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Section 1

The Hopes of ImmigrantsIn the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans come to the United States hoping to build a better life.

Why People Migrated

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The Hopes of Immigrants

• Emigrants—people who leave a country

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• Most immigrants make voyage to America in steerage

• Immigrants—people who settle in a new country

• Steerage—cheapest deck on ship, cramped conditions, filthy

• During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe

Chart

Continued . . .

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• People immigrate because of push-pull factors

• Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands

Continued Why People Migrated

• Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place

Continued . . .

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Continued Why People Migrated

• Pull factors include freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land

• Push factors include: - agricultural changes, landlords force tenants

off land- crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry- Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out

of work- religious, political turmoil causes religious persecution

Scandinavians Seek Land

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• Cheap land lures thousands of Scandinavians to U.S.

• In U.S., Scandinavians settle in Midwest, become farmers

• Swedish government restricts emigration, later cancels restrictions

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity

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• Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats

• Some German Jews work as traveling salespeople

• Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, carpenters in cities

• Also settle in Texas, found town of Fredericksburg

• Germans largest immigrant group of 1800s, influence U.S. culture

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The Irish Flee Hunger

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• Most Irish immigrants are Catholic

• Causes famine—a severe food shortage, forces many to emigrate

• In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop

• Immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty, British mistreatment

• In U.S., Irish become city-dwellers, few skills, take low-paying jobs

• Compete with free blacks for backbreaking work that no one else wants

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U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding

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• Immigrants, native-born Americans flock to cities

• Immigrant groups set up aid societies to help newcomers

• Many people live in cramped, filthy apartment buildings

• Rapid urban growth causes housing shortage

• Politicians set up organizations to help arrivals find housing, jobs

Some Americans Oppose Immigration

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• Some native-born Americans fear immigrants will not learn American ways

• Prejudice—negative opinion not based on facts

• As a result, immigrants face anger, prejudice

• Others fear that immigrants will outnumber natives

Continued . . .

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• Nativists—native-born Americans who want to stop foreign influence

• Refuse to hire immigrants, vote for Catholics, immigrants running for office

Continued Some Americans Oppose Immigration

• Start political party, Know-Nothing Party, in 1850s

• Want to ban Catholics, foreign-born from holding office

• Want to cut immigration, have 21-year wait period for U.S. citizenship

• Elects 6 governors, then party quickly dies out

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Section 2

American Literature and ArtInspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produce some of America’s greatest works.

Writing About America

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• American writers are influenced by romanticism

• Romanticism—inspiration from nature, stresses individual, feelings

American Literature and Art

• American writers celebrate American wilderness

• James Fenimore Cooper writes adventure novels set in the wilderness

• Noah Webster publishes dictionary based on American-style English (1828)

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poetry celebrates the American past

Depiction of Battle at Glenn’s Falls from The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper. Edition (1919) illustrated by N. C. Wyeth.

Creating American Art

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• American artists are influenced by romanticism

• John James Audubon sketches American birds, animals

• Albert Bierstadt paints majestic landscapes of the American West

• Hudson River school artists paint lush natural landscapes

• Enslaved African American David Drake signs the pottery he makes

• Enslaved African Americans make baskets, quilts, pottery

Valley of the Yosemite (1864), Albert Bierstadt.

Following One’s Conscience

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• Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination, nature

• Emerson, Thoreau believe in transcendentalism:- spiritual world more important than physical

world- find truth through feeling, intuition

• Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845)

Continued . . .

Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist and poet.

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• Thoreau believes in following individual conscience

• Margaret Fuller argues for women’s rights in book, magazine

• Uses non-violent protest—civil disobedience• Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws

Continued Following One’s Conscience

Exploring the Human Heart

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• Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people

• Whitman, Dickinson shape modern poetry

• Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, death

• Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories

• Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick

• Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, revenge

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Section 3

Reforming American SocietyIn the mid-1800s, several reform movements work to improve American education and society.

A Spirit of Revival

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• Second Great Awakening—renewal of religious faith, 1790s, early 1800s

Reforming American Society

• Preachers speak at revivals—meetings to reawaken religious faith

• Revivalist preachers claim that anyone can choose salvation

• Claim sin is selfishness, religious faith leads people to help others

• Such teachings awaken a spirit of reform • Americans believe they can make things better

Chart

Temperance Societies

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• Temperance movement—campaign to stop alcohol consumption

• Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol

• Temperance workers hand out pamphlets, produce plays

• Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s

• Business owners support temperance, want sober workers

• By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, most are repealed

Fighting for Workers’ Rights

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• Factory work is noisy, boring, unsafe

• Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836)

• Labor union—workers who ban together, get better working conditions

• Women mill workers start labor union

• Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), jobs are scarce

• Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals

Improving Education

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• Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837)

• Churches, other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most

• A few Northern cities start public high schools

• Few colleges accept African Americans

• Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South

Caring for the Needy

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• Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill

• Thomas H. Gallaudet starts first American school for the deaf (1817)

• Reformers improve prisons: - separate children from main jails- call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners

• Samuel G. Howe starts Perkins School for the Blind (1830s)

Dorothea L. Dix, American philanthropist and reformer. Daguerreotype (about 1848–1849).

Spreading Ideas Through Print

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• Cheaper newsprint, steam-driven press lowers price of newspapers

• Average Americans can afford to buy “penny papers”

• Hundreds of new magazines appear

• Contain serious news, gripping stories of fires and crimes

• Ladies’ Magazine advocates education for women

Engraving from an American newspaper(1857) of a fire in Chicago.

Creating Ideal Communities

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• Some people attempt to build an ideal society—utopia

• New Harmony, Brook Farm are two famous utopias

• Shakers set up a utopia, follow teachings of Ann Lee:- lead holy lives in communities- communities show God’s love- share, not fight

• Experience conflicts, financial difficulties last only a few years

• Depend on converts, adopting children to keep communities going

A group of Shakers. Engraving (1875).

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Section 4

Abolition and Women’s RightsThe spread of democracy leads to calls for freedom for slaves and more rights for women.

Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery

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• Abolition—movement to end slavery, begins in the late 1700s

• Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South

Abolition and Women’s Rights

• Free African American David Walker urges slaves to revolt

• William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper

• Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery

• John Quincy Adams introduces anti-slavery amendment

Eyewitnesses to Slavery

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• Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of slavery

• Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, lives with Quakers who free her

• Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, buys his freedom

• Wins court battle to recover her son, speaks for abolition

The Fugitive’s Song: songsheet cover depicting Frederick Douglass fleeing from slavery (1845). Composer, Jesse Hutchinson, Jr.

The Underground Railroad

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• Underground Railroad—aboveground escape routes from South to North

• Runaways usually travel by night, hide by day in places called stations

• Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box, shipped North

• Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, trains

Runaways traveling north on the Underground Railroad to escape slavery. Illustration (about 1931).

Harriet Tubman

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• People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors

• Enemies offer reward for her capture, is never caught

• Escapes slavery (1849), makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons

• Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor

Women Reformers Face Barriers

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• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery convention

• In 1800s, woman have few legal, political rights

• William Lloyd Garrison supports women’s right to speak

• Are not allowed to speak in public because they are women

• Stanton, Mott decide to demand equality for women

Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie Catt, and Lucretia Mott commemorated on U.S. postage stamp (1948).

The Seneca Falls Convention

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• Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848)

• Women’s rights movement is ridiculed

• Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote

• Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men, women are equal

Continued Calls for Women’s Rights

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• Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights

• Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization

• Becomes first woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences

• Scientist Maria Mitchell starts, Association for the Advancement of Women

• By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property, wage rights

• Supports laws that give married women rights to own property, earn wages