was inaugurated by Rt. Hon.Prime Minister Mr K. P. Bhattarai.

Dr. B.N. Upreti, Former President of NGS,participated in the International 15th HKT Workshop-Seminar held in Peoples Republic of China on 15-22April 2000.

MULTI DISCIPLINARYCONSULTANTS (P) LTD.P.O. Box: 5720, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 525076, 529304, Fax: 977-1-523103E-mail: mdc@mos.com.npURL: http://mdc.freeservers.comIntra: http://www.indreni.net.np

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83

NEW MEMBERS OF THE NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYMembership Name Mailing AddressNumber

LM 437 Dr Dhanapati Haldar International WingGeological Survey of IndiaJawahar Lal Nehru Road, Calcutta, India

LM 438 Dr Deepak Raj Pant RONASTBijuli Bazaar, NayabaneshworKathmandu, Nepal

M 439 Ms Abha Shrestha Central Department of GeologyT.U., Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

LM 440 Mrs Manju Karki Nepal Electrcity Authority,Ratnapark, Kathmandu, Nepal

LM 441 Mr Pawan Karki Department of RoadsBabar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal

LM 442 Mr Ichchha Bahadur Nepali Butwal Power Company Ltd.Lalitpur, Nepal

M 443 Mr Hari Nandan Gurumaita Tribhuwan UniversityNepal

M 444 Mr Ram Chandra Osti Pragatinagar-2 Nawalparasi, Nepal

LM 445 Mr Mahadev Prasad Joshi P.O.Box 6717, Kathmandu, Nepal

LM 446 Mr Bishnu Raj Gautam Butwal Power Company Ltd.Lalitpur, Nepal

M 447 Mr Devendra Prasad Shrestha Civil Aviation CorporationBabar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal

M 448 Mr Shailesh Kumar Thapa Trijuga Municipality - 12Udayapur, Nepal

M 449 Mr Pragati Adhikari Satdobato, Lalitpur - 15, Nepal

LM 450 Dr Md. Badrul Islam Department of Geology and Mining= University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

LM 451 Dr Rhawn Denniston Department of Geology, University of IowaIowa 52242, USA

LM 452 Dr Yushiro Iwao Civil Engineering DepartmentSaga UniversityHunjo-1, Saga, Japan

84

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NEPAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETYon

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GEO-SCIENTIFIC TALK PROGRAMMENepal Geological Society has organised

a geo-scientific talk programme/lecture onÒThe origin of Himalayain anatexis andinverted metamorphism: Model andconstraintsÓ by: Dr . T. Mark Harrision,

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

♦ Conference on Geology and Ore Deposits2000: The Great Basin and Beyond. Reno-Spark, Nevada, USA , from 15-18 May2000.

Contact:Geological Society of NevadaPO Box.12021, Reno Nevada 89510, USATel: +1-702-323-3500 Fax: +1-702-323-3599E-mail: gsnsymp@nbmg.unr.edu

♦ Management Information System,Incorporating Remote Sensing , LisbonPortugal, organised by Wessex Institute ofTechnology, UK, from 3-7 July 2000.

Contact:Gabriella CossuttaFax: +44 (0) 238-029-2853.

♦ International Conference on CatastrophicEvents and Mass Extinctions: Impactsand Beyond., Vienna, Austria from 9-12July 2000, sponsored by University ofViena, Launar and Planetary Institute,European Science Foundation IMP ACTProgramme., Federal Ministry of Scienceand Transport, Austria, and GeologicalSurvey of Austria.

Contact:Elizabeth WagganerImpact 2000 Conference Lunar and PlanetaryInstitute 3600 Bay Area Boilevard HoustonE-mail: wagganer@lpi.jsc.nasa.gov

♦ XIXth Congress of the international societyfor photogrammetry and remote sensing(ISPRS) GEOINFORMATION FOR ALLis going to be held in Amsterdam, theNetherlands on 16 - 23 July 2000.

Contact Address:Secretariat ISPRS Organising CommitteeC/O ITC Attn Ms Saskia TempelmanP.O.Box 67500 AA Enschede, The NetherlandsTelephone: +31-53-487435Fax: +31-53- 4874335E-mail: isprsAitc.nl

♦ Joint World Congress on Groundwater.Forteleza, Brazil. 31 July to 4 Aug 2000.

Contact Address:ABAS Ceara Chapter, Avienda Santos Dumont7700 Papicu, Fortleza CEP 60150-163 Brazil.Tel: +55852651288Fax: 55852652212.

♦ History of Geological Pioneers. August 3-5, 2000.

Contact Address:D.M. FriedmanNortheastern Science Foundation. P.O. Box 74615 Third Street Torry Ny 12181, USA.E-mail: <gmfriedman@juno.com>

♦ 31st International Geological Congr ess,ÒGeology and sustainable Development:Challenges for the Third MilleniumÓ Riode Janiero, Brazil. From 6 -17 August 2000.

Contact Address:31st IGC Secretariat Bureau, Av. Pasteur404-ANEXO 31 IGC, Urca, Rio de Janeiro RJ.CEP 22.290-240 Brazil.Tel: +55-21-295-5847 Fax: +55-21-2958094E-mail: 31igc@cristal.cprm.gov.br.

Professor at the Department of Earth andSpace Sciences, University of california, LosAngeles, USA on Tuesday,11 thMay,1999(2056-1-28) at 14:30in theAuditorium of Dept. of Mines and Geology.

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♦ International Conference on Goldschmidt2000. Oxford, UK.

Contact Address:P. Beattie, From 3-8 September 2000Cambridge publications, Publications House,P.O. Box 27, Cambridge UK CB1 4GL.Tel: +44-1223 333438 Fax: +44-1223-333438.E-mail: Gold2000@campublic.co.uk.

♦ 20th Regional meeting of Sedimentology.from 13 -15 Sept. 2000. Ireland (Dublin)

Contact Address:Pat. M. Shannon, Department of GeologyUniversity College Dublin Befield, Dublin 4Ireland.Tel: +53317062323. Fax:+35312837733E-mail: p.shannon@ucd.ie

♦ 12th International Symposium on placerand weathered rock deposits. Moscow,Russia from 25-29 Sept. 2000. Pre-congressand post congress workshops and fieldexcursion. Abstract Deadline May1 2000.

Contact Address:Prof. Patyk. Kara N.G.Secretary General, IGEM RAS,35 . Staromonetny Per 109017 Moscow.Tel: 7(095) 230-8427. Fax: (095) 230-2179E-mail:rkv 2000@igem.ru.

♦ International Association of EngineeringGeology and Environment (IAEG) is goingto organise an International Workshop onEngineering Geology and Envir onmentPlanning, sponsored by IAEG and Co-sponsored by UNESCO Earth ScienceDivision and Federal Institute forGeosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)in Hannover, Germany on October 10- 12 ,2000.

Contact Address:Dr. M WallnerBGR, P.O.Box-510153, D-30631Hannover, GermanyTel: +49511-643-2422, Fax:+49511-643-364E-mail:manfred.wallner@bgr.de

♦ International Millenium Congr ess onGeoengineering, Melbourne, Australia. inOctober 2000.

♦ American Association of Petr oleumGeologists (International Meeting), Bali,Indonesia. from 15- 18 October 2000(Provisional).

Contact Address: AAPG Conventions Dept.P.O. Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101-0979, USA.Tel:1918 560 2679. Fax: 1-918 560 2684

International Association of Hydrogeologists(30th Annual meeting) from 23-27 October 200.Cape Town, South Africa.

♦ International Conference on,Geotechnical and Geological Engineering- Geoeng 2000. Fr om 19 -24 Nov 2000 .Melbourne, Australia.

Contact Address:Geo Eng 2000, ICM pty Ltd. 84 QueenbridgeStreet, South bank, Vic 3006, Australia.Tel: +61-3-96820244. Fax: +61-3-9682-0288E-mail: <geoeng2000@icms com.au>

♦ International Symposium and FieldWorkshop on Geodynamic Evolution ofHimalaya - Karakoram- Eastern Syntaxis(Indo- Burma Range) Andaman NicobarIsland Arc and Adjoining Region.Lucknow, India. From 11-16 Dec. 2000.

Contact Address:Prof. A.K. Sinha, Director, / Dr. Anil Chandra,Organising Secretary, Birbal Sahani Institute ofPaleobotany, 53- University Road, Lucknow,226001 India.Tel: 0091-0522-333620 Fax: 0091-0522-381948E-mail:< bsip@bsip.sirnetd.ernet.in>

♦ International 16th Himalayan -Karakoram - Tibet Workshop/ Seminaris going to be held in Graz, Austria on 3 -5 April 2001.

Contact Address:Dr. Kurt StuweInstitute fur Geologie und Palaeontologie,University of Graz, Heinrichstr -26, A-8010Graz, Austria.Tel: +43 (316)380-5682 Fax: +43(316) 380-9870. Email: kurt.stuewe@kfunigraz.ac.at

87

♦ American Association of Petr oleumGeologists (Annual meeting), Denvar ,Colorado, USA from 3-6 June 2001.

Contact Address:AAPG Conventions DepartmentP.O. Box 979, 1444 S BoulderAve. Tulsa OK 74101-0979 USA.Tel: +19185602679. Fax:19185602684E-mail: <dkeim@aapg.org.

♦ International Symposium onÒEngineering Geological Pr oblems ofUrban AreaÓ organised by InternationalAssociation of Engineering Geology and theEnvironment (IAEG). 30 July to August2001. Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Contact Address:Secretariat, Eng.Geol City-2001Ural TISIZ 79 Bazhov Str. EkaterinburgRussia 620075.Tel: +73432559772. Fax: +73432550043E-mail: UralTIS@etel.ru

♦ 5th International Conference on. Tokyo,Japan. From 23 - 28 Aug. 2001.

Contact Addrress:Prof. K. KashiwayaDept. of Earth SciencesKanazawa University, Kanazawa920-1192 JapanE-mail:kashi@kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp

♦ American Association of Petr oleumGeologists (Annual meeting), fr om 7-10April 2002.Houston, Texas, USA.

Contact Address:AAPG Conventions DepartmentP.O. Box 979,1444 S. Boulder, Ave. TulsaOK 74101-0979, USA.Tel: +19185602679. Fax:+19185602684E-mail:dkeim@aapg.org.

♦ 16th International SedimentologicalCongress. July 7-12, 2002, Aukland Park,Gauteng, South Africa.

Contact Address:Bruce CairncrossDept. of Geology, Rand African UniversityP.O. Box 524, Aukland Park, 2006, South Africa.Tel:+27224891312. Fax:+27114892309E-mail:bc@na.rau.ac.za.

♦ 9th International Congr ess onEngineering Geology for DevelopingCountriesÓ organised by IAEG on 6-20Sept. 2002, in Durban, South Africa.

Contact Address:The Technical Committee 9th IAEG Congress.P.O. Box 1283. Westville 3630, South Africa.

The IAEG CouncilÕs meeting for 2000will be held in Rio de Janeiro, on the opportunityof 31st Internation Geological Congress.

¥ On the auspicious occasion of 55th Birthday,His Majesty King Bir endra Bir BikramShah Dev decorated two of NGS members,Mr R. K. Aryal, President, and Mr K. P .Kaphle, Former President of NGS withÒPRABAL GORKHA DAKSHIN BAHUmedalÓ for their devotion and ef forts inorganising the International Seminarsuccessfully through the Nepal GeologicalSociety.

¥ On the auspicious occasion of 55th Birthdayof His Majesty King Birendra Bir BikramShah Dev, HMG/ Ministr y of Homedecorated Mr R. K. Aryal, President and MrU. B. Shrestha, General Secretary , NepalGeological Society, with Daivi PrakopUddhar Padak.

DECORATION AND AWARDS¥ His Majesty King Bir endra Bir Bikram

Shah Dev awarded the HONOURARYMEMBERSHIP of Nepal GeologicalSociety to two distinguished geoscientists:Professor Dr. Koshiro Kizaki from Japan andMr Madhab Raj Pandey from Nepal on theauspecious occasion of the Inauguration ofInternational Symposium on EngineeringGeology, Hydrogeology and NaturalDisasters.

¥ Ms. Saraswathi Menon, Deputy ResidentRepresentative, UNDP, Nepal presented the1998-UN Merituous Certificate, awardedby the UN Humanitarian and Emer gencyRelief Coordination Of fice, IDNDRSecretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, to theNepal Geological Society on the occasion ofIDNDR Day-1999, in Kathmandu.

88

New BooksStructural Geology: A practical guide to surface

and subsurface map interpretation(TextBook) by R.H. Groshong . Springer ,1999, 320pp. ISBN 3540654224.Price DEM129.00

Analytical solutions of Geohydr ologicalProblems by G. A. Bruggeman. Elsiver ,1999, 970pp, ISBN0444818294. PriceUS$465.00

Cambridge guides to minerals, r ocks andfossils. by A. Woolley et al. CambridgeUniversity Press, 1999. 336pp. ISBN0521778816, Price US$14.95

Earth Science and Environment (2nd edition)by Graham R. Thompson. Saunders CollegePublishing 1999. ISBN 0030060486.

Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering(Proceedings of the 2 nd InternationalConference, Lisbon, Portugal, 21-25 June1999, 3 Vols.)by P. Secoe Pinto. A. A.Balkema, 1100 pp. ISBN9058091 163.Price US$215.00

Environmental Assessment Practice Guide byBarbara Carol and Trevor Turpin. ThomasTelford Ltd. 1999. 150pp. ISBN0727727818. Price UKL20.00

Flood and Landslide: Integrated RiskAssessment (Environmental Science),edited by R.Casale & C. Mar gottini.Springer, 1999, 450 pp hardbackUKL96.00ISBN 3540649816 Price DEM249.00

RECENT PUBLICATIONSGeostatistics in Petroleum Geology by Oliver

Du Burle, Continuing Education CourseNotes #38. Cat. #908. The AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists.1998.ISBN0891811877. Member PriceUS$24.00, List price US$30.00

Geostatistics for Engineers and EarthScientists by R.A. Olea. Kluwer 1999. 328pp. ISBN0792385233. Price NGL280.00

Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists byR. Webster & M.A. Oliver . John Wiley,1999. 442pp. ISBN0471965537Price US$76.50

Geotechnical Engineering: Principals &Practices. by Donald P . Coduto. PrenticeHall 1999. 750pp, hardback.ISBN013576380. Price US$110.00

Groundwater pollution control. edited by K.L.Katsifarakis. WIT Press, 1999. apx 350pp.ISBN 1853126756. Price UKL112.00

Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology ofSinkholes and Karst. (proceedings of the7th Multidisciplinary Conference onHarrisbug Hershey. PA.USA. 10-14 April1999) Edited by Barry F . Beck et al. A.A.Balkema, 1999. 480pp hard back, ISBN9058090469. Price US$115.00

On the determination of sedimentaccumulation rates (Georesearch ForumVol5) Edited by P. Bruns & H.C. Hass. TransTech Publications Ltd. 1999. 256pp. ISBN0878498370 Price UKL58.00

Nepal Geological Society extends heartycongratulations to Mr Amod M. Dixit, LifeMember and Coordinator, IDNDR Council ofNepal Geological Society as well as GeneralSecretary, NSET-Nepal for the receipt of the FirstWorld Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI)Fellowship. It was awarded for the recognisionof his past achievements and his future potential.

CONGRATULATIONSThe fellowship carries an award of US$5000.00.

Nepal Geological Society also extendshearty congratulations to Dr . Indra RajHumagain, Life Member of NGS for hissuccessful completion of Ph. D. degr ee inEngineering Geology on 25 February 2000, fromRheinische Westfachlische Techniche Hochscule,Aachen, Germany.

89

Slope Stability by Anderson. John Wiley 1999.ISBN084934106x. Price DEM 108.00

Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(Proceedings of 11th Asian RegionalConference, Seoul, Korea,16-18 Aug. 1999)edited by Sung-Wan Hong. A.A. Balkema1999,. Two vols. 900 pp. Price US$85.00.

Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(Proceedings of 12th African RegionalConference, Durban, 25-27 Oct 1999).Edited by Peter Day. A.A .Balkema, 1999,3 vol. 1200 pp. ISBN9058090825.Price US$152.00

Mineralogy Tutorials: Interactive instruction onCD-Rom Version2.0 by C.K. Lein. JohnWiley 1998. Price US$49.95

Dynamic Himalaya: By Prof. K.S. Valdiya.published by University press (India)Ltd.Hyderabad, Distributed by Orint LongmanLimited Calcutta, New Delhi, Patna,Lucknow, Mumbai (Bombay)

Guide to Scientific and Technical Writing: ByProf. P.G. Cooray. 426 Mahakanda Road,Hindagala, Shri Lanka. Tel (08) 88541).Price US$5.00

Geological Field Notes and Sketches: By Prof.P.G. Cooray. . 426 Mahakanda Road,Hindagala, Shri Lanka Tel (08) 88541).Price US$5.00

Critical Aspects of the Plate Tectonics TheoryVol.1: Criticism on the Plate TectonicsTheory: Edited by Prof. V. Beloussov, 1990,435 pages. ISBN 960-7457-02-1.Price US$50.00

TheophrastusÕ Contribution to AdvancedStudies in Geology Volume II: Edited byProf. S.S. Augustithis et al, 1998, 281 pages,ISBN 960-7457-12-9. Price US$45.00(post free)

Atlas of granitisation Textures and Processes:By S.S. Augustuthis, 1993. 500pages, ISBN960-7457-08-0. Price US$75 (post free)

Magma Ð Crust Interactions and evolution(Geochemical and Geophysical Aspects ofthe Interactions and Evolution of Magmasand Rocks of the Crust): Edited by prof. B.Bonin et al 1989, 362 p. Price US$38.00(post free)

Atlas of the Textural Patterns ofMetamorphosed (Transformed anddeformed) Rocks and Their GeneticSignificance: By S.S. Augustithis 1985, 401p. Price US$65.00 (post free)

Practical Applications of Trace Elements andIsotopes to Envir onmentalBiogeochemistry and Mineral ResourcesEvaluation. Edited by Prof. R.W. Hurst etal. 1987, 254 pages. Price US$30.00(post free).

A Global Geology by P .W.Harben andM.Kuzvart, 1997. Price US$198.00

JournalNepal Geological Society is regularly

publishing its News Bulletin and Journal ofNepal Geological Society . The Society hasalready published 27 volumes (Regularvolumes and Special Issues) of the Journal and22 volumes of Bulletin. Recently , it haspublished the Proceedings of Second NepalGeological Congress. The Proceedingsincludes 32 scientific/research papers onvarious field of Geo-science. Journal of NepalGeological Society, Volume 20 (Special Issue)is in sale and Journal of NGS Vol. 21 is inpress.

The Proceedings volume of InternationalSymposium on Engineering Geology ,Hydrogeology, and Natural Disasters withEmphasis on Asia is in the process ofpublication.

90

Following awareness booklets and reports areavailable in the Library of NGS for consultation.

• Bhuichalo Bata Kasari Jogine ( in Nepali).Published by NGS, 1996).

• Earthquake Scenario of Kathmandu, Valley.Published by NSET-Nepal, 1998.

• Comprehensive data Base (BasicInformation) on Natural DisasterManagement Capabilities in Nepal. Reportprepared by K.P. Kaphle and M. Nakarmi/NGS for UNDP/DMS, Kathmandu, Nepal,1997.

• Badhi Pahiro Binas Bata Kasari Jogine (inNepali). Published by Luthran WorldFederation, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2055BS.

• Aaglagiko Binas bata Roktham, Purba Tayaritatha Niyantranka Upayaharu 2054.published by Luthran World Federation,Kathmandu, Nepal, 2054BS.

• 26 Things that help you to survive in anEarthquake (by LWF)

(a) During an Earthquake:1. Stay Calm2. Inside : Stand in a door way, or crouch

under a desk or Table, away fromWindows or glass dividers.

3. 3. Outside: Stand away from buildings,trees, telephone and electric lines.

4. On the Road: Drive away fromunderpasses/ overpasses; stop in safe area;Stay in vehicle.

(b) After an Earthquake:1. Check for injuries and try your best to

provide first aid

AWARENESS ABOUT NATURAL DISASTERS2. Check for safety for gas, water , sewage

breaks; check for downed electric linesand shorts; turn off appropriate utilities;check for building damage and potentialsafety problems during after shocks suchas cracks around chimney and foundation.

3. Clean up dangerous spills4. Wear shows5. Turn on radio and listen for instructions

from public safety agencies.6. Do not use the telephone except for

emergency use.

(c) 13 Survival items to keep on Hand:1. Portable radio with extra batteries.2. Flashlight with extra batteries.3. Fire Aid Kit-including specific medicines

needed for members of your household.4. First Aid book.5. Fire extinguisher.6. Adjustable wrench for turning of gas and

water.7. Portable fire escape ladder for homes/

apartments with multiple floors.8. Bottled water- sufficient for the number

of members in your household.9. Canned and dried foods suf ficient for a

week for each member of your household.10. Non-electric Can opener.11. Portable stove such as butane or charcoal.12. Matches.13. Telephone numbers of police, fire and

doctor.

(d) Things you need to know:1. How to run off gas, water and electricity2. First Aid.3. Plan for reuniting your family

(Source: Lutheran World Federation, Nepal-Disaster Preparedness Project, Kathmandu)