new politburo standing committee xi jinping, general secretary of ccp princeling li keqiang,...
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New Politburo Standing Committee
Xi Jinping, General Secretary of CCP PRINCELING
Li Keqiang, Premier of State Council YOUTH LEAGUE
Zhang Dejiang, Head, NPC PRINCELING
Yu Zhengsheng, Head, CPPCC PRINCELING
Liu Yunshan, Head, CCP Propaganda YOUTH LEAGUE
Wang Qishan, Head, CCP Disc. Insp. PRINCELING
Zhang Gaoli, Exec V. Premier JIANG ZEMIN’S PROTEGE
China's Impact on Global Poverty, 1987-1998 World Bank's PPP$1/day consumption
poverty line
Change in global number of poor (%) = - 0.6
Excluding China = + 9.3
Acknowledgements
Data source Rural Education Action Project
Stanford University Prof. Scott Rozelle
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Comparative Context
Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour) US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1
Headline: “China is Eating Mexico’s Lunch”Note: job competition among low-wage platforms
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Comparative Context: Korea Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour)
US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 1970/80s ~$1 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1
Korea transformation from low-wage, labor-intensive jobs to higher-wage, higher-productivity, higher-tech jobs
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Comparative Context: Korea Korea’s high school graduation rates by
1980s Urban
Close to 100% Rural
Close to 100%
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Comparative Context: Mexico Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour)
US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3-4 1970s ~$1 China $1
Mexico low-wage, labor-intensive jobsBut where is the transformation?
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Comparative Context: Mexico Mexico’s high school graduation rates by
1980s Urban
~80% Rural
~40%
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Comparative Context
Inequality, Gini coefficients Korea 32
gap
Brazil 54 Mexico 52
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Comparative Context: China Hourly wages, 1990s (US$/hour)
US $24 Japan $22 Korea $14 Brazil $4 Mexico $3 China $1
China Can China make the transformation from low-wage, labor-intensive jobs to higher-wage, higher-productivity, higher-tech jobs?
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China’s Population: Urban, Rural, and Poor Rural
≈ 35% of school-aged children in poor rural areas
(> 50 million children, ages 6 to 15)
cities
other rural
Source: Scott Rozelle, REAP, Stanford
0
2000
4000
1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003
Year
Unskilled wage
≈ $2.00 / hour in 2010
Park and Cai, 2008;
Rozelle (REAP) 2012
Annual Real Hourly Wage (1978 dollars)
≈ 30 ¢ / hour in 1978
Starts rising 1998
Comparative Context: China China’s high school graduation rates by
1980s Urban
Close to ~85% Rural
Close to ~40%
China’s profile is more similar to Mexico’s than Korea’s
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Comparative Context: China China’s middle school completion rates
Poor rural areas (35% of school-aged children) ~60%
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Comparative Context: China Inequality, Gini coefficients
Korea 32 gap
Brazil 54 Mexico 52 China 50
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Development policy areas
Education Other policy areas
Health Rural infrastructure
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Development policy areas
Health As of 2000, ~80% of people in rural China
Without health insurance of any kind 2003 new Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme As of 2007, implemented in 86% of counties
Has not significantly reduced out-of-pockets expenditure
Has not significantly increased use of formal medical services
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Development policy areas
Rural infrastructure Roads Drinking water
Poorest rural areas now receiving more inter-governmental fiscal transfers from above
Brandt
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Development policy areas: InfrastructureIntergovernmental fiscal transfers to support rural tax/fee reform (equalizing)
80
245305
523
661
0100200300400500600700
2001年 2002年 2003年 2004年 2005年
农村税费改革转移支付
Comparative Context
Developmental challenges facing rural China Infrastructure Health Education
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Questions for Discussion
Analyze Figure 3.1a. Do respondents perceive much inequality close to home?
Analyze Figure 3.2a. What are the 2 most important reasons respondents give for why people are poor? 2 least important reasons?
Analyze Figure 3.2b. What are the 2 most important reasons respondents give for why people are rich? 2 least important reasons?
What do Whyte’s findings suggest about the world view/ideology of survey respondents?
Do you agree with the majority of respondents in this survey?
Attitudes toward inequality
Attitudes toward inequality