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NEW ENGLAND TRANSPORTATION CONSORTIUM RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

I. PROBLEM TITLE

The Use of Reclaimed Stabilized Base with Different Stabilizing Agents in New England Region

II. RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

In many highway construction projects, rehabilitation and reconstruction of the existing pavement is necessary. Using surface treatments or asphalt overlays, full excavation and replacement, and full depth reclamation are usually used to improve the pavement structures. In particular, utilizing the reclaimed base material stabilized with a stabilizing agent can lead to increased service life of the pavement and consequently significant maintenance cost savings. In general, the technique involves (i) pulverizing the existing pavement along with a portion of the underlying base material, (ii) adding aggregates as needed, (iii) adding the stabilizing agent, (iv) thoroughly mixing the components to create a homogeneous mixture, and (v) compacting the material to the desired level.

The offered advantages of using the reclaimed base with stabilizing agents (i.e. improved strength and durability) are primarily dependent on (i) the type of base or sub-base material, (ii) the type of stabilizing agent, and (iii) the operation conditions (e.g. weather, projected traffic levels). Determining the appropriate stabilizing agent for various subbase material is a challenge, particularly in New England (NE) region, considering the cold winters climate. For instance, the encountered subbase material could consist of clean gravel materials, material with high fine content, or prior reclaimed material. Although the use of cement as a stabilizing agent has been explored in different projects, there is very limited research on utilizing other stabilizing agents such as calcium chloride, emulsion, lime, or potentially others. In addition, the improvements in strength and durability of prior reclaimed material with different stabilizing agents have not been investigated. The goal of the proposed study is to investigate the use of reclaimed stabilized base with calcium chloride, emulsion, lime, or potentially other stabilizing agents in NE region. We will evaluate the effects of stabilizing agent type/content on the compaction characteristics, strength properties, and rutting of the stabilized base material (clean gravel, high fine content, prior reclaimed material) in laboratory experiments. The prepared specimens will be tested for specific gravity, resilient modulus, shear strength, and striping resistance at different curing times. The performance of different specimens will be compared to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the aforementioned stabilizing agents for utilization in NE region projects.

III. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

i) To investigate the use of reclaimed stabilized base with calcium chloride, emulsion, lime, or potentially other stabilizing agents in NE region

ii) To establish the baseline for performance of these stabilizing agents for potential implementation in NE pavement rehabilitation projects

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iii) To develop appropriate treatment timelines (e.g. curing time based on mixing proportions) for various base material (e.g. prior reclaimed material)

iv) To develop guideline for VTrans encompassing the testing and information needed to aide in determining suitability of the aforementioned additives

v) To lay the ground for future field investigation (next phase) of the reclaimed stabilized base

IV. ESTIMATE OF FUNDING NEEDED The estimate of the funding needed for the proposed study is about $80,000, which includes the support for one graduate student for 18 months, two-weeks salary for the PI (Dr. Ehsan Ghazanfari, P.E.), fringe benefits, and limited supplies.

V. RESEARCH PERIOD The proposed research period is 18 months, starting on January 2019.

VI. URGENCY AND PAYOFF POTENTIAL Rehabilitation of existing pavement structures is an important task in many projects in NE region. Therefore, development of efficient and cost-effective rehabilitation techniques is a critical task. The use of reclaimed stabilized base with calcium chloride, emulsion, lime, or potentially other stabilizing agents is an appealing option in rehabilitation projects. However, due to lack of adequate information and limited experience with this rehabilitation technique, it is important to gain better understanding on the stabilized pavement performance, particularly in NE region, considering the significant amount of time and cost involved in the rehabilitation projects. The payoff potentials of the proposed study are: i) Determining the suitability of calcium chloride, emulsion, lime, or potentially other

stabilizing agents for reclaimed stabilized base in NE region ii) Potentially significant increased pavement service life and consequently saving in

maintenance costs

VII. PRELIMINARY LITERATURE SEARCH

Source of preliminary literature search (check as appropriate): Ö TRIS Ö RIP Other: ASCE Library; Engineering Village

VIII. KEY WORDS TO BE USED FOR ADDITIONAL LITERATURE SEARCH

Reclaimed base, stabilizing agent, strength properties, compaction characteristics

IX. ENDORSEMENT BY THE SPONSORING DOT (To be signed by the DOT representative to the NETC Advisory Committee through whom the Problem Statement is submitted)By signing the endorsement, the DOT representative is certifying that: 1. The Problem Statement follows the required format 2. The required literature search has been conducted 3. The Problem Statement addresses a transportation issue of relevance to NETC and does not duplicate another Problem Statement being submitted at this time.

Attachment (Summary of the results of the literature search) Several studies have investigated the use of cement as stabilizing agent for base material, e.g. [1], [2], [3]. However, very limited research on using emulsion [4], [5], calcium chloride [6], lime [7], and potentially other stabilizing agents such as fly ash [8], [9] are available in the literature. The improved strength and durability of the reclaimed stabilized base significantly varies by the type of base material, the type of stabilizing agent, and the operation conditions (e.g. weather, projected traffic levels). Most of the cited studies have investigated the improved strength properties of relatively known material such as clean gravel. However, in many practical cases, the base/sub-base material contains high fine content, or previously reclaimed material. In addition, the operation conditions, particularly temperature, has significant impact on the success of the stabilization process. Most of the cited studies (except [5]), did not investigate the suitability of the using the proposed agent in cold climate. More importantly, most of the cited studies did not fully investigate the effects of stabilizing agent type/content on the compaction characteristics, strength properties, and rutting of the stabilized base material. The key difference between the proposed research and the reported work in the literature is: the type of base material to be considered (e.g. prior reclaimed material), the type of stabilizing agents to be considered, and the climate conditions. References [1] Guthrie, W., Brown, A., & Eggett, D. (2007). Cement stabilization of aggregate base material blended with reclaimed asphalt pavement. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2026), 47-53.

[2] Gardner, M., Ewald, C., Benda, C. (2015). Reclaimed Stabilized Base Determination of Cement Content, Testing Summary & Future Recommendations, Project: Randolph-Roxbury ER STP 0187(11), Vermont Agency of Transportation.

[3] Wu, R., Louw, S., & Jones, D. (2015). Effects of Binder, Curing Time, Temperature, and Trafficking on Moduli of Stabilized and Unstabilized Full-Depth Reclamation Materials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2524), 11-19.

[4] Bleakley, A. M., Cosentino, P. J., Al-Obaydi, R., & Balan, F. B. (2016). Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement-Sand Blends Stabilized with Asphalt Emulsion and Portland Cement. In Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting (No. 16-1368).

[5] Wegman, D. E., Sabouri, M., Korzilius, J., & Kuehl, R. (2017). Base Stabilization Guidance and Additive Selection for Pavement Design and Rehabilitation (No. MN/RC-2017RIC02).

[6] Graham, C. (1995). Reclaimed Base Course Stabilized with Calcium Chloride Brandon/Goshen, VT 73, Vermont Agency of transportation, Report 95-3

[7] Puppala, A. J., Pedarla, A., Chittoori, B., Ganne, V. K., & Nazarian, S. (2017). Long-Term Durability Studies on Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material as a Base Layer for Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2657), 1-9.

[8] Saride, S., Avirneni, D., Javvadi, S. C. P., Puppala, A. J., & Hoyos, L. R. (2015). Evaluation of fly ash treated reclaimed asphalt pavement for base/subbase applications. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 45(4), 401-411.

[9] Saha, D. C., & Mandal, J. N. (2017). Laboratory Investigations on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) for using it as Base Course of Flexible Pavement. Procedia Engineering, 189, 434-439.

RPS #: N18VT1 NETC LITERATURE SEARCH RPS Title: The Use of Reclaimed Stabilized Base with Different Stabilizing Agents in the New England Region Summary of Relevance of Literature Search Retrievals to the Problem Statement: Number of Relevant TRID Transport Retrievals: [High – 16, Medium – 6] Number of Relevant Internet Retrievals: [High – 3, Medium – 0] Total Number of Relevant Retrievals: [High – 19, Medium – 6]

Search Terms Provided by RPS: reclaimed base, stabilizing agent, strength properties, compaction

Additional Search Terms used by Coordinator: New England TRID RETRIVALS with HIGH RELEVANCE: Title: Statewide Variability of Florida’s Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Author(s): Cosentino, Paul J.; Bleakley, Albert M.; Sandin, Carl M. Abstract: Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in highway base course can provide both environmental sustainability and economic benefits for highway applications. RAP can be recycled into new hot mix asphalt or recycled on site through hot in-place recycling, cold in-place recycling (CIR), full depth reclamation (FDR), or use as a fill material. The properties of RAP vary depending on the mix design of the pavement, removal method, and processing after removal. The objective of this research was to examine the variability of RAP across the state of Florida and determine which properties impacted potential for reuse in highway earthwork applications. Raw (milled) and processed (crushed) RAP was sampled at 50 geographically dispersed locations across the state. Specimens were tested for asphalt content, gradation, and bearing strength. Bearing strength was evaluated using the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) limerock bearing ratio test (LBR), a variant of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. Milled and crushed RAP differed in both asphalt content and gradation. Asphalt content typically fell in the range of 5.5% - 8.0% asphalt content for milled RAP and 4.5% - 7.0% for crushed RAP. Maximum dry density and LBR strength showed weak to moderate negative correlation to asphalt content and weak to strong correlation with gradation parameters, particularly those related to fines content. None of the RAP tested met FDOT base course strength specifications and only a single specimen met stabilized subgrade strength specifications. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://docs.trb.org/prp/15-4504.pdf; /common/images/covers/large/1338663.png; http://amonline.trb.org/ Supplemental Notes: This paper was sponsored by TRB committee AFP70 Mineral Aggregates. Monograph Title: TRB 94th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board

500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Pagination: 18p Conference: Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting Location: Washington DC, United States Date: 2015-01-11 to 2015-01-15 Publication Date: 2015-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials Keywords: Aggregate gradation; Asphalt content; Bearing capacity; Florida; Properties of materials; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Variability Accession Number: 01552770 Report/Paper Numbers: 15-4504 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Files: PRP; TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 12/30/2014 1:29 PM Title: Stabilization of Demolition Materials for Pavement Base/Subbase Applications Using Fly Ash and Slag Geopolymers: Laboratory Investigation Author(s): Mohammadinia, Alireza; Arulrajah, Arul; Sanjayan, Jay; Disfani, Mahdi M.; Win Bo, Myint; Darmawan, Stephen Abstract: The use of recycled construction and demolition (C&D) materials in unbound and cement stabilized pavement base/subbase applications has generated growing interest in recent years. C&D materials consisting of crushed brick (CB), recycled crushed aggregate (RCA), and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) have been investigated in unbound and cement stabilized pavement base/subbase applications. However, the high carbon footprint of using cement for pavement base/subbase stabilization has led to this research to seek alternative low-carbon binders. This study evaluates the behavior of C&D materials when stabilized with geopolymers. Fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (S) were used as pozzolanic binders and a different alkaline activator solution to pozzolanic binder ratio was tested. A maximum of 4% of dry weight of soil was used for geopolymer stabilization of the C&D materials. The binders used were either 4% FA, 2% FA+ 2% S, or 4% S. The geotechnical engineering and strength properties of these geopolymer-stabilized C&D materials were evaluated to ascertain their performance for pavement base/subbase applications. Elastic modulus, compressive strength, and resilient modulus of the blends were tested and analyzed in this research. Both the resilient modulus of the C&D materials and compressive strength were found to increase as a result of geopolymer stabilization. Geopolymer stabilization was found to be most effective for RCA. Higher compressive strength will be achieved by slag-based geopolymer stabilization when compared with fly ash–based geopolymer stabilization. The

effect of alkaline activator to pozzolanic binder ratio on the enhancement of geotechnical properties of C&D materials was also analyzed. The performance of the geopolymer-stabilized C&D materials was furthermore compared with that of traditional cement-stabilized C&D materials. Geopolymer-stabilized RCA and RAP were found to be a viable and sustainable option for the stabilization of future pavement bases/subbases. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001526 Supplemental Notes: © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers. Serial: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers ISSN: 0899-1561 EISSN: 1943-5533 URL: http://ascelibrary.org/journal/jmcee7 Volume: 28 Issue: 7 Pagination: Content ID 04016033 Publication Date: 2016-07-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Features: References Subject Areas: Geotechnology; Highways; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways Keywords: Compressive strength; Demolition; Fly ash; Laboratory tests; Modulus of elasticity; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Slag; Subgrade (Pavements) Accession Number: 01592234 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/08991561 Files: TRIS; ASCE Created Date: 2/2/2016 3:07 PM Title: Recent Development of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Bases Treated for Roadway Applications Author(s): Thakur, Jitendra; Han, Jie Abstract: Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) has increasingly been used as a base material for highway construction as a sustainable solution. Due to the existence of asphalt, 100 % RAP typically has low strength and high potential of creep and permanent deformations. RAP can be blended with virgin aggregate, stabilized by cement and fly ash, or confined by geocell to increase its strength and reduce its creep and permanent deformations. This paper examines several recent experimental studies on treated RAP bases (blended RAP aggregate, cement and fly ash-stabilized RAP, and geocell-confined RAP) and discusses the key findings from these studies including the proportion of RAP to virgin aggregate, type and percent of stabilizing agent, strength, modulus, and creep deformation of treated RAP under static loading, and permanent deformation of treated RAP under cyclic loading. Record Type: Publication

Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-015-0018-7 Supplemental Notes: © 2015 Jitendra Thakur and Jie Han. Serial: Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology Publisher: Springer Publishing ISSN: 2196-7202 EISSN: 2196-7210 URL: http://link.springer.com/journal/40515 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 Pagination: pp 68-86 Publication Date: 2015-06-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Features: References Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials; I32: Concrete; I33: Other Materials used in Pavement Layers Keywords: Aggregates; Asphalt cement; Base course (Pavements); Creep properties; Fly ash; Geosynthetics; Recycled materials; Repeated loads; Road construction; Stabilizers; Sustainable development Accession Number: 01582811 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/21967202 Files: TRIS Created Date: 4/30/2015 10:53 AM Title: Tennessee Stabilized Base Using Substandard Fly Ash and Byproduct Limestone Screenings Author(s): Dillon, Sarah; Crouch, Lewis Keith; Knight, Marcus L. Abstract: Substandard fly ash (high carbon/loss-on-ignition (LOI)) and byproduct limestone screenings are plentiful materials in Tennessee. Utilization of these materials could result in both economic and environmental benefits. The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) Specification 312 for an Aggregate-Lime-Fly Ash Stabilized Base Course includes hydrated lime, fly ash, and TDOT Grading C limestone. The specification requires an average compressive strength of 950-psi (6.5-MPa) for three specimens, with no individual compressive strength less than 800-psi (5.5-MPa), after 28-days of curing at 100 °F (37.8 °C). The use of substandard fly ash and limestone screenings was compared to the use of standard materials. The control set consisted of the control fly ash with an aggregate blend, while the variable sets consisted of the control and variable fly ashes, respectively, with limestone screenings. The average compressive strength and coefficient of variation were 1,263-psi (8.71-MPa) and 5.8% for the control set, 1,416-psi (9.76-MPa) and 4.9% for the first variable set, and 966-psi (6.65-MPa) and 3.2% for the second variable set, respectively. The average static modulus of elasticity and coefficient of variation were 3,000-ksi (20.68-GPa) and 7.8% for the control set, 2,650-ksi (18.27-GPa) and 5.2% for the first variable set, and 1,400-ksi (9.65-GPa) and 8.7% for the

second variable set, respectively. Analysis of these results indicates that a high LOI fly ash can be useful as a stabilizing agent when used in combination with hydrated lime. These results also suggest that byproduct limestone screenings can be used effectively as a significant part of the aggregate. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://docs.trb.org/prp/13-0776.pdf; /common/images/covers/large/1240656.png; http://amonline.trb.org/ Supplemental Notes: This paper was sponsored by TRB committee AFS80 Cementitious Stabilization. Monograph Title: TRB 92nd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Pagination: 14p Conference: Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting Location: Washington DC, United States Date: 2013-01-13 to 2013-01-17 Publication Date: 2013-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements; I33: Other Materials used in Pavement Layers Keywords: Fly ash; Limestone; Modulus of elasticity; Specifications; Strength of materials; Tennessee Accession Number: 01474840 Report/Paper Numbers: 13-0776; 13-0776 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Files: PRP; TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 2/5/2013 12:16 PM Title: The Experimental Research on the Material Properties and Road Performance of the Fly Ash Blended with Stabilizing Agent JNS-2 Author(s): Shen, Zheng; Zong, Lan Abstract: The reinforcing agent for the fly ash (JNS-2 Model) from San Xin Construction and Technology Corporation in Zhenjiang City was used to stabilize the fly ash. Then series of tests on the road performance of JNS-2 stabilizing fly ash were conducted systematically. First, tests about the optimal proportion of stabilizing fly ash were carried out, then the road performance tests including the unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, frost stability, drying shrinkage, temperature shrinkage, fatigue strength were conducted for JNS-2 stabilizing fly ash; at the same time, its test results were compared to those of lime fly ash gravel and lime

fly ash macadam to determine its control parameters of road performance. The results from the experimental investigation showed that JNS-2 stabilizing fly ash had higher strength and resilience modulus, better frost stability and anti-fatigue performance and lower shrinkage. The research indicates that JNS-2 stabilizing fly ash has potential to be used as a pavement base layer material in similar applications and can be used as a sub-base material in highway pavements. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47629(408)9 Supplemental Notes: Copyright © 2011 ASCE Monograph Title: Emerging Technologies for Material, Design, Rehabilitation, and Inspection of Roadway Pavements Corporate Authors: American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191-4400 United States Editors: Dar-Hao Chen, Jia-Ruey Chang, Musharraf Zaman, Chaoyang Zhoa, Zhanyong Yao ISBN: 9780784476291 Pagination: n.p. Conference: GeoHunan International Conference 2011 Location: Hunan , China Date: 2011-06-09 to 2011-06-11 Publication Date: 2011-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; I33: Other Materials used in Pavement Layers Keywords: Fly ash; Pavement performance; Properties of materials; Stabilized materials; Subbase (Pavements); Subbase materials Accession Number: 01347925 Availability: American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191-4400 United States Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780784476291 Files: TRIS; ASCE Created Date: 8/8/2011 2:23 PM Title: Structural Evaluation of Asphalt Pavements with Full-Depth Reclaimed Base Author(s): Tang, Shuling; Cao, Yuejian; Labuz, Joseph F. Abstract: Currently, Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) pavement design recommends granular equivalency (GE) = 1.0 for non-stabilized full-depth reclamation (FDR) material, which is equivalent to class 5 material. For stabilized full-depth reclamation (SFDR), there was no guideline for GE at the time this project was initiated (2009). Some local engineers believe that GE of FDR material should be greater than 1.0 (Class 5), especially for SFDR. In

addition, very little information is available on seasonal effects on FDR base, especially on SFDR base. Because it is known from laboratory studies that SFDR contains less moisture and has higher stiffness (modulus) than aggregate base, it is assumed that SFDR should be less susceptible to springtime thawing. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed on seven selected test sections on county roads in Minnesota over a period of three years. During spring thaw of each year, FWD testing was conducted daily during the first week of thawing in an attempt to capture spring thaw weakening of the aggregate base. After the spring thaw period, FWD testing was conducted monthly to study base recovery and stiffness changes through the seasons. GE of SFDR was estimated using a method established by MnDOT using FWD deflections, and the GE of SFDR is about 1.5. The value varies from project to project as construction and material varies from project to project. All the materials tested showed seasonal effects on stiffness. In general, the stiffness is weaker in spring than that in summer and fall. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2012/2012-36.pdf; http://www.lrrb.org/media/reports/201236.pdf; /common/images/covers/large/1246146.png; http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/TS/2012/201236TS.pdf Edition: Final Report Corporate Authors: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Department of Civil Engineering, 500 Pillsbury Drive, SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section, 395 John Ireland Boulevard, Mail Stop 330 St Paul, MN 55155 United States Pagination: 53p Publication Date: 2012-12-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials Keywords: Asphalt pavements; Base course (Pavements); Falling weight deflectometers; Freeze thaw durability; Full-depth reclamation; Minnesota; Pavement design; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Stiffness; Structural analysis Accession Number: 01476288 Report/Paper Numbers: MN/RC 2012-36 Availability: National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 United States Files: TRIS; ATRI; STATEDOT Created Date: 3/15/2013 4:22 PM

Title: Potential Benefits of Adding Emulsion to Reclaimed Base Material Author(s): N/A Abstract: Rehabilitation of deteriorated asphalt pavements has become one of the primary tools utilized by the Maine Department of Transportation (MDOT). One method used to achieve this task is the use of pavement reclaiming. In an effort to improve the benefits of reclaiming, a study was undertaken to compare the properties of reclaimed material treated with emulsified asphalt, to material without this emulsion treatment. Record Type: Publication Record URL: /common/images/covers/large/730342.png; https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/28501 Corporate Authors: Maine Department of Transportation Technical Services Division, 16 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333 United States Pagination: 12 p. Publication Date: 2001-02-00 Language: English Subject Areas: Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements; I61: Equipment and Maintenance Methods Keywords: Asphalt pavements; Base course (Pavements); Emulsified asphalt; Emulsions; Maine; Materials; Pavement maintenance; Rehabilitation (Maintenance) Accession Number: 00937821 Report/Paper Numbers: Experimental Construction; Project 98-03; Interim Report Availability: Maine Department of Transportation Technical Services Division, 16 State House Station Augusta, ME 04333 United States Files: NTL; TRIS; STATEDOT Created Date: 2/3/2003 12:00 AM Title: Calcium Chloride of Use in Full-Depth Recycling. Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Special Report Author(s): Gillespie, K Abstract: It is described how rebuilding deteriorating roadways by combining full-depth reclamation with liquid calcium chloride can increase a road's load-bearing capacity, with the ability to provide savings in manpower, materials and time. In this process, liquid calcium chloride is sprayed onto a full-depth asphalt road reclaimed base, and penetrates to coat and bind the fines and small particles. This stabilizes the surface and keeps the base dense and compact. Calcium chloride's ability to hold water helps keep the base damp holding particles closely together even on the hottest, and driest days. The advantages of the process are pointed out. The details of the use of calcium chloride in full-depth reclamation are described. Record Type: Publication Corporate Authors: Scranton Gillette Communications

380 E Northwest Highway, Suite 200 Des Planes, IL 60016-2282 United States Editors: S Patyk, T Kuennen Serial: Roads & Bridges Publisher: Scranton Gillette Communications ISSN: 8750-9229 OCLC: 11660022 URL: http://www.roadsbridges.com/rb/ Volume: 27 Issue: 10 Pagination: p. 54-55 Publication Date: 1989-10-00 Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials Keywords: Asphalt; Asphalt pavements; Bearing capacity; Calcium chloride; Full-depth asphalt pavements; Pavement recycling; Pavements; Recycling Accession Number: 00490279 Availability: Scranton Gillette Communications 380 E Northwest Highway, Suite 200 Des Planes, IL 60016-2282 United States Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/oclc/11660022 Files: TRIS Created Date: 12/31/1989 12:00 AM Title: CaCl Base Stabilization Prolongs Life, Study Shows Author(s): Massa, B Abstract: Findings of a research study show that liquid calcium chloride strengthened reclaimed roads by 12% and base durability by 24% to 36%. The 1989 study attempted to determine the effect of in-place (full-depth base) reclamation, or road recycling, and calcium chloride stabilization on a typical low volume road pavement structure and subgrade soil. It compared 2 road sections: one with a reclaimed base stabilized with liquid calcuim chloride, against a reclaimed control section without the material. The details of the study and the recycling process are described. Record Type: Publication Corporate Authors: Scranton Gillette Communications 380 E Northwest Highway, Suite 200 Des Planes, IL 60016-2282 United States Editors: M Eaton, T Kuennen Serial: Roads & Bridges Publisher: Scranton Gillette Communications ISSN: 8750-9229

OCLC: 11660022 URL: http://www.roadsbridges.com/rb/ Volume: 28 Issue: 10 Pagination: p. 58 Publication Date: 1990-10-00 Subject Areas: Design; Geotechnology; Highways; Materials; Pavements; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials Keywords: Asphalt pavements; Base course (Pavements); Calcium chloride; Land reclamation; Pavement life; Pavement recycling; Pavements; Reclamation; Recycling; Service life; Soil stabilization; Stabilization Accession Number: 00602907 Availability: Scranton Gillette Communications 380 E Northwest Highway, Suite 200 Des Planes, IL 60016-2282 United States Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/oclc/11660022 Files: TRIS Created Date: 12/31/1990 12:00 AM Title: Laboratory Investigations on Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) for using it as Base Course of Flexible Pavement Author(s): Saha, Dulal Chandra; Mandal, J. N. Abstract: During Capacity augmentation of existing National Highway (NH) Projects, grade separated structures in terms of Flyovers, Vehicular underpass (VUP), Pedestrian underpass (PUP), Cattle underpasses (CUP) are proposed at regular intervals. Accordingly, existing road levels at approaches of these structures are required to be raised making the existing pavement materials redundant. Existing pavement materials are also obtained due to milling of existing pavement surface before laying overlay for strengthening. The present study is to assess the suitability of using these redundant pavement materials also called Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as potential subbase / base course materials for flexible pavement. It was observed from literature survey of various past studies that California bearing ratio (CBR) of 100% RAP is not suitable for its use as base of flexible pavement as per Indian Standards (IRC). Accordingly, attempts were made to improve strength of RAP in terms of CBR by mixing it with crushed stone aggregates, stabilizing it with cement and combination of both. In the present study, laboratory CBR tests have been conducted on RAP, mixture of RAP and crushed stone aggregates and also on mixture of RAP and crushed stone aggregates stabilized with various percentages of cement. It was observed that though un soaked CBR values of RAP were not influenced much due to its mixing with crushed stone aggregates and/or stabilization with cement, soaked CBR values increased substantially due to both mixing with crushed stone aggregates and stabilizing with cement. The soaked CBR value of RAP increases from 20% to in excess of 100% when it is mixed with crushed stone aggregates in various proportions and stabilized with small percentages of cement and thereby making it suitable for using it as

subbase/base of flexible pavement. Modified proctor compaction tests were conducted on both RAP and mixture of RAP and crushed stone aggregates to established optimum moisture content for the preparation of CBR moulds for testings. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.069; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705817321938 Supplemental Notes: © 2017 Dulal Chandra Saha and J N Mandal. Published by Elsevier Ltd Serial: Procedia Engineering Publisher: Elsevier ISSN: 1877-7058 URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18777058 Volume: 189 Pagination: pp 434-439 Publication Date: 2017-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Base course (Pavements); California bearing ratio; Flexible pavements; Reclaimed asphalt pavements Accession Number: 01638566 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/18777058 Files: TRIS Created Date: 5/31/2017 2:13 PM Title: Long-Term Durability Studies on Chemically Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Material as a Base Layer for Pavements Author(s): Puppala, Anand J.; Pedarla, Aravind; Chittoori, Bhaskar; Ganne, Vijay Krishna; Nazarian, Soheil Abstract: For several years reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material has been used as a construction material in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce material costs and stabilize pavements. Of the 45 million tons of RAP produced every year in the United States, only 33% is being used in HMA. Recent studies have demonstrated that RAP can be used effectively in base layers when it is blended with aggregate base materials and stabilized with cement or fly ash additives. This adoption in the pavement base layer helps maximize the reutilization of RAP material and minimize its disposal in landfills, thereby making it an environmentally friendly practice. However, studies reported so far addressed only the strength and stiffness characteristics of stabilized RAP in base layers in the short term, and not many studies have addressed its long-term behavior. In this study the long-term durability of untreated as well as stabilized specimens was tested by conducting standard durability testing to replicate the moisture fluctuations in the field from seasonal variations. In addition, leachate studies were conducted to examine the effect of rainfall infiltration on the leachability of the cement or fly ash stabilizer from stabilized RAP mixtures. Durability studies revealed a very low volumetric

change and good retaining strength at the end of three, seven, and 14 cycles for RAP material from the El Paso, Texas, area, and leachate tests proved that the leaching of cement or fly ash stabilizer from RAP mixes cannot be considered to be a concern for long-term performance. However, approximately 2 years of field infiltration were replicated in the laboratory in this study. Of the several RAP mixtures studied, the mixture composed of 60% RAP and 40% base material with 2% cement was identified as an effective long-term-performing mixture. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2657-01 Monograph Title: Geological, Geoenvironmental, and Geotechnical Engineering, Volume 3 ISBN: 9780309441971 Serial: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISSN: 0361-1981 Issue: 2657 Pagination: pp 1–9 Publication Date: 2017-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; Photos; References; Tables Subject Areas: Geotechnology; Highways; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Base course (Pavements); Durability tests; El Paso (Texas); Hot mix asphalt; Leachate; Mix design; Pavement performance; Reclaimed asphalt pavements Filing Info Accession Number: 01620176 Report/Paper Numbers: 17-05105 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780309441971 Files: PRP; TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 12/8/2016 11:58 AM Title: Reclaimed Base Course Stabilized with Calcium Chloride, Brandon-Goshen, VT Route 73 Author(s): Kipp, Wendy M. E.; Fitch, Jennifer M. V. Abstract: This report documents the evaluation of a reclaimed base course stabilized with calcium chloride pavement project located on Vermont Route 73 in the towns of Brandon and Goshen. This was a 2.727 mile reconstructed section of highway, and consisted of two sections of roadway. Three full width test sites, each 100ft in length, were established in each of the two sections. Each test site had control sections and experimental areas. Cracking, rutting, and roughness were documented to describe the pavement and its condition. These results are presented herein with recommendations on possible further research studies on this topic. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://vtransplanning.vermont.gov/sites/aot_program_development/files/documents/materialsandresearch/completedprojects/AOT-Brandon-GoshenFinalReport.pdf; /common/images/covers/large/875160.png

Edition: Final Report Corporate Authors: Vermont Agency of Transportation Materials and Research Section 1 National Life Drive, Drawer 33 Montpelier, VT 05633 United States Federal Highway Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 United States Pagination: 72p Publication Date: 2008-06-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Period Covered: 1994-2007 Features: Appendices; Figures; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways Keywords: Base course (Pavements); Calcium chloride; Cracking; Pavement performance; Roughness; Rutting; Stabilized materials; Vermont; Waste products Accession Number: 01115443 Report/Paper Numbers: 2008-4 Availability: Vermont Agency of Transportation Materials and Research Section 1 National Life Drive, Drawer 33 Montpelier, VT 05633 United States Files: TRIS; USDOT; STATEDOT Created Date: 11/19/2008 10:32 AM Title: Base Stabilization Guidance and Additive Selection for Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Author(s): Wegman, Daniel E; Sabouri, Mohammadreza; Korzilius, Joe; Kuehl, Renae Abstract: Significant improvements have been made in base stabilization practice that include design specifications and methodology, experience with the selection of stabilizing additives, and equipment for distribution and uniform blending of additives. For the rehabilitation of existing pavements the stabilization of base material has delivered performance as good as or better than reconstruction at a reduced cost. Many additive products exist to stabilize base materials for roadway construction, but it is not always clear which additive is the right one to use. This guidebook intends to focus on stabilization for new construction and Stabilized Full Depth Reclamation (SFDR) and to help with the selection of suitable nonproprietary stabilization additives for individual specific project(s). Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2017/2017RIC02.pdf; /common/images/covers/large/1492806.png Edition: Final Report

Corporate Authors: Braun Intertec Corporation 11001 Hampshire Ave. South Bloomington, MN 55438 United States SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated One Carlson Parkway North, Suite 150 Minneapolis, MN 55477-4443 United States Minnesota Department of Transportation Transportation Building, 395 John Ireland Boulevard St Paul, MN 55155 United States Local Road Research Board 395 John Ireland Boulevard St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-1899 United States Pagination: 36p Publication Date: 2017-12-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Features: Appendices; Figures; Photos; References; Tables Subject Areas: Design; Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Additives; Base course (Pavements); Handbooks; Pavement components; Pavement design; Pavements; Rehabilitation (Maintenance); Stability (Chemistry); Stabilized materials Accession Number: 01654525 Report/Paper Numbers: MN/RC - 2017RIC02; LRRB Report 2017RIC02 Files: TRIS; ATRI; STATEDOT Created Date: 12/20/2017 11:07 AM Title: Cement Stabilization of Aggregate Base Material Blended with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Author(s): Guthrie, W. Spencer; Brown, Ashley V.; Eggett, Dennis L. Abstract: The effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content and cement content on the strength and durability of recycled aggregate base materials typical of the I-84 pavement reconstruction project performed in Weber Canyon near Morgan, Utah, were investigated. The laboratory work was based on a full-factorial experimental design, including five RAP contents, five cement contents, and three replicate specimens of each possible treatment. Measurements of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and final dielectric value in the tube suction test (TST) were used to assess material strength and durability, respectively. These data, together with dry density measurements, were evaluated through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the ANOVA performed on the UCS data indicate that UCS decreases from 425 to 208 psi as RAP content increases from 0% to 100% and increases from 63 to 564 psi as cement content increases from 0.0% to 2.0%. Similarly, the final dielectric value decreases from 14.9 to 6.1 as RAP content increases from 0% to 100% and decreases from 14.0 to 5.8 as cement content increases from 0.0% to 2.0%. Increasing RAP contents generally correspond to decreasing dry densities. With design criteria requiring 7-day UCS values between 300 and 400

psi and final dielectric values less than 10 in the TST, the results of this research suggest the use of RAP contents in the range of 50% to 75% and a cement content of 1.0% for this material. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2026-06; http://pubsindex.trb.org/common/images/covers/small/TRR2026.png; http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cement+Stabilization+of+Aggregate+Base+Material+Blended+with+Reclaimed+Asphalt+Pavement&author=W.+Guthrie&author=A.+Brown&author=D.+Eggett&publication_year=2007 Monograph Title: Geomaterials 2007 ISBN: 9780309104531 Serial: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISSN: 0361-1981 Issue: 2026 Pagination: pp 47-53 Publication Date: 2007-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Print Features: Figures; Photos; References; Tables Subject Areas: Data and Information Technology; Geotechnology; Highways; I42: Soil Mechanics Keywords: Aggregates; Analysis of variance; Base course (Pavements); Cement content; Cement stabilized base; Compressive strength; Dielectric properties; Durability; Recycled asphalt pavement; Recycled asphalt pavements; Recycled materials; Strength of materials; Tube suction test; Unconfined compressive strength; Utah Accession Number: 01046293 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Order URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Public/Blurbs/159709.aspx Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780309104531 Files: PRP; TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 2/8/2007 6:40 PM Title: Effects of Binder, Curing Time, Temperature, and Trafficking on Moduli of Stabilized and Unstabilized Full-Depth Reclamation Materials Author(s): Wu, Rongzong; Louw, Stefan; Jones, David Abstract: This paper provides a summary of in situ layer moduli of several full- depth reclamation (FDR) materials used in an accelerated pavement test (APT) track. The reclaimed layers were constructed during the FDR of four lanes of 60 mm of rubberized hot-mix asphalt (HMA), 60 mm of HMA, and 130 mm of aggregate base. The FDR layer served as the base under a new HMA layer. Each lane had a different stabilization strategy, namely, unstabilized,

stabilized with foam asphalt plus cement, stabilized with cement only, and stabilized with engineered asphalt emulsion. Falling weight deflectometer testing was conducted on the test track at various times during the course of the study, and the data were used to backcalculate the FDR layer moduli. The results were used to investigate the effects of each stabilization strategy, loading temperature, curing time, and trafficking on the in-place layer moduli of the FDR layers and to provide critical inputs for mechanistic–empirical pavement design of FDR layers. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2524-02 Monograph Title: Pavement Management, Volume 2 ISBN: 9780309369534 Serial: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISSN: 0361-1981 Issue: 2524 Pagination: pp 11-19 Publication Date: 2015-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Print Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Accelerated tests; Asphalt concrete; Asphalt concrete pavements; Binders; Concrete curing; Full-depth reclamation; Modulus; Pavement layers; Temperature; Traffic Accession Number: 01594344 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780309369534 Files: TRIS; ATRI Created Date: 3/22/2016 10:10 AM Title: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement-Sand Blends Stabilized with Asphalt Emulsion and Portland Cement Author(s): Bleakley, Albert M; Cosentino, Paul J; Al-Obaydi, Rasha; Balan, Fernando Balastieri Abstract: In situ recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in highway base course can provide both environmental and economic benefits for applications such as widening, shoulder addition or Full Depth Reclamation (FDR). RAP is a well-drained granular material, however 100% RAP has low bearing strength and creeps under load. The objective of this research was to improve RAP’s strength while reducing creep to an acceptable level through blending with A-3 sand and/or by chemical stabilization. Blends of 75% RAP/25% A-3 sand were tested with combinations of asphalt emulsion and Portland cement at concentrations from 0% to 2% emulsion and 0% to 3% cement. Blends were compacted, cured, and tested for strength and

deformation by the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and modified Marshall tests. Specimens were tested dry and soaked to evaluate retained strength. One-dimensional seven-day oedometer creep tests were performed to evaluate long term deformation. RAP/A-3 blends have the potential for successful use as base course material. RAP blends with 25% sand plus combinations of asphalt emulsion and 2% - 3% Portland cement stabilizer attained acceptable CBR strength and creep. Significant variability was noted between results with different blends and stabilizing agents. Performance testing should be conducted to establish the suitability of a specific RAP/A-3 stabilized blend. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://amonline.trb.org/ Supplemental Notes: This paper was sponsored by TRB committee AFS80 Standing Committee on Cementitious Stabilization. Monograph Title: TRB 95th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Pagination: 15p Conference: Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting Location: Washington DC, United States Date: 2016-01-10 to 2016-01-14 Publication Date: 2016-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; References Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Asphalt emulsions; Base course (Pavements); Blends; California bearing ratio; Creep; In-place recycling; Portland cement; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Sand; Strength of materials Accession Number: 01594356 Report/Paper Numbers: 16-1368 Files: TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 1/12/2016 4:36 PM TRID RETRIVALS with MEDIUM RELEVANCE: Title: Asphalt Binder Rheological Characterization for Extreme Climate Events Author(s): N/A Abstract: Sustained extreme (hot and cold) climate spells result in significant pavement distresses and they appear to occur with increasing frequency. Asphalt is significantly affected by this problem but existing test protocols have not been developed with such extreme conditions in mind. This research will (1) analyze climate data to predict future weather patterns, (2) relate climate to pavement condition, and (3) use techniques of molecular modeling to elucidate the relationship between asphalt chemical composition and rheological

properties. The effect of modifiers on asphalt viscoelastic properties will be of particular focus. Research findings will help build highways that better adapt to new climate realities. The outcomes of this 2-year research will be (i) development of new asphalt modification protocols, and (ii) an updated testing protocol that will evaluate the suitability of modified asphalts for extreme climate scenarios. This research approach will comprise of the following tasks: (1) Review of literature on climate pattern predictions and how climate change will impact highway transportation infrastructure; (2) Laboratory testing of asphalt binders to assess properties with regard to extreme climate events; (3) Determine desired threshold binder property values to withstand possible extreme climate events; and (4) Molecular modeling to elucidate the relationship between asphalt chemical composition, modifier type/dosage/blending procedure and the rheological properties of the binder. Record Type: Project Language: English Contract Numbers: DTRT13-G-UTC36; SPTC 14.1-64 Status: Active Funding Amount: 134021.00 Sponsor Organizations: Texas Department of Transportation 125 E. 11th Street Austin, TX 78701-2483 United States Research and Innovative Technology Administration University Transportation Centers Program 1200 New Jersey Avenue Washington, DC 20590 United States Performing Organizations: Texas Tech University, Lubbock 2500 Broadway Lubbock, TX 70409 United States Principal Investigators: Khare, Rajesh (806) 834-0449 rajesh.khare@ttu.edu Senadheera, Sanjaya (806) 742-3503 Notice Date: -- Start Date: 2014-08-01 Expected Completion Date: -- Actual Completion Date: 2016-07-31 Source Data: RiP Project 37448 Subject Areas: Design; Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; I30: Materials Keywords: Binders; Climate change; Condition surveys; Pavement distress; Rheological properties; Temperature; Viscoelasticity; Weather conditions Accession Number: 01543044

Source Agency: Southern Plains Transportation Center University of Oklahoma 201 Stephenson Pkwy, Suite 4200 Norman, OK 73019 United States Files: UTC; RiP Created Date: 11/4/2014 1:00 AM Title: Cement Kiln Dust Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Author(s): Edeh, J E; Nor, J I; Osinubi, K J Abstract: A laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of cement kiln dust (CKD) stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) subjected to British Standard light [BSL (standard Proctor)] compactive effort to determine the compaction characteristics and California bearing ratio (CBR) values was carried out. Test results show that the properties of RAP improved when treated with CKD. The particle size grading improved from 99% coarse aggregates and 1% fines for 100% RAP to 92 - 99% coarse aggregate with 1 - 8% fines for the various CKD-RAP mix proportions. The CBR values also improved from 9% for the 100% RAP to 15% (24 hours soaking) and 13% (unsoaked condition) for 40%RAP + 60%CKD mix proportion. Generally, soaked samples recorded higher CBR values than unsoaked samples. The CKD stabilized RAP proportion of 40%RAP + 60%CKD can be used as subgrade materials in road construction. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412121.395 Supplemental Notes: © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. Monograph Title: GeoCongress 2012: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering Corporate Authors: American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, VA 20191-4400 United States Editors: Roman D Hryciw Adda Athanasopoulos-Zekkos Nazli Yesiller ISBN: 9780784412121 Pagination: pp 3854-3862 Conference: GeoCongress 2012 Location: Oakland California, United States Date: 2012-03-25 to 2012-03-29 Publication Date: 2012-03-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials; I33: Other Materials used in Pavement Layers Keywords: Aggregate gradation; California bearing ratio; Cement kilns; Coarse aggregates; Fines (Materials); Kiln dust; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Stabilization (Materials); Subgrade materials

Accession Number: 01530365 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780784412121 Files: TRIS; ASCE Created Date: 11/12/2013 2:08 PM Title: Characterizing Compactability of High RAP and Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures in the Superpave Gyratory Compactor Author(s): Braham, Andrew; Lynn, Todd; Steger, Richard; Pyle, Roger Abstract: Compactability of asphalt concrete mixtures is critical for successful long-term performance in the field. Laboratory samples are necessary for volumetric analysis and performance testing during the design process, so the ability to quantify compactability during specimen production in the lab would be highly beneficial. While there has been significant work in defining compaction characteristics of asphalt concrete, most of this work has revolved around traditional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), and little work has been done with Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) or high percentage Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures. This research examined HMA without RAP (HMA Virgin), HMA with 35% RAP (HMA RAP), and two WMA technologies with 35% RAP (WMA 1 and WMA 2). Four compactability metrics were evaluated, including number of gyrations to 92% density (N92), Construction Densification Index (CDI), the Construction Force Index (CFI), and the newly introduced Normalized Shear Index (NSI). This research found that the WMA technologies improved the compactability of asphalt concrete, as did the addition of RAP. In general, the WMA 1 showed better compactability than WMA 2, but this could be partially attributed to a softer binder grade, higher asphalt binder content, and the potential for a tender mix, as indicated by the normalized shear curve. The HMA RAP mixture also had a higher asphalt binder content compared to HMA Virgin, which could have contributed to the improved compactability. The NSI metric consistently showed the lowest Coefficient of Variation (COV) values and has the potential to distinguish tender mixtures. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JTE20130319 Supplemental Notes: Abstract used with permission of ASTM International. Serial: Journal of Testing and Evaluation Publisher: ASTM International ISSN: 0090-3973 URL: http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/TESTEVAL/index.html Volume: 43 Issue: 3 Pagination: pp 535-543 Publication Date: 2015-05-00 Language: English Media Type: Web Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; I31: Bituminous Binders and Materials Keywords: Asphalt concrete; Binder content; Compactibility; Hot mix asphalt; Recycled materials; Superpave; Warm mix paving mixtures Accession Number: 01588206

Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/00903973 Files: TRIS Created Date: 1/7/2016 8:56 AM Title: Strength properties of fly ash stabilized mixes Author(s): Dimter, Sanja; Rukavina, Tatjana; Dragcevic, Vesna Abstract: This paper presents a laboratory investigation of the properties of cement-stabilized pavement base course materials consisting of sand from the river Drava stabilized by hydraulic binder made of cement and fly ash. Determining the influence of several factors on the compressive and indirect tensile strengths was the goal of the investigation. Included factors were the following: a change in the structure of the stabilized mixes, a change in the treatment temperature and the time used in the sample treatment. The hydraulic binder was prepared using different percentages of fly ash in the binder: 0% (control mix), 25%, 50%, and 75%. The results show that the amount of fly ash strongly influences the strength of the stabilized mixes. A decrease in the compressive and indirect tensile strengths is the result of Increasing the amount of fly ash in the binder. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://rmpd.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=16579 Serial: Road Materials and Pavement Design Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISSN: 1468-0629 EISSN: 2164-7402 URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/trmp20 Volume: 12 Issue: 3 Pagination: pp 687-697 Publication Date: 2011-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Print Features: Bibliography; Figures; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Materials; Pavements Keywords: Base course (Pavements); Bituminous mixtures; Cement; Cement stabilized base; Compressive strength; Fly ash; Hydraulic binders; Hydraulic cement; Indirect tensile strength; Laboratory studies; Stabilized materials; Strength of materials; Tensile strength Accession Number: 01355067 Availability: Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/14680629 Files: TRIS Created Date: 10/24/2011 3:26 PM Title: Georgia’s Use of Cement-Stabilized Reclaimed Base in Full-Depth Reclamation Author(s): Lewis, Dwayne E; Jared, David Mark; Torres, Helga; Mathews, Monzy

Abstract: The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) has obtained favorable results from the initial use of cement-stabilized reclaimed base (CSRB) in a pilot full-depth reclamation (FDR) in rural southeast Georgia. CSRB is produced when Portland cement is added to sand–clay base from an FDR, and it is used to underlie hot-mix asphalt. GDOT initiated its first FDR in 2004 on County Road (CR) 52 in Long County. A 4.8-km corridor of CR 52 was overlain with a 12.5-mm Superpave® mix, including a 1.8-km section reconstructed with FDR. Samples of the in situ sand–clay base and pavement were obtained for a mix design to determine if these materials would react satisfactorily with Portland cement. With the same laboratory design strength requirement for a soil–cement base, the desired level of unconfined compressive strength was obtained at 6% cement. A provisional specification for CSRB was developed, and a 152-m trial section of 12.5-mm mix over CSRB was constructed in July 2004. Construction procedures were adjusted after the trial section was placed, and the remainder of the FDR and overlay was completed. Construction costs for the 1.8-km FDR section were reduced 42% using FDR. Falling weight deflectometer readings taken after construction indicated that deflections were significantly lower in the FDR section than in the overlay-only section. The road is performing well after nearly 1 year of use. GDOT is considering development of a permanent specification for CSRB on non–state routes. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1952-14; http://pubsindex.trb.org/common/images/covers/small/TRR1952.png; http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Georgia%e2%ac%22s+Use+of+Cement-Stabilized+Reclaimed+Base+in+Full-Depth+Reclamation&author=D.+Lewis&author=D.+Jared&author=H.+Torres&author=M.+Mathews&publication_year=2006 Monograph Title: Geomaterials 2006 ISBN: 0309099617 Serial: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISSN: 0361-1981 Issue: 1952 Pagination: pp 125-133 Publication Date: 2006-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Print Features: Figures; Photos; References; Tables Subject Areas: Geotechnology; Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; I42: Soil Mechanics; I61: Equipment and Maintenance Methods Keywords: Asphalt pavements; Base course (Pavements); Cement; Compressive strength; Cost effectiveness; Deflection; Falling weight deflectometers; Full-depth reclamation; Georgia; Pavement performance; Recycled materials; Rehabilitation (Maintenance); Sandy clays; Soil stabilization; Specifications Accession Number: 01025606 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office

500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Order URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Public/Blurbs/158689.aspx Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/0309099617 Files: TRIS; TRB Created Date: 3/3/2006 10:30 AM Title: Compressive Strength of Reclaimed Base Material Treated with Asphalt Emulsion and Portland Cement Author(s): Guthrie, Spencer W.; Gurney, Lisa R.; Eggett, Dennis L. Abstract: Full-depth reclamation (FDR) in conjunction with stabilization is becoming an increasingly popular method of flexible pavement reconstruction. Unfortunately, however, not all FDR projects are considered successful. While on most projects problems can be prevented through careful materials sampling and testing and construction supervision, they are often exacerbated by adverse environmental conditions. This research was derived from an FDR project in which a newly constructed emulsion-treated base (ETB) layer exhibited significant early-age rutting due to low temperatures and high water contents at the site. In the context of this project, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potentially synergistic interaction between asphalt emulsion and Portland cement applied to the base material. To that end, compressive strengths were measured over time for laboratory specimens treated with emulsion only, emulsion and cement, and cement only. The data show that the addition of cement to ETB generates immediate and substantial increases in strength with continued strength gains over time and that higher amounts of cement provide greater strength. The data also clearly show that, for the conditions specified in this experiment, the interaction between emulsion and cement was not synergistic; instead, specimens that contained emulsion had an average strength that was substantially lower than that of specimens that did not contain emulsion. Finally, the data show that, even after extended periods, ETB materials from which water cannot evaporate will not gain strength. These results emphasize the importance of choosing stabilizers that will achieve the desired material improvements even in adverse environmental conditions. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://amonline.trb.org/ Supplemental Notes: This paper was sponsored by TRB committee AFS90 Chemical, Mechanical, and Asphalt Stabilization. Monograph Title: TRB 93rd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers Corporate Authors: Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Pagination: 15p Conference: Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting Location: Washington DC Date: 2014-01-12 to 2014-01-16

Publication Date: 2014-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Digital/other Features: Figures; Photos; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Materials; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways; I33: Other Materials used in Pavement Layers Keywords: Asphalt emulsions; Base course (Pavements); Compressive strength; Flexible pavements; Full-depth reclamation; Low temperature; Moisture content; Portland cement; Stabilizers Accession Number: 01519330 Report/Paper Numbers: 14-5601 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Files: TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 1/27/2014 3:57 PM Title: Responses and Performance of Stabilized Full-Depth Reclaimed Pavements at the Minnesota Road Research Facility Author(s): Johanneck, Luke; Dai, Shongtao Abstract: This paper details the construction and analysis of three stabilized full-depth reclamation (SFDR) sections (Cells 2, 3, and 4) constructed at the Minnesota Road Research Facility on I-94 in 2008. Three test sections with different ratios of pulverized asphalt concrete to granular base were constructed, and the performance of full-depth reclaimed pavements stabilized with engineered emulsion was studied. Emulsion content and base structure varied between test sections. Each test section was designed for 3.5 million equivalent single-axle loads for a period of 5 years. As of June 30, 2012, the sections had been subjected to approximately 2.2 million such loads. Responses were measured with strain gauges embedded at the bottom of the hot-mix asphalt and SFDR layers in each test section. The strain gauges indicated that the bottom of both the hot-mix asphalt and the SFDR layers was subject to horizontal tensile strain from falling weight deflectometer testing and heavy vehicle loading. Pavement performance for rutting, cracking, and international roughness index was measured periodically. The results indicated that all three cells were performing well. The only crack in the three cells was in Cell 3; the roughness index values were well within the acceptable range and rutting, although progressing, was still acceptable. The paper concludes with modeled responses and performance predictions from DARWinME and BISAR. Model predictions indicate that an SFDR layer will provide greater structural benefits and increased performance than will similar structures with unstabilized full-depth reclaimed or granular base layers. Record Type: Publication Record URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2368-11; http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Responses+and+Performance+of+Stabilized+Full-

Depth+Reclaimed+Pavements+at+the+Minnesota+Road+Research+Facility&author=L.+Johanneck&author=S.+Dai&publication_year=2013 Monograph Title: Pavement Management 2013, Volume 3 ISBN: 9780309287104 Serial: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISSN: 0361-1981 Issue: 2368 Pagination: pp 114–125 Publication Date: 2013-00-00 Language: English Media Type: Print Features: Figures; References; Tables Subject Areas: Highways; Maintenance and Preservation; Pavements; I22: Design of Pavements, Railways and Guideways; I60: Maintenance; I70: Traffic and Transport Keywords: DARWin-ME (Computer program); Full-depth reclamation; International Roughness Index; Pavement cracking; Reclaimed asphalt pavements; Rutting; Strain measurement Accession Number: 01475659 Report/Paper Numbers: 13-3135 Availability: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 United States Order URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/170457.aspx Find a library where document is available Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/9780309287104 Files: TRIS; TRB; ATRI Created Date: 2/5/2013 12:38 PM INTERNET RETRIVALS with HIGH RELEVANCE: Title: The Effect of Cement and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on the Mechanical Properties of Stabilized Base via Full-Depth Reclamation Author(s): Ghanizadeh, Ali Reza; Rahrovan, Morteza; Bafghi, Kazem Barkhordari Abstract: One method for improvement of distressed pavements is full-depth reclamation (FDR). In this technology, the present asphalt layer is pulverized and mixed with the aggregate layer beneath it and then the mixture is stabilized using a stabilizer agents such as Portland cement in order to increase the strength parameters of the mixture. The aim of this study is to evaluate the laboratory results of stabilizing the blend of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and aggregates with cement in order to be used as a treated base coarse in full-depth reclamation (FDR) method. The present study was conducted using two different types of aggregate soils. Compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out on different ratios of RAP to aggregates of 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, and 60/40. Four cement

contents of 3, 4, 5, and 6 percent were added and the samples were cured for 7 and 28 days after compaction. Results show that by assuming a constant percentage of RAP, by increasing one percent of the Portland cement, the UCS value for the stabilized layer including SP-SC and GW-GC increased by an average of 376 and 410 kPa, respectively. According to this research, the elastic modulus of FDR layers can be assumed between 9000 and 40,000 kPa with respect to soil type and dosage of RAP in FDR layers. Results also show that the optimum content of Portland cement for construction of FDR layers is between 3 and 4% for SP-SC soil and between 3 and 5% for GW-GC, respectively. Keywords: full-depth reclamation, cement, reclaimed asphalt pavement, stabilization, unconfined compressive strength, elastic modulus Full Citation: Ghanizadeh, A. R., Rahrovan, M., & Bafghi, K. B. (2018). The effect of cement and reclaimed asphalt pavement on the mechanical properties of stabilized base via full-depth reclamation. Construction and Building Materials, 161, 165-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.124 Title: Reclaimed Stabilized Base Determination of Cement Content, Testing Summary & Future Recommendations, Project: Randolph-Roxbury Author(s): Gardner, M., Ewald, C., Benda, C. Abstract: Reclaimed stabilized base (RSB) consists of pulverizing the existing pavement together with underlying base course material to the depth and width specified in the Contract Plans. It consists of adding aggregate materials as required or as ordered by the Engineer. RSB with cement involves adding a stabilizing agent as indicated on the Plans, in this case cement, mixing the components thoroughly, shaping and compacting the stabilized material to the desired grade and density. For the Randolph-Roxbury ER STP 0187(11) project, the work consisted of removing a volume of material by first cold planning the asphalt surface and then pulverizing a combination of supplemental aggregate, reclaimed asphalt pavement, and subgrade material. Once pulverized, a specified amount of cement was then placed on the roadway surface and reclaimed again to create a homogeneous cement stabilized base. The amount of cement to be added was determined at the VTrans Construction and Materials Bureau Central Laboratory. The process which was developed and was carried out for the Randolph-Roxbury project is documented herein. Full Citation: Gardner, M., Ewald, C., Benda, C. (2015). Reclaimed Stabilized Base Determination of Cement Content, Testing Summary & Future Recommendations, Project: Randolph-Roxbury ER STP 0187(11), Vermont Agency of Transportation. Title: Evaluation of Fly ash Treated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Base/Subbase Applications Author(s): Sireesh Saride; Deepti Avirneni; Sarath Chandra Prasad Javvadi; Anand Jagadeesh Puppala; Laureano Rene Hoyos Abstract: Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a term given to removed and/or milled pavement materials containing asphalt and aggregates. This material is obtained from recycling the existing flexible pavements which have reached the end of their design life or shown excessive cracking. The use of RAP has grown widely reducing the use of virgin material thus helps to conserve the natural resources. It also reduces the amount of construction debris reaching the landfills. RAP can be used in construction of base/subbase of a new pavement

which results in huge savings. A 100 % RAP cannot be used directly in base/subbase layers because of its inferior properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR) and resilient modulus (Mr). This is because RAP material has a very low or limited bonding as the particles are coated with aged bitumen. These properties can be improved by using RAP in combination with virgin aggregates (VA) and/or calcium based additives such as lime, cement or fly ash. Calcium rich fly ash and a fraction of VA have been used in the present study to evaluate the strength in terms of UCS and stiffness in terms of Mr of RAP to promote as a pavement base/subbase material. The RAP material was collected from an ongoing national highway (NH) expansion project in India. Class “C” fly ash was collected from Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC), Tamil Nadu for stabilization studies. Specimens were prepared with 100 % RAP, 80 % RAP + 20 % VA and stabilized with 10, 20, 30 and 40 % dosages of fly ash by weight. In this study, emphasis is given to the mixing methodologies adopted to amend base materials and stabilizer. Traditionally, addition method is preferred for stabilization studies and replacement is preferred for mixture of two materials by weight of the principal material. Two methodologies were compared in terms of results obtained from the Mr and UCS studies and a balanced method was suggested. To know the level of interaction of fly ash with the bitumen coated aged aggregate, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) studies were also performed. It was observed that the balanced addition method of mixing the stabilizer by weight of principal material would be more beneficial in terms of the strength and stiffness of the mixes. The new design mix consisting of 80:20 proportion of RAP and VA stabilized with 40 % fly ash by weight of the total mix, has met the design specifications laid down by Indian roads congress (IRC) for a base/subbase material of low volume roads. Keywords: recycling, reclaimed asphalt pavement, fly ash, resilient modulus, strength, base Full Citation: Saride, S., Avirneni, D., Javvadi, S. C. P., Puppala, A. J., & Hoyos, L. R. (2015). Evaluation of fly ash treated reclaimed asphalt pavement for base/subbase applications. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 45(4), 401-411. INTERNET RETRIVALS with MEDIUM RELEVANCE: None.