nexans cabling solutions, jan 2004 1 nexans cabling solutions, jan 2004 2 facts about nexans...
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Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 1
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 2
Facts about Nexans
Technics
Cabling evolution
Parameters
Cat 6 versus Cat 5
Standardization – What is Deembedding?
Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential
Installation Issues/Installation practice
FO theory/FO practice
Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW
Agenda
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 3
Why Universal Cabling ?
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 4
Telephone
Informatics
Unstructured
Structured
Universal Cabling System
Pre-engineered Cabling System
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 5
Telephony
PABX
Basic Star Structure: still applicable today
Voice Grade Cable: not installed any more
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 6
Data networking (80 - 90) LAN introduction New cable media
HOST
Cabling Evolution
10BASE5
Token Ring
FDDI
SAS
DAS
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 7
Unstructured
Each system had a different kind of transmission medium (UTP, STP, coax, twinax, ...)
The Solution installed is not compatible with other Solutions
Costly moves and changes
No overview
Spaghetti cabling
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 8
Universal Cabling
Two media: copper twisted pair and optical fiber
Voice, data, video, control signals
Patching Facilities
Universal (Generic): application independent
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 9
I want to communicate
with you
No problem, I am conform
with the OSI model
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 10
TCP/IP = OSI-like Model
Layer 1: physical layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
IP Header
Data Layer 3: Network Layer
Ethernet Header
Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
TCP header
Ethernet Header
Data
IP Header
Data
TCP header
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 11
Network Layer
IP Head
er
Data Layer 3: Network Layer
TCP header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
IP Head
er
DataLayer 3: Network Layer
TCP header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
The Network Layer 3 addresses the interconnection of networks by routing packets from one network to another.
To route packets across different networks we need a router
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 12
IP address (32 bits)
4 Bytes
IP address
129 . 60 . 10 . 70
Network Layer
Primary function of IP : to provide an reliable, best effort, connectionless datagram delivery.
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 13
Data Link Layer
IP Header
Data Layer 3: Network Layer
Ethernet Header
Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer
TCP heade
r
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
IP Header DataLayer 3: Network Layer
DataLayer 2: Data Link Layer
TCP header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Ethernet Header
This layer contains the MAC address (Medium access control) - Bridging or switching
The data link layer must contain Length of the frames
a means of addressing
access control to the medium
error detection (and correction)
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 14
3 Bytes 3 Bytes
MAC address
0 0 AA 00 32 2A 6B
Supplier identification
MAC address (48 bits)
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 15
Layer 1
Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling System
IP Header Data Layer 3: Network
Layer
Ethernet Header
Data Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
TCP header
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Ethernet Header
Data
IP Header Data
TCP header
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 16
OSI Model
Layer 1: physical layer
This Layer addresses the physical characteristics of the network Types of cables used
Types of connectors used
Required Performance levels of the links and channels
Max. length of the cables
Defines the representation of bits (zero’s and ones) on the cable
frequency, voltage, encoding techniques
The higher layers give a meaning to these bit values
Layer 1: physical layer, the Cabling system
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 17
Ethernet 10 Mbps 10 MHz Manchester Encoding Technique
The Network Interface Cards (NIC) translate the bits into voltage levels (Frequencies). The encoding technique compresses the bit stream so that high bit rate application can be transported over lower bandwidth links.
Because of the fact that the transmission speed is depending on the encoding technique, we do not use the term Mbps to compare cables to each other, but we use MHz which is the parameter expressing the bandwidth of the cable.
The physical Layer 1 is thus completely determined by the upper laying layers
OSI Model: From bits to frequencies
Layer 1: physical layer
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 18
Ethernet: The physical layer
IEEE802.3 10BASE-T
Twisted pair RJ45 100 m Manchester encoding 3V Class C link/channel performance required
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 19
Gigabit Ethernet: The physical layer
IEEE802.z 1000BASE-T
Twisted pair RJ45 100 m PAM 5 encoding 3V Class D’99 link/channel performance required Class D’01 preferred
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 20
Class C / Cat 3
Category 4
Category 5 / Class D
Class E / Category 6
Class F / Category 7
16 MHz 20 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz
Class D / Category 5 (+amendment)
(Category 4)
Standardisation : Universal Cabling
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 21
Facts about Nexans
Technics
Cabling evolution
Parameters
Cat 6 versus Cat 5
Standardization – What is Deembedding?
Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential
Installation Issues/Installation practice
FO theory/FO practice
Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW
Agenda
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 22
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 23
2000 rpm = ? km/h
2000 rpm = ? km/h
Which one is faster ?
Megabits or MegaHertz ?
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 24
CODING IS AN APPLICATION DEPENDENT NECESSITY !!!APPLICATION Mbps Bandwidth Encoding Technique
Ethernet 10 Mbps 10 MHz (Manchester)
Token Ring 4 & 16 Mbps 16 MHz (Manchester)
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps 62,5 MHz (NRZI + 4B5B)
TP-PMD 31,25 MHz (MLT-3 + 4B5B)
ATM 155 Mbps 78 MHz (NRZ)
1000BASE-T 1000 Mbps 125 MHz (PAM-5)
100 Mbps x conversion factor = ??? MHz
OSI Model: From bits to frequencies: Encoding Techniques
1000BASE –TXX 1000 Mbps 250 MHz (PAM-5)
ATM 1000 1000Mbps 250 Mhz
‘80
Ethernet10 Mb/s
‘85
TokenRing
16 Mb/s
‘93
FDDI100 Mb/s
‘94
FastEthernet100Mb/s
‘95
ATM155 Mb/s
‘98
Gigabit
Ethernet
1000 Mb/s
Capability ofCabling
Infrastructure
Requestof
Bandwidth
AN EFFICIENT CABLING SYSTEM
HAS TO ANTICIPATE
Cabling Evolution
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 26
Digital Signal Encoding
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
NRZ-I
Man
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 27
Influence of Noise
Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 28
We use km/h to express the speed of a car Use MegaHertz to express transmission speed !!!
Megabits or MegaHertz ?
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 29
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 30
Attenuation (Insertion loss)
I am talking to you ! Can you hear me ?
Attenuation
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 31
The amount of signal loss in the transmission link (expressed in dB)
dB LossdB Loss
SignalSource
SignalReceiver
Attenuation
Attenuation
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 32
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 33
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Eric Bob
Chris Dave
Near End Crosstalk
= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair.
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 34
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 35
ACR (dB) = NEXT (worst case) - attenuation(worst case)
Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)
60 dB
50 dB
40 dB
30 dB
20 dB
10 dB
10 10020 8030 40 50 60 70 90 Frequency(MHz)
ACR
Minimal LANmark5/ Cat.5e350 link performance
ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification
ISO/IECNexans Cabling Solutio
ns
70 dB
8.7 dB
16 dB
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 36
Rule : For high speed
applications ACR of a link
should be better than 13 dB
at 100 MHz
Fast Ethernet100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet1000 Mbps
ATM155 Mbps
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 37
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 38
Focus on phenomena that will occur :
during a simultaneous parallel transmission of data
in both directions
on all four pairs in the cable
Simplex bi-directional transmission
Full duplex bi-directional transmission on 4 pairs
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 39
Simplex bi-directional transmission (over 2 pairs) e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring
attenuation NEXT ACR
Full duplex bi-directional transmission (over 4 pairs) e.g. Gigabit Ethernet:
PowerSum specs (PSNEXT, PSACR) ELFEXT, PSELFEXT Delay skew Return loss Coupling attenuation
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 40
1000 Mbps Full Duplex over 4 pairs ? 250 Mbps on each pair in both directions
1000 Mbps simultaneously in both directions
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 41
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling from one pair to another pair.
Near End Crosstalk
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 42
= NEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously
PowerSum NEXT
Alan
Eric
Geoff
Bob
Andres
Franco
Chris DavePowerSum
NEXT
PowerSum NEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 44
Powersum NEXT
RX
TX-
+
Need 4 of these
PowerSum NEXT
In Gigabit Ethernet : PowerSum NEXT will be cancelled out !
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 45
PowerSum ACR
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
ACR = NEXT - attenuation
PowerSum ACR
PSACR = PSNEXT - attenuation
ACR/PSACR is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise sources.
Cabling Solutions Europe,May 2000 - 43
ACR (dB) = NEXT Loss (worst case) - (worst case)
60 dB
50 dB
40 dB
30 dB
20 dB
10 dB
10 10020 8030 40 50 60 70 90 Frequency(MHz)
ACR
Minimal Cat.5e350 link performance
ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification
ISO/IECAlcatelCablingSolutions
70 dB
Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)
8.7 dB
16 dB
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 46
60 dB
50 dB
40 dB
30 dB
20 dB
10 dB
20 20040 16060 80 100 120 140 180 Frequency(MHz)
70 dB
PS ACR
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
LANmark 6 channel - 2 connectors
LANmark 6 channel - 4 connectors
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 N568 specification
11.5 dB7.4 dB0.1 dB
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 47
Defined in the ISO and TIA standards
Worst Case configuration
Allows patching between patch panels
High flexibility for modern office environments (zone wiring)
Nexans offers 4x RJ45 connections
Nexans’ Class E channel outperformes the standards
The 4 Connector Channel Model
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 48
4 connector channel ACR
ACR
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency [MHz]
AC
R [
dB
]
N1-2D1 N1-2D2 N1-3D1 N1-3D3 N1-4D1 N1-4D4 N2-3D2
N2-3D3 N2-4D2 N2-4D4 N3-4D3 N3-4D4 ACR Grenzkurve
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 49
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 50
= is signal coupling from one pair to another pair,
measured at the far end
FEXT
Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)
Far End Crosstalk
Eric Dave
Geoff Andres
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 51
= FEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting simultaneously
PowerSum FEXT
PowerSum FEXT
Eric Andres
Alan
Chris
Geoff
Bob
Dave
Franco
PowerSum FEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 53
PowerSum ELFEXT
PowerSum ELFEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 54
Equal Level FEXT
ELFEXT = FEXT - attenuation
PowerSum ELFEXT
PS ELFEXT = PSFEXT - attenuation
= similar to ACR/PSACR, which is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise, while ELFEXT/PSELFEXT expresses the signal to noise ratio considering FEXT/PSFEXT only.
PowerSum ELFEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 55
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 56
Delay Skew
Delay Skew
I am to youtalking
I am talkingto you
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 57
= is the difference in travel time on the 4 pairs (expressed in nsec)
Delay Skew
Delay Skew
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 58
1000 MbitMessage
250 Mbps
250 Mbps
250 Mbps
250 Mbps
A B C D
B D A C
Delay Skew too high!
=
????????
=
Delay Skew
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 59
Delay Skew : example < 50 nsec
Channel with a delay Skew of more than 50 nsec cannot
successfully support Gigabit Ethernet
Delay Skew
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 60
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 61
Return Loss
= Return Loss (or Transmit Echo) is expressing the reflection of a signal on the same wire pair
Return loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 62
Return Loss
A measure of the strength of reflected signal echoes
Caused by impedance mismatches along a cable run
Signal echo is an additional noise source
Return loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 63
TX -+
RX
Return Loss
In Gigabit Ethernet : Return Loss will be cancelled out !
Return loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 64
Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?
Attenuation
Near-End Crosstalk
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR
ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Coupling Attenuation
Electromagnetic Interference
Technical Knowledge
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 65
Powersum NEXT Powersum ELFEXT
Ambient noise Noise sources
Technical Knowledge
Delay Skew
Return Loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 66
Background noise such as noise generated by power lines, telephone voltages, airco’s or engines, …
Due to its random nature, ambient noise can not be cancelled out in the NIC and it will contribute to the BER of a system
Ambient noise
Ambient Noise
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 67
New parameter studied in European Standardisation (CENELEC)
Included in last edition of ISO 11801 and EN 50173
Nexans is one of the pioneers in the work on coupling attenuation
Measures the electromagnetic isolation between a disturbing source (ambient noise) and the cabling expresses the overall EMC performance of cabling
Coupling Attenuation
Coupling attenuation
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 68
Sources of Electromagnetic InterferenceSources of Electromagnetic Interference EnginesEngines ElevatorsElevators GSM / Walkie TalkiesGSM / Walkie Talkies 230 V cabling230 V cabling high voltage cableshigh voltage cables Air conditionersAir conditioners TL lighting (HF)TL lighting (HF) Heating sources/ Micro waves/ radarsHeating sources/ Micro waves/ radars RefrigeratorsRefrigerators PhotocopiersPhotocopiers Pencil sharpenersPencil sharpeners Light DimmersLight Dimmers
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 69
Protection against ambient noise determined by
Balance Screening
Now specified by parameter COUPLING ATTENUATION
Coupling Attenuation
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 70
Influence of Noise
Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more important with higher levels of coding
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 71
uncontrollable influence from the outside
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 72
Solution : Close the window, use a screen !!!
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 73
antenna
1) How does a radio pick up signals ?
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 74
radiation
2) Why is a mobile phone not allowed in hospitals, airplanes and in gasoline stations ?
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 75
Faradaycage
3) Why is the housing of a desktop in metal ?
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 76
IMMUNITY OF TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 77
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES
Bending
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 78
EMI
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 79
Bending
EMI
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 80
10 dB x better EMC performance !
EMIEMI
EMIEMI
40 m
2 x 25 m
Nexans’ dual foil cables
Single foil FTP cables
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 81
OVERALL SHIELD MADE OF TWO FOILS !
HIGHER EMC PERFORMANCES !
better Coupling Attenuation, better shield effectiveness
GAIN ON INSTALLATION !No risk to cut the foil off when strippingOnly one foil to connectMore flexible foils easier to manipulateQuick and reliable installation
EFFECTIVE SOLUTION !Easy connection of one overall foil provides EMC performances comparable to S-FTP.
FTP
Dual Foil
40 µm
2x 25 µm
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 82
EFFICIENCY OF THE FOIL
Current flowin the foil
“Skin effect”
Thicknessof the foil
Internallyinducedcurrents
Externallyinducedcurrents
EMI
Nexans Cabling Solutions, Jan 2004 83
Nexans is the inventor and first developer of FTP, combining advantages of UTP and STP
Nexans Cabling Solutions is the world leader in screened cabling solutions
Full range of screened cables and connectivity, offering a full EMC cabling system
Grounding and Earthing considered during design
SCREENED CABLING TECHNOLOGY
EMI