neutral buoyancy testing of architectural and
TRANSCRIPT
DRL Number T-628Line Item 4MSC-03773
FinalReport March 1972
Neutral BuoyancyTesting ofArchitectural andEnvironmentalConcepts of SpaceVehicle DesignApprovedby NASA
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NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE
U S Department of CommerceSpringfield VA 22151
OFFICE OF PRLNE RESPONSIBILITY
Prepared for
National Aeronautics and SaManned Spacecraft CenterHouston, Texas
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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720018212 2020-03-23T12:59:36+00:00Z
CONTRACT NAS9-11947
DRL NUMBER T-628 LINE ITEM 4MSC-03773
APPROVED BY NASA
FINAL REPORTFOR
NEUTRAL BUOYANCY TESTING OF ARCHITECTURALAND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS OF SPACE VEHICLE DESIGN
MARCH 1972
PREPARED BY:
J. A. LENDA A. A. ROSENER M. L. STEPHENSON
CONTRIBUTORS:
RAYMOND LOEWY/WILLIAM SNAITH, INC.
APPROVED BY:
A. A. RosenerProgram Manager, MMCNAS9-11947
C. D. CouncilNASA-MSC Technical MonitorNAS9-11947
MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATIONDENVER DIVISIONP. O. Box 179
Denver, Colorado 80201
ii
FOREWORD
This report was prepared by the Martin Marietta Corporationunder Contract NAS9-11947, DRL Line Item 4, "Neutral Buoyancy Test-ing of Architectural and Environmental Concepts for Space VehicleDesign", for the Manned Spacecraft Center of the National Aero-nautics and Space Administration. The work was administered underthe technical direction of the Spacecraft Design Office with Mr.Clarence D. Council as the Technical Manager. This report docu-ments and summarizes the results of the entire contract work,including recommendations and conclusions based on the experienceand results obtained.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . ..... . .. . . . .. .. .
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . .· .. .. . . .
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
II. ANALYSIS STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
A. A/E Handbook for Concept Data . . . . . .B. Mobility/Restraints Requirements AnalysisC. Crew Areas Habitability Analysis . . . . .D. Cross-Cultural Design Considerations . . .
E. Man Model for Zero Gravity . . . . .
III. CONCEPT DESIGNS ..................
A. Chair/Table Design Concept . . . . .B. Commander's Stateroom Complex Design .C. Wardroom/Galley Design Concept . . .. . . . . .
. . .
IV. NEUTRAL BUOYANCY TESTING AND EVALUATION . . . .
A. GFP Chairs/Restraints . . . . . . .B. Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Testing . .C. Prototype Chair/Table Test and EvaluationD. Stateroom Complex Testing and Evaluation .E. Galley/Wardroom Test and Evaluation . . .F. Orientation and Traffic Patterns . . . . .G. Parametric Analysis . . . . . . .
V. DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Study Plan, MSC-03775 . . . . . . . . .B. Bibliography/Synopsis Report, MSC-03771C. Monthly Progress Report, MCR-71-219 . .D. Test Plans . . . . . . . . . . ..E. Mid-Contract Report, MSC-03772 . . . . .F. Test Film and Photographs . * . . .G. A/E Handbook and Rationale Supplements, MSC-
01530 & 01532 . . . * . . . .. . . . . .H. Summary Report, MSC-03774 . . . . . . . .. .
VI. SUMMARY OF A/E DESIGN FOR ZERO GRAVITY . . . . . .
A. Applicability to Space Vehicles . . . . . .B. Effects of Zero Gravity on A/E Design . . .C. Basic Data Generated and Significant Results . .
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I-1
II-1
II-1II-1II-3II-6II-7
III-1
III-1III-9III-21
IV-1
IV-1IV-2IV-2IV-17IV-17IV-31IV-31
V-1
V-1V-1V-1V-1V-2V-2
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Tables Page
II-1 Envelope Dimensions for Habitability Tasks . . . II-4
II-2 Adjustments of Models to Zero Gravity . . . ... II-8
III-1 Chair Prototype Design . . . . . . . . ..... . . III-2
III-2 Table Prototype Design ...... . . . . .... III-3
IV-1IV-2IV-3IV-4IV-5IV-6IV -7IV-8IV-9
VI-1VI-2
Figures
II-1II-2II-3
II-4
II-5
Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation . . IV-3Chair/Table Evaluation . . . .. . . . . . IV-13Evaluation of the Stateroom Components . . . . . IV-19Evaluation of the Bathroom Components . . . . . . IV-23Evaluation of the Office Components . . . . . . . IV-27Evaluation of Galley Components . . . . . . . . IV-32Evaluation of Wardroom Components . . . . . . IV-35
Evaluation of Orientation and Traffic Patterns. . IV-39Parametric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . IV-41
Restraints/Mobility Aids Definition . . . . . . . VI-11Volume/Task Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . VI-13
Toe Rail - Relaxed Position . .... . . . . . . II-12
Chair Restraint - Relaxed Position . . . . . II-13
Toe Rail Functional Reach - 50th (95th) Percen-
tile Man ......... ... II-14Handhold Functional Reach - 50th (95th) Percen-
tile Man ...... II-15Chair Restraint Functional Reach - 50th (95th)Percentile Man . .. .... ........ . II-16
III-1 Prototype Chair and Table Tested . . . . III-4
III-2 Prototype Chair and Table Delivered . . .. . . . III-5
III-3 Chair and Table Design Layout (Sheet 1) . . . . . III-6
III-3 Chair and Table Design Layout (Sheet 2) ..... III-7
III-4 Commander's Stateroom . . . . . ... . . . .. III-13
III-5 Stateroom Design Layout .. . . .... . . . . . III-14
III-6 Bathroom Concept . ............... ... . III-18
III-7 Bathroom Design Layout . .. . ....... . . III-19
III-8 Office Concept . . . . ............. III-20
III-9 Commander's Stateroom Complex .. . * . .. . . . III-22
III-10 Galley/Wardroom Concept . . . . . ... ...... III-23
III-11 Galley/Wardroom Design Layout . . . . .... III-24
Task Element I-1 Test I . .Task Element I-2 Test I . .Task Element I-3 Test I . .Task Element I-4 Test I o .
* . . . . . . . IV-8* . . * . . . . IV-8. . . . .. . . .. IV-8. . . . . O . . .. IV-8
IV-1IV-2IV -3IV-4
Figures (cont)
IV-5 Task IIV-6 Task IIV-7 Task IIV-8 Task ]IV-9 Task IIV-10 Task IIV-11 Task IIV-12 Task IIV-13 Task IIV-14 TaskIV-15 TaskIV-16 TaskIV-17 TaskIV-18 TaskIV-19 Task
Element I-5 Test I . .Element I-6 Test IElements II-l&2 Test IElements II-3&4 Test IElements II-5&6 Test IElements II-7&8 Test IElementElementElementElementElementElementElementElementElement
III-1 Test IIII-2 Test I o
I-3 Test II . oI-5 Test II o oI-6 Test II . oI-1I-1I-4I-1
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. . . . . . . . . . IV-9.... . ..... IV-9
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o a. · . a · · . . IV-10
... v sev IV-10. . . .... . . . . IV-10
IV-11
.. IV-11.. . . . IV-11
Lngle passage) o .. IV-11)uble passage) . . . IV-12. * * .. . . . .. IV-12ruble passage) . . . IV-12
IV-20 Subject Entering Chair Restraint .. * .
IV-21 Subject Utilizing Chair/Table Hand Restraints .IV-22 Subject Utilizing "D" Ring Foot Restraint for
Entering . . .. . .IV-23 Subject Utilizing Chair Lip for a Mobility Aid
in Soaring ....IV-24 Subject Utilizing "D" Ring for Mobility Aid in
Soaring . . . ..o o . . . .. . .a .. .IV-25 Subject Adjusting Chair Upward . . . . . . . . .IV-26 Subject Adjusting Horizontal Sliding Mechanism
on Table .... .... .........IV-27 Subject Sitting at Table Utilizing Table Foot
Restraint . a a a o . .a a a
Commander's Stateroom Complex . . .Entering Head First . . . ..Entering Feet First . . . . ..Entering Passageway . . . . . . .Sleep Restraint . . . . . . .Clothes Changing Area . . . . . . .Working at Desk . . . . . . . . . .Chair as Mobility Aid . . . . . . .Sitting Chair Restraint . . . . . .Entering Bathroom ..* * . . ...Foot Restraint in Bathroom . a . .Shower Foot Restraint *
Shower Volume . . . . .Fecal Collector - Man Interface .Bottom View on Fecal CollectorUrine Collector - Man Interface .Personal Grooming Area . . . .
. .. .. . .a IV-16
.a. . .a .a. IV-18
.. .. ... IV-21
.. .. .a .a IV-21
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IV-15IV-15
IV-15
IV-15
IV-16IV-16
IV-16
IV-28IV-29IV-30IV-31IV-32IV-33IV-34IV-35IV-36IV-37IV-38IV-39IV-40IV-41IV-42IV-43IV-44
Figures (cont)
Exiting Office . . . . . . . ..Commander and One Guest in Office . . .Two Guests in Office . * . .Interference with Console in OfficeGalley/Wardroom Complex . . . . . .Galley Front View . . .Entering Passageway for Galley/WardroomPlacing Tray in Pickup Area . . .Getting Food from Refrigerator . ..
Wardroom with Table Raised . . . .Elbow Interference While Dining . . ..Access to Wardroom with Tray . . .Chair as Mobility Aid . . . . . . .In Passageway Above Wardroom . .
Closing Door with Feet .. . . .
Commander's Stateroom * . * .Bathroom . .. .. ..Commander's Office . . . .Wardroom Concept . . . . . . .Galley Concept .. . . . . .
9 . . 9
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. . . . . VI-5
. .. .* . VI-5
. .9. .. 9 VI-6
. .9. .. 9 VI-7*. . . . VI-8
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IV-45IV-46IV-47IV-48IV-49IV-50IV-51IV-52IV-53IV-54IV-55IV-56IV-57IV-58IV-59
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I-1
I. INTRODUCTION
To create an optimum habitat for the "average" person on an
extended space mission has not been considered a necessity onspace missions to date. Past and present scheduled space missions,of limited crew size and mission duration, have only consideredthe physiological requirements of a very specialized person. How-ever, as mission objectives become more sophisticated, the crewwill consist of more scientific type persons rather than the highlytrained astronaut of today with a significant increase in missionduration. This type of a crew must be provided a space environ-ment in which they can work, eat, sleep, and relax comfortablyand efficiently for the time in space.
For this reason, data must be generated to provide designguidelines for spacecraft. These guidelines can then be used toprovide a habitat so that the average person can enjoy maximum
comfort and thus maximize human reliability and behavioral effi-ciency.
The purpose of this contract was to generate design guide-lines that are applicable to providing habitability areas andfurniture elements for extended periods in a zero-gravity environ-ment. This was accomplished by: (1) analyzing the existing A/EHandbook, habitability crew area requirements, mobility and res-
traint aids, cross cultural design, and establishing a man-modelfor zero gravity; (2) designing specific furniture elements, chairand table, and volumes for a stateroom, office, bathroom, galley,and wardroom; and (3) neutral buoyancy testing and evaluatingthese areas. The design criteria generated by these efforts arepresented in a A/E Handbook Supplement specifically for zero-gravityenvironments. The rationale to substantiate the criteria in theA/E Handbook is presented in a rationale supplement. Both of thesesupplements are submitted as individual books but are to be cofnsidered as part of this final report.
II-1
II. ANALYSIS STUDIES
This section will define and discuss the analyses performedduring the contract. The areas that were investigated were theA/E Handbook, mobility/restraint requirements analysis, crew areashabitability, cross-cultural design considerations, and man modelfor zero gravity. The following paragraphs give a summary of whatdata was collected during the contract.
A. A/E HANDBOOK FOR CONCEPT DATA
The data in the A/E Handbook was analyzed and found to bequite limited in the area of a zero-g environment. Some of theinadequacies are incomplete furniture dimensions, furniture accessdimensions, space required to maneuver and patterns of traffic,mobility and restraint aids location and dimensions, specificcriteria for a galley area, man-furniture interface relationship,and architectural designs of specific areas and equipment.
B. MOBILITY/RESTRAINTS REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
General considerations for restraints or mobility aids forzero-g locomotion and mass handling and transfer activities mustbe designed to enhance the following aspects of IVA maneuvering:
1. Locomotion - The ability to move from one point toanother.
2. Orientation - The ability to determine body attitudewith respect to some reference system.
3. Control - The ability to maintain a positive influenceover rate, distance, and direction of travel.
4. Stability - The ability to maintain a desired orienta-tion.
In addition to the general requirements of enhancing loco-motion, orientation, control and stability, the development ofspecific mobility aid design concepts must consider:
1. Range of travel.
2. Frequency of travel.
3. Need to carry or transport equipment.
II-2
Specific criteria for restraints or mobility aids shouldincorporate the following:
1. Sharp edges and protuberances on restraints or mobilityaids shall be eliminated (e.g., recessed handholds andhandrails rather than protruding).
2. Designs of restraints and mobility aids should be func-tionally simple and easily used.
3. Mobility aids must facilitate access to all areas in acrew compartment.
4. Mobility aids must facilitate the tasks of mass hand-ling and transfer.
5. Mobility aids must provide positive control over rate anddirection of travel.
6. Mobility aids must provide orientation and stabilityduring transit.
7. Mobility aids must provide personnel with the capabi-lity to move in the dark.
8. Mobility aids must permit the utilization of the crew-man's physical capabilities for movement of the selfand small packages.
9. Traffic flow routes and regulations for normal andemergency situations shall be established for safe andefficient movement of personnel and equipment.
a. Consistent entrance and exit traffic flows shouldbe established (e.g., in wardroom, entrance throughfood serving area - exit by food tray rack to avoid"jamups" and head-on collisions).
b. Traffic route intersections should be avoided when-ever possible.
10. Mobility aid devices and techniques for their use shouldbe compatible with the task of transporting equipment.
11. Padded surfaces should be provided in crew compartmentsor other energy absorbing materials to prevent injury.
II-3
12. Passageways and hatches should be clearly marked as toclearance dimensions.
13. Traffic routes over tables and the serving area in thewardroom shall be prohibited.
For restraint devices, eighteen different restraint conceptswere investigated and evaluated. These items were evaluated firstby the area of application or the task to be performed and thenfor their merits of simplicity, maintenance ease, entry/exit ease,use fatigue, vertical area accessibility, horizontal area accessi-bility, directional orientation, stowability, stability, and ad-justability. The restraints were for both standing and sittingtasks that may take from a few minutes to several hours.
Of all the restraints/mobility aids investigated or tested,the simple handrail/foot bar satisfied all the habitability re-quirements for maneuvering or performing tasks in a standingposition. The foot bar also provided ample restraint for thefeet when sitting in a chair restraint. For tasks that requirea sitting position, a chair restraint with a lap belt providedthe most satisfactory restraint. The chair design also incor-porated mobility aidk in the seat configuration and the footrestraint D-ring. This chair restraint is further defined inSection III.
C. CREW AREAS HABITABILITY ANALYSIS
The habitability functional requirements and task analyseswere defined by crew area and the function performed in thatarea. The task analysis were for the commander's stateroom,office, bathroom, and the galley/wardroom functions. Thesetasks and the order of their performance dictated the traffic/locomotion patterns for each area and between each area. Alsoincluded in the analyses was the hardware and restraint aidsrequired to satisfy the function of the area. These analysesalso provided the basis for the test plans in the stateroomcomplex and galley/wardroom.
Table II-1 is presented to show the minimum acceptable di-mensions for comfort in performing tasks in zero-g and one-g.The tasks analyzed are common habitability tasks which man en-counters in both environments.
II-4
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D. CROSS-CULTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
An examination of Eastern (Oriental) as opposed to Western(Occidental) architectural design approaches reveals severalpoints in Japanese architecture which may be specifically appli-cable to space vehicle design and which should be considerationsin such design. Principal among these is the degree of flexi-bility in the Japanese home; this factor has the greatest rele-vance to the design of a spacecraft interior. The manner inwhich the Japanese have been able to achieve flexible use ofinternal space and structural elasticity without creating aconfused mess has direct applicability to the spacecraft withits imposed dual-room usage requirements. A spacecraft interiordesign approach providing movable wall partitions (fusumas) andassociated grooves in the floor and ceiling to provide structu-ral support and to limit the boundaries of various room confi-gurations has distinct advantages in terms of crew work and timerequirements for interior reconfiguration tasks.
Several other traditional Japanese architectural designapproaches which have possible applicability to spacecraft in-terior designs are:
1. Japanese rooms are traditionally much smaller than thoseof a similar class of American homes. However, therooms usually appear larger because of the absence offurniture. The Japanese have evolved a design approachwhich maximizes visual space. A predominant aspect ofthis effect is the hidden storage areas for furnitureitems when they are not in use. A similar design ap-proach for storage and a procedure for storing furnitureitems when not in use could be used in spacecraft in-terior areas to maximize the visual effect of existingspace.
2. The use of shojis (paper windows) rather than glass win-dows in Japanese homes creates a unique visual interioreffect. Shojis give a uniform, diffuser lighting effectand tend to soften the visual effect inside a room.Since window space will be practically non-existant in-side a spacecraft, shoji-type screens could be used tosimilate the effects of windows in various crew areas.Shoji-type screens could also be placed over illumina-tion sources to create a soft visual illumination ef-fect.
II-7
3. The traditional Japanese home does not have a bedroomper se; there is no circumscribed area upon which abed is placed. The whole floor, indeed the whole house,can be used for sleeping. A similar approach could beused in designing spacecraft interiors especially theinterior arrangement of a commander's stateroom. Theisolation of a specific sub-area within a stateroom forsleep could possibly be wasteful of existing space. Analternative approach would be to provide a means of at-taching a sleep restraint anywhere inside the stateroomarea and to remove and store the sleep restraint whenit is not in use.
4. The Japanese have mastered the art of maximizing visualspace in very small confined area. This effect is es-pecially evident in their design of gardens, which areremarkable in the attempt to create an illusion of dis-tance in a comparatively small space. Some of the tech-niques used to create this effect include: the use ofdwarf plants; a highly developed sense of scaling;leaving plenty of empty spaces so nothing seems crowded.The principles of Japanese garden design could be usedto create similar effects in spacecraft interiors.
E. MAN MODEL FOR ZERO GRAVITY
In the design of habitable areas, researchers have oftenfound it useful to model the mechanical systems of the humanbody. By analysis and test, they have developed design guidesbased on the models. These guides suggest proper. shapes ofchairs, locations of foot pedals, keyboard designs, etc. Othermodels have been suggested for the non-mechanical aspects of theman. These models are usually less formal and include signalprocessing, transfer functions, esthetic values, etc. Thesemodels of normal gravity man have been developed after extendedtesting, observation, and analysis. Testing in a neutral buoy-ancy environment has yielded sufficient pertinent data so thata zero-gravity man model can be defined. The differences be-tween a true zero-gravity environment and the neutral buoyancytest environment include the following factors: 1) viscous ef-fects of the water produce an increased drag on both the subject'sbody and any object he carries or attempts to move, 2) the buoy-ancy of various parts of the subject's body varies; for example,the legs and feet are difficult to keep neutrally buoyant and alarge face mask, because of its buoyant effect, tends to forcethe head upward with respect to gravity. Despite these devia-tions from true zero gravity, the simulation is sufficiently
accurate to producehabitability tasks.provide a guide for2) they provide for
a reasonable man model envelope for variousThe advantages of such models are: 1) theydesign which is better than no guide, andan identification of variables for testing.
Since there is no prior reason to assume that zero gravitydirectly changes the psychological social esthetic models of man,data concerning human requirements in these areas can be takendirectly from the normal gravity models. There are no formalmodels for the special case of men in isolation and men in pro-longed stress that can be readily translated into design of habi-table quarters but the general consensus is that minor annoyancesunder normal conditions can become major disturbances under thesekinds of special conditions. The changes from the mechanical sys-tems models have been summarized in Table II-2. Figures II-1 thruII-5 illustrate the relaxed positions and the functional reach usingrestraint devices.
Table II-2 Adjustments of Models to Zero Gravity
Zero Gravity Adjustment Design Implication
1. Posture - The need to alignthe body to meet gravity re-quirements is eliminated so allnormal postural restrictions(hip support, keeping elbowsdown, supporting the knees,etc) are relieved.
2. Surface Contact - Whilethere is no steady contact dueto gravity, contacts will bemade in the form of minor im-pacts and use of surfaces fora base from which force is ap-plied.
3. Application of Force - (a)Heavy or sustained force: themechanics for the normal appli-cation of force by restraint ofthe feet similar to gravity-in-duced friction must be main-tained. Even forces which areapplied with the arms requirefoot restraint to prevent rota-tion effects.
1. Posture - The man can workin a variety of attitudes andmaintain a cantilever orienta-tion indefinitely. New con-cepts in locations of displaysand stowage areas are needed.
2. Surface Contact - (a) Sur-face areas to support the trunk,arms, and legs can be substanti-ally reduced in size (b) allsurfaces which the man can con-tact must be designed to meetlow speed impacts. Particularattention must be paid to the"underside" of work surfaces,cabinet corners, etc.
3. Application of Force - (a)Foot restraints or comfortabletoe holds must be provided atwork stations which requireheavy or sustained applicationof force, (b) occasional switchoperations or tethering can beaccomplished with very lightholds or positioning aids.
II-8
II-9
Table II-2 Adjustments of Models to Zero Gravity (continued)
Zero Gravity Adjustment Design Implication
4. Orientation - The man canassume a number of orientationsrelative to work stations. Forthe short term, the novelty ofbeing able to work in all posi-tions is positive. The longterm effects of multiple orien-tation within a room are notknown. The crew needs to estab-lish a method of relating to keydirections such as earthward orforward relative to flight path.Time orientation is importantnot only for local events butfor earth events. Effortsshould be made to control feel-ings at isolation and nonin-volvement in earth activities.When not in contact with a sur-face, the man can control atti-tude but cannot translate.
5. Movement to New Station -The man will initially use hands,then hands and feet, and thenprimarily feet unless specifi-cally trained. Major problemis to control speeds and acce-leration.
6. Carrying Objects - There isno limit on size or center-of-gravity but mass and center-of-gravity should be known. Esti-mates of mass must be twice asgreat as weight differences tobe judged as different when manis inexperienced in zero gra-vity. No data on learning.
4. Orientation - Operationswhich can be accomplished froma variety of orientations shouldbe designed to allow this vari-ety without increase of errors.Labels should be read from anyorientation, shape and colorcoding should be used. Workareas and sleeping quartersshould be designed so that theorientation of the room can beimmediately determined. Thisis especially true for sleepingareas. Clocks, calendars, andearth event schedules should beprovided. Related tasks in thesame room should be of the sameorientation. Unrelated tasksmay be of a different orienta-tion as long as there is room tomaneuver to the different posi-tions.
5. Movement to New Station -Provide light weight holds thatcan be used for either hands orfeet. Limit size of passagesto allow contact with surfacesif the man desires or to allow"soaring".
6. Carrying Objects - Handlesin line with the center of massshould be provided. When centerof mass is not at the geometriccenter, the center should beidentified.
II-10
Table II-2 Adjustments of Models to Zero Gravity (continued)
Zero Gravity Adjustment Design Implication
7. Toilets - Methods to removeand secure clothing and to pro-vide visual feedback are needed.Some indication of increase infrequency of urination for zerogravity. Diarrhea is a likelyevent for a long flight.
8. Hygiene - Methods to cleanand groom the body are importantto health and outlook.
9. Sleep - Sleeping comfort isvery subjective with a widevariety of taste and require-ments among individuals.
10. Meals - Should be as closeto earth normal as possible.Should be associated with socialactivity rather than a refuel-ing. Positioning of the trayrelative to the table and indi-vidual to take advantage ofzero gravity.
11. Dressing - Greater optionsto allow putting pants on bothlegs at once. Man should main-tain orientation by normal con-tact with walls or foot res-traint device.
12. Mounting Chair - Could bemounted from above, behind,side as well as front. Insome cases, a "no-hands" tech-nique from any angle can beused.
7. Toilets - A major designproblem is to be able to dis-pose of any product the humanbody is capable of producing.Should be isolated from otherareas.
8. Hygiene - Need to providefacilities which do not requireelaborate training.
9. Sleep - Provide bed whichmaintains orientation. Needto have option of close orloose restraint. Also optionfor pillow or other earthoriented features to be usedat option of user.
10. Meals - Allow options andprovide an eating place ratherthan a tray. Design table andrestraint devices to accommo-date man in the zero gravity-posture.
11. Dressing - Provide smallsemi-closed area or a toe barfor stability with method tosecure garments in a convenientlocation.
12. Mounting Chair - Chair shouldhave rounded edges which can beeasily grasped.
II-11
Table II-2 Adjustments of Models to Zero Gravity (concluded)
Zero Gravity Adjustment
13. Use of all Surfaces - Sub-jects tend to use any and allavailable surfaces for mobilityaid, control, etc.
14. Room-to-Room Orientation -Different orientations veryquickly adapted to; only mini-mal cue needed to obtain properorientation in different rooms.
15. Safety - Use of all surfacesand full room volume createsgreater safety hazards.
Design Implication
13. Use of all Surfaces - Hand-holds, furniture items, etc.could be placed on any surface,easily adapted to.
14. Room-to-Room Orientation -Separate but connecting roomscan be placed in different orien-tations, traffic/locomotionpatterns between rooms onlylimiting factor in a series ofmore than two rooms. Equipmentplacement becomes major factorin determining traffic patterns.
15. Safety - Desks, chairs, etc.should have rounded edges whichcan be safely used as mobilityaids, etc.
II-12
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Analysis of post-flight debriefings has not been done as apart of the contract. Data based on the Apollo VII review, 27November 1968, are of direct interest, however, and are providedfor comparison with the neutral buoyancy results.
The crew views can be reduced to two main points:
1. For extended missions, life should be as close to lifeon earth as possible as far as creature comforts areconcerned.
2. The spacecraft should be designed for zero-g livingwith no up-down orientation forced on the crew.
The following points summarize the crew opinions presentedat the discussion:
1. Suited operations and shirtsleeve operations are totallydifferent.
2. All restraints should be light.
3. There is a very fast adaptation to body control in zero-g.The primary rule is to keep velocities low. No psycholo-gical problems in being unrestrained.
4. Sleep presents psychological problems which are resolvedin a few days. Initially, the crew wanted restraints andlater wanted a large cocoon-type of sleeping arrangement.
5. Windows are very important for recreation and "home movies"of the flight.
III-1
III. CONCEPT DESIGNS
Specific recommendations and rationales are presented here
for a chair/table design, a stateroom complex, and the galley/
wardroom design. It should be noted, however, that individual
criteria can be utilized non-specifically. For example, volu-
metric requirements defined for the three-man office could be
'used in the design of a small lounge. Access dimensions for
furniture items are independent of the rooms where the items
are used. With proper room design and furniture orientation,
overall volume requirements can be reduced by, for example,usage of the same access volume for two furniture items. Visual
space of individual rooms can be greatly expanded by openinghatches onto hallways or to other rooms.
A, CHAIR/TABLE DESIGN CONCEPT
The chair and table developed for neutral buoyancy testing
met the functional requirements and provided maneuvering mobility
and restraint aid to complement the basic requirement. The chairdesign incorporated a retracting lap belt restraint, chair seatswivel, vertical height adjustment while seated, moveable foot
restraint ring, and mobility/restraint aids. The table has several
features, such as vertical height and lateral adjustment, that
probably will not be required in a spacecraft but were required
to obtain the optimum dimensions to make firm recommendations.The angle adjustment may be a desirable option since it is very
probable that the individual desk/table will be of the fold-away
type. Table III-1 and III-2 gives the details of the chair and
table tested and the design to be delivered. The tested design
is also depicted by Figure III-1 and the delivered item in Figures
III-2 and III-3.
1. Chair Design Rationale
A restraint device for a zero-g environment must satisfy the
functional requirements and be pleasing to the user. The primary
functions of the device must be to provide the stability of con-
trolling the body and maintaining body position while performingtasks in a particular place. The restraint must also provide the
stability without placing undue stress on any muscle of the body.Another point that must be considered is that the body takes a
certain amount of envelope volume, which is little changed whetherhe is standing or sitting. Therefore, the restraint device must
satisfy many requirements and make maximum use of the available
volume.
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III-8
a. Height - The seat height is derived from the anthropometricdimensions and a combination of seat slope and position of the footrestraint. Tests of GFP restraints indicated the height could varyfrom 20-1/2 inches to 23 inches depending on the foot restraint andthe slope of the seat. As the slope angle of the seat is increased,the feet restraints will move closer to the restraint support andraise the seat height. Therefore, the seat height selected, vari-able 20" to 24", meets the anthropometric dimensions for man, uti-lizing a graduated slope of 80 to 200, and a foot restraint incor-porated into the device. Since the height is adjustable, the ad-justment can be made with the man seated in the chair. The operatinglever is accessible for two-finger operation with the right handresting on the chair seat lip. The force to actuate the springloaded pin is an initial one pound force graduated to 8 pounds atfinal release. The device is spring loaded to move down unlessthe user exerts an upward force with his legs.
b. Seat Design - The primary function of the seat is to pro-vide the interface with the user and conform to the shape of but-tocks. with man in a sitting position. In addition the seat mustserve as a restraint and mobility aid, body positioning device forperforming tasks that require 30 minutes or more, and provide astable platform for mounting the lap belt. The seat contour wasdetermined by the requirement for a four-inch surface for mountingto the support in the center and a vertical position on the backthree inches above the seat for the back bottom curve. From theback a gentle slope, approximately eight degress, to four inchesfrom the gront and then 20 degrees to the front edge was used. Theten-inch seat depth provides adequate support yet allows freedomfor the thighs as well as providing access from the front. The1-1/2 inch rolled lip on the seat provides a continuous hand res-traint from front edge to front edge and serves as a mobility aidfor pushing off with hand or foot. The retractable lap belt ismounted at 45 degress with respect to the horizontal and verticalportions of the seat. This mounting provides the maximum forceavailable in restraining the body in the seat with the upper torsoand arms completely free.
c. Swivel Capability - The swivel capability provides forbetter volume utilization of the area around the chair and makesfor easier access to the chair. A swivel chair also allows theuser some freedom in the position he must take and remain res-trained to a fixed point.
d. D-Ring - A D-ring restraint was selected for testing togive a restraint device for the feet in any position of the seatwith the straight section positioned parallel to the task station.The straight section provides better control than the curved
III-9
sections. Four spokes, one each side, fore, and aft, are used tosupport the D-ring at a ten-inch radius from either side and therear with the front section eight inches from the center of theseat support. This design also provides a mobility aid as a push-off point with the feet when leaving the area.
In the deliverable item, the D-ring was replaced with a rec-tangular shaped restraint attached to the seat support tube andwill swivel in conjunction with the seat. The size was reducedto 8 inches by 18 inches which saves volume and weight and stillprovides the optimum restraint and mobility capabilities for thechair restraint.
B. COMMANDER'S STATEROOM COMPLEX DESIGN
1. Introduction
The volumetric criteria defined for each of the rooms in thestateroom complex and for the wardroom/galley can be more ade-quately understood if the following definitions are kept in mind.Gross Volume is that volume which would be available if all furni-ture items, storage modules, controls and control panels, etc. wereremoved from the room leaving the room frame only. Net Volume isthe usable room volume that remains when all furniture items aredeployed as they are to be used and when all storage modules, etc.are in place. Visual Volume is the amount of space which is visu-ally perceived as usable from a specified position within a room.This value is related to the physical objects in a room and theplacement of these objects relative to the observer's eye level.
2. Stateroom Design Concept
The stateroom which has been conceived and developed for this
study is considerably smaller than the one-gravity stateroom de-fined in existing guidelines: 122 vs 343 cubic feet gross volume.The net volume with the desk, chair and sleep restraint in posi-tion is approximately 80 cu. ft. The visual volume for a manseated in the chair and all hatches closed is approximately 68cu. ft. With both hatches open, the visual volume increases to182 cu. ft. for the individual seated at the desk. For a man inthe sleep restraint with hatchways closed and chair and tablestowed, the visual volume is approximately 76 cu. ft. With theoffice hatchway fully open, the visual volume for a man in thesleep restraint totals 163 cu. ft., of which 87 cu. ft. is in theoffice and the remaining 76 cu. ft. is in the stateroom. Themethods of achieving these economies are explained in following
III-10
paragraphs; however, it should be understood that hypothetically,
the room concept which was selected for testing was to be usedas one room in a complex of three rooms (stateroom, office andhead) for a station commander, and would not therefore be usedfor entertaining or socializing of any sort. It is strictly aone-man room, sized for functional not social or cultural accep-
tability. It is felt that neutral buoyancy testing will not pro-
vide much meaningful data regarding the latter two items.
The staterooms conceived and selected for neutral buoyancy
testing were designed to support all but one of the six basicactivities (social) outlined in the Habitability Data Handbook.These are: sleeping and relaxing in bed, private recreation,personal work, limited grooming and dressing. To support theseactivities, various pieces of equipment and storage areas wereprovided. The design process and related rationale used to as-semble these items into an efficient, effective stateroom arerepresented by the following list of considerations.
3. Stateroom Design Considerations
a. Spacial Economy - Taking advantage of the increased free-dom of movement resulting from the absence of the effects of gra-vity, more wall surface was utilized for storage and equipmentplacement than would have been practical in a gravity environment.This was done by creating two different "heads-up" orientationswithin the room. Activities (and related equipment) to be per-formed in each orientation were selected on the basis that noactivity interrelationships existed which would result in exces-sive personal reorienting. Specifically, all clothing storage andprovisions for limited grooming were located in the "lower" halfof the stateroom, while provisions for study, entertainment, sleep-
ing and relaxation were located in the "upper" half.
In addition to the wall space being fully utilized, the place-ment of items in the up or down half of the room does away with theneed for bending over to reach something since all items are atwaist level or above. This also makes maximum utilization of
volume required for access envelopes for storage and the interfacewith restraint devices.
Another area in which considerable spacial economy was rea-
lized was in the sizing and placement of hatches. Neutral buoy-ancy testing substantiated the adequacy of a 30" x 30" hatch andby locating one of the two required hatches in the "ceiling",only one hatch had to be placed in what could be considered prime
III-11
usable wall space. However, the hatch placed in the wall provideda considerable amount of visual volume in addition to providing adirect access to a passageway.
b. Activity/Equipment Relationship - Prior to commencinglayout studies, a chart was prepared illustrating the relationshipof activities to equipment in the stateroom. Using this chart asa guide, equipment and storage area groupings and locations wereestablished which would allow easy access to these items from re-lated activity positions of restraint. For example, based on theactivity/equipment relationship, the bed was positioned so that aperson restrained therein would have access to his personal effects,waste storage, general and directional lighting controls, CRT (en-tertainment) controls, the intercom, alarm clock controls, and theemergency oxygen unit. Those items to which access was requiredfrom both a "heads-up" and a "heads-down" orientation (li'ght con-trols, oxygen, etc.) were located in the center of the room.
c. Anthropometric Considerations (Point Movement) - Once theactivity grouping and rough locations were established, the finallocations were determined based on the reach characteristics ofman from the activity related restraint positions. In the caseof the stateroom, two prime positions of restraint were consideredessential, 1) the chair (personal work and relaxation) and 2) thebed (sleep and relaxation).
d. Spacial Requirements for Transfer Movement - The onlymajor transfer movement required within the stateroom is thatmovement required in reorientation from the "heads-up" to the"heads-down" position. As determined in neutral buoyancy test,a minimum clearance of 48" between partitions is required forcomfort when tumbling. Based on this minimum, the room lengthwas set at 60" to ensure ease of reorientation. This reorienta-tion can be accomplished with the desk and chair deployed, how-ever, there could be some interference with some storage compart-ments.
e. Equipment Spacial Requirements - The only three piecesof equipment for which definite size guidelines were availablewere hatches: 30" x 30", a folding desk: 18" x 30", and a bed:33" x 78". The bed being the largest element in the room was themajor determinant in establishing both the width (36") and height(78") of the room. The desk and chair access envelopes plus thevolume required to maneuver to the different orientations helpeddictate the length (60") of the room.
III-12
f. Level of Accommodations - As discussed in the first para-graph, the stateroom was designed to accommodate only its inhabi-tant. Any socializing or conferring would be accomplished in theadjacent office.
g. Safety - With the exception of mobility aid devices, themajority of elements within the area were represented as flush(wall) mounted. Edges of items which did protrude into the spacewere illustrated as rounded and emergency oxygen was located cen-trally in the space accessible from both major restraint posi-tions.
h. Visual Space - To relieve the possible claustrophobiceffects of working or relaxing for extended periods in the state-room, the main entrance into the room was placed in the side wallat the study/sleeping end of the room. From either major positionof restraint, the inhabitant could expand his visual space appre-ciably by opening the main hatch. This door was made as large aspossible (44" x 42") to take full advantage of the outside space.The other hatch (30" x 42") also added to the visual volume eventhough it was directly overhead when sitting in the chair res-traint.
i. Space-to-Space Orientation - Based on reported neutralbuoyancy experience, it has been observed that the people whentransferring from one space to another tend to reorient themselvesprior to entering the space when transferring from a large to asmall space. The opposite seems to be true when transferringfrom a small to a large space. Based on this assumption, it wasdecided that the vertical axis of the hatch to the bathroom andthe stateroom (the smallest rooms studied) should be orientedparallel to the major vertical axis of the room so as to indicateto a person entering these spaces how he should orient himself.It was further determined that the hatch or hatch handles couldbe marked or color coded to reflect the orientation of the roomwithin. Another noticable factor was that the natural tendencyfor the test subjects was to orient themselves to operate thedoors by pushing them to the sides rather than from top to bottom.
j. Appearance - The interior of the stateroom was kept assimple and visually clean as possible by consolidating relatedarticles into major storage compartments, i.e., all articles re-lating to study were stored behind the fold desk. Simplicityof design is especially important in small spaces such as a state-room which very easily becomes cluttered in appearance with theintroduction of too many items. Figure III-4 depicts the selectedconcept and the design layout is included as Figure III-5.
III-13
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III-15
4. Bathroom Design Concept
The bathroom concept selected for testing was developed uti-lizing dimensional figures of existing prototype hardware. Al-though it was to serve primarily as a private bathroom for thecommander, it might be required to support two people in an emer-gency and therefore adequate space was provided for one person touse the fecal collector or handwash unit while another person wasshowering. A number of one-man concepts developed made dual useof the shower volume for partial body wash, urination and defeca-tion. The room was designed to accommodate eight activities:1) urination, 2) defecation, 3) regurgitation, 4) partial bodywash, 5) whole body wash, 6) drying, 7) donning/doffing clothes,and 8) housekeeping. The gross volume of the bathroom tested was114 cu. ft., of which 36 cu. ft. is required by the shower. Ap-proximately 23 cu. ft. is taken up by equipment and equipmentstorage, leaving a net volume of 91 cu. ft., or 55 cu. ft. notincluding the shower. The visual volume from various positionsin the bathroom is essentially the same as the net volume sincethe hatches would remain closed when the bathroom is occupied.The design process and accompanying rationale is presented inthe following discussion of design considerations.
5. Bathroom Design Considerations
a. Spacial Economy - With the exception of the placement ofthe fecal collector at a 600 angle relative to the floor of thecompartment, the design of the bathroom has essentially a one-gorientation. The reasoning behind this is spacial efficiency.By designing the compartment as a single orientation unit, itwas not necessary to provide 48" clear "horizontal" space fortumbling. The maximum clear "horizontal" dimension in the bath-room is 41 inches which is above the handwash unit and the fecalcollector.
b. Activity/Equipment Relationship - Prior to commencinglayout studies, a table was prepared illustrating the relation-ship of activities to equipment in the bathroom. Using thischart as a guide, equipment and storage area groupings and loca-tions were established which would allow easy access to theseitems from related activity positions of restraint. The threemain points of restraint from which the majority of supportequipment has to be accessible are urination, defecation andpartial body wash.
III-16
c. Anthropometric Considerations (Point Movement) - Oncethe activity grouping and rough locations were established, thefinal locations were determined based on the reach characteristicsof man from the activity related restraint positions.
d. Spacial Requirements for Transfer Movement - Due to itssmall size and one-g orientation, all intercompartment movementwould probably be slight and simple in nature, accomplished whilein contact with some type of mobility aid (handles, etc.).
Hand rails provided on the fecal/urine collector, the hatchand the handwash unit should provide sufficient mobility and sup-port. A lap belt on the fecal collector would be a desirableaddition to provide complete restraint with both hands free.
e. Equipment Spacial Requirement - All equipment sizes usedin the development of concepts were taken from NASA documents.
f. Level of Accommodations - The bathroom was designed asa one-man unit with limited capability to support two people inan emergency with one person using the shower while another usedthe fecal/urine collector or handwash unit.
g. Safety - With the exception of mobility aid devices, themajority of elements within the area were represented as flush(wall) mounted. Edges of items which did protrude into the spacewere illustrated as rounded and emergency oxygen was located cen-trally in the space accessible from all major restraint positions.
h. Visual Space - Because the amount of time spent in thebathroom is so limited, maximum visual space was not consideredof prime importance. The space provided should prove adequatebased on experience with minimum sized bathroom facilities insuch commercial carriers as aircraft and railroad cars.
i. Space-to-Space Orientation - Due to the fact that nohead-to-foot reorientation was possible once inside the bathroom,the entry hatch opening was oriented parallel to the verticalaxis of the bathroom so that only a pivoting, rather than atumbling motion would be required of an individual to close thehatch once inside the room.
j. Appearance - The bathroom interior was kept as simpleand visually clean as possible.
III-17
k. Design Concepts - The bathroom concept selected to testis depicted in Figure III-6 and by the detailed design layoutidentified as Figure III-7.
6. Office Design Concept
The office layout selected for neutral buoyancy testing wasdesigned to accommodate the commander and two guests in a formal,businesslike orientation. The only equipment provided in the spacewas a work surface, some storage compartments, a console unit ofundefined nature and three restraints. This concept is depictedby Figure III-8. The office gross volume is 214 cu. ft. versus250 cu. ft. recommended for a one-gravity office for a six-mancrew, seating only two men. A three-man one-g office has a re-commended gross volume of 299 cu. ft. The office net volume isapproximately 160 cu. ft. The visual volume for a man seatedin the commander's chair with hatches closed is approximately110 cu. ft.; for a man seated in one of the visitor's chairswith hatches closed, the visual volume is approximately 85 cu.ft. When the office/stateroom hatch is fully open, a man seatedin the commander's chair (in the recommended furniture configu-ration) has a visual volume total of approximately 170 cu. ft.,of which 100 cu. ft. is within the office (observer turned, look-ing toward hatch); 70 cu. ft. of the stateroom is visible fromsuch a position.
Used in conjunction with the stateroom and bathroom conceptspreviously discussed, the office became a focal point of traffic.With three hatches in a relatively small, multiple-occupancy space,some rather difficult traffic problems occur. This is compoundedby the fact that people entering this space are coming from evensmaller spaces (passage, bathroom and stateroom), and will mostlikely be reorienting themselves after entering the room, whichcould be a rather space consuming activity. Due to the potentialproblems of traffic/restrained personnel interference, the officewas designed for maximum flexibility within a fixed size space.
The design consisted of a rectilinear volume 5'-6" x 6'-0"x 6'-6" with hatches located in three bulkheads. The means wereprovided to reorient the hatch axis 900 depending on the testresult input. Similarly, the desk/console unit was designed(maximum dimensions 5'-5") so that it could be placed in anyorientation within the office space reflecting the need for changeas determined by neutral buoyancy test.
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III-21
The three rooms, Commander's Stateroom Complex, were assembledas illustrated by Figure III-9 for the majority of the test. Aconfiguration with the bathroom over the stateroom was also testedto determine additional traffic patterns and acceptability ofthis concept.
C. WARDROOM/GALLEY DESIGN CONCEPT
1. Wardroom Design
The wardroom design concept selected for neutral buoyancytesting has been designed to serve as a dining room, lounge, re-creation room, library, study and chapel.
The concept reflects the belief that the design characterof the area should reflect the needs of the primary use. Speci-fically, the attempt has been to create a simple, unclutteredenvironment for dining and lounging by visually separating thegalley from dining/lounge area and keeping storage units and en-vironmental and audio visual control units to a minimum.
To avoid an erector set appearance, the directions and dis-tances required to move such items as tables and "chairs" duringarea reconfiguration have been minimized. This also serves toreduce time and effort involved in reconfiguring the area, thusreducing the nuisance factor and simplifying implementation ofautomation if desired.
The concept that was selected to be tested is depicted byFigure III-10. This concept provides for a one-man galley atten-dant, easy access including visibility, to all seats withoutmoving over the other diners, access to the tray pick-up pointfrom several directions, staging area for personnel prior to foodtray pick-up, dual purpose table-flat for conferences and bevelededges to accept food trays, table can be stowed in ceiling dividerto provide multiple usage of the room, lounge area for 2 to 4 men,and swivel and adjustable seat restraint devices. The detaileddesign layout is included in addition to the perspective view andis identified as Figure III-11. The wardroom as tested has agross volume of 444 cu. ft. The net volume, excluding eightchairs, a dining/conference table, and a recreation table andstorage modules, is approximately 312 cu. ft.
2. Wardroom Design Considerations
a. Spacial Economy - To realize maximum spacial economyin the dining/lounge area, advantageous use has been made of the
III-22
Commander's Stateroom ComplexFigure III-9
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III-25
zero-gravity environment by directing traffic to the dining areafrom above, thus eliminating the need for "horizontal" aisles.
This has been accomplished in such a manner that the premiseof "no flying over a table" is not violated, and so that a persondescending into a restraint position may maintain contact with amobility aid at all times for precise movement control.
The "floor area" of the dining and lounge areas combined is77 square feet or 13 square feet per man. A one-g design basedon the same seating arrangement would have required a minimum of32 square feet more space to accommodate minimum sized aisles onboth sides of the dining table.
Since no "standing" activities are planned for the area, theceiling height has been set at 5'-6", or about one foot above eyelevel for the average seated male. This height is 12"-18" lowerthan existing guidelines, however, this should be acceptable sincethe ceiling panel appears to float 2 feet away from both side wallsand should therefore allow for considerable spacial bleed-up andaround the ceiling panel.
b. Activity/Equipment Relationship - Prior to commencinglayout studies, a table was prepared to illustrate the relation-ship of activities to equipment in the wardroom galley area.Using this chart as a guide, equipment and storage area groupingsand locations were established which would allow easy access tothese items from related activity positions of restraint. Basedon this analysis, the following three basic equipment/storagelocations have been created: 1) food preparation, 2) audio/videocontrol and conference/religious storage, and 3) recreational/lounging storage. All units in each area are accessible from asingle point of restraint.
c. Anthropometric Considerations (Point Movement) - Oncethe activity grouping and rough locations were established, thefinal locations were determined based on the reach characteristicsof man from the activity related restraint positions.
d. Spacial Requirements for Transfer Movement - The threemajor types of transfer movement relating to the wardroom galleycomplex are: 1) ingress to wardroom area (with or without tray),2) transfer from dining to lounge area within the wardroom, and3) egress from wardroom (with or without tray). As shown in theillustration of the complex in the dining mode, a person descend-ing into or ascending out of the area would control his movementsby means of a hand rail located above the sides of the ceilingpartition and running the entire length of the wardroom.
III-26
The height of the hand rail is such that a woman of averageheight would have no trouble reaching it from a restrained posi-tion prior to ascending out of the area.
Transfer movement from the dining area to the lounge areawould normally be made only during non-meal hours in which casethe dining/conference table would be stowed in the recessed areain the ceiling panel, creating a completely open room. Transfermovement would then simply be a matter of push off (from seat orfoot restraint) and point-to-point transfer. As in the ingress/egress transfer, finite movement control could be accomplishedby utilizing the overhead hand rail.
e. Equipment Spacial Requirements - The two pieces of equip-ment which had a major impact on the size of the wardroom werethe tables. The dining table and recreation table sizes werebased on existing guidelines, that is 30" x 84" for the six-mantable (28" width per man) and a 30" diameter four-man table forrecreation.
f. Level of Accommodations - The wardroom was designed toaccommodate six people involved in one or more activities at onetime. To allow for and to facilitate ease of area modificationsrequired to accommodate the various activities, all restraintsare mounted to horizontal tracks running the entire length of theroom. The mounting bracket arm, running from the track to thecentered restraint vertical support, would allow the user toswivel., adjust the restraint height and adjust the distance fromthe wall. All of these adjustments would be accomplished by anindividual in a restrained position who, after releasing thelocking mechanism, would essentially "walk" to the position de-sired. It is important to note that all area modifications canbe accomplished from restrained positions.
A description of the various wardroom activities consideredin the concept development effort follows:
Dining/Conference - To support this activity, the diningtable would be lowered to the desired height (30"-35"). In thismode movies could be shown (i.e., during conference), however,the support posts would cause some visual interference.
Two-Table Recreation - Both tables may be used simultaneouslywith two people at the recreation table and four at the dining/conference table.
III-27
Film/TV Projection (Entire Crew) - For unobstructed viewingof projected films or TV, the dining conference table would beraised into the ceiling panel creating a completely open room.Next, the six dining restraints would be repositioned with thedistance between restraints being increased from 24" to 32" ormore, the rear most restraints (relative to projection screen)moved toward the center of the room and the forward most res-traints moved as close to the side walls as comfortable.
Film/TV Projection and Recreation - For this mixed mode,the four rear restraints (relative to projection screen) wouldbe positioned similarly to those described in the paragraph above,while the forward two dining restraints would be moved forward tothe recreation table. Finally, a midroom projection screen/spacedivider would be unfolded from the underside of the dining table.In this mode, 2 or 4 people could relax playing cards while theother two crew members watched a movie or vice versa. In thismode the people viewing the movie would most likely use headsetsfor audio pick-up to reduce interactivity friction.
g. Safety - One of the major concerns reparding safety in apublic area is the ability of people therein to exit quickly inthe event of an emergency. This ability is maximized in this con-cept by the fact that all individuals can exit immediately fromthe area simultaneously by simply ascending over the ceiling panel.
Ten emergency oxygen units (4 over the recreation table andsix over the dining/conference table) are located in the peripheryof the ceiling panel.
With the exception of mobility aid devices, the majority ofelements within the area are represented as flush (wall) mountedand edges of items which protrude into the space are illustratedas rounded.
h. Visual Space - Although the ceiling panel is quite lowrelative to existing guidelines (5'-6" versus 6'-6" to 7'-0"),the space bleed around both sides of the panel should prevent anyfeeling of claustrophobia. The low position of the ceiling panelis intended as a means of inhibiting inhabitants from looking upinto the passage and galley areas.
i. Space-to-Space Orientation - The wardroom is designedso as to allow an individual to select his restraint and orienthimself accordingly prior to entering the area. This is accom-plished through the use of a ceiling system which would allow theindividual entering the area to view the entire.room prior to
III-28
entering to enable him to make a decision as to where to sit orwho to sit next to, etc. This could be accomplished in variousways, such as a one-way mirror or egg crate system of louvers.Entering the wardroom from the galley restraint position wouldsimply entail executing a 1800 longitudinal roll, looking intothe area to select a restraint and orienting oneself for entryinto that restraint position. Upon leaving the wardroom area,an individual would be able to assume any orientation aided bythe hand rail running the entire length of the ceiling panel.
j. Appearance - The appearance of the wardroom has beenkept as simple and visually clean as possible by consolidatingrelated articles and equipment into common storage or consoleunits. For example, all audio visual, special effects lighting,etc., have been located together and hidden from view by a coverpanel. Details of the use of color, texture, trim, etc., arebeyond the scope of this contract; however, let it suffice tosay that this area should be detailed to provide visual relieffrom what may be a rather mechanical interior throughout the
working areas of the station.
3. Galley Design Concept
The galley design is based on the premise that all food pre-paration and cleanup activities are performed by one man. Thegalley contains storage space for food, trays, utensils andhousekeeping equipment; in addition, refrigerator and oven space,a work counter, and a complete water storage system is provided.Because of these hardware requirements and the need to store 84
man-days of food and water in the galley, the area is devotedlargely to storage space. The galley gross volume is approxi-mately 120 cu. ft. and the net volume is approximately 35 cu.ft., meaning that 85 cu. ft. are occupied by storage space, hard-ware, etc. The volume available for the galley attendant to per-form his duties is entirely adequate and all storage and workareas are readily accessible.
a. Spacial Economy - Because of the relatively large volumesrequired for food and equipment storage, spacial economy is rea-lized principally by making the galley a one-man area. At notime is more than one man in the galley area; prepared food traysare placed at a retrieval point accessible from the outside of thegalley where crewmen pick up their individual meals. The galleyattendant has all the necessary equipment and material withinhis reach.
III-29
b. Anthropometric Considerations - The net volume of thegalley (35 cu. ft.) and the individual dimensions are sufficientfor the attendant to perform all functions, movements, ingress andegress from the galley. Using the toe bar restraint and handholdsprovided, all storage spaces and equipment-can be reached from thenormal position.
c. Spacial Requirements for Transfer Movements - Ingressinto and egress from the galley area are the only major transfermovements relating to the galley. All functions in the galley canbe performed from one position. Movement to and from the galleycan be accomplished from a number of different positions; handrails located on each side of the galley along the entire lengthof the wardroom/galley partition can be utilized as mobility aids.
d. Equipment Spacial Requirements - The requirement that a84 man-day supply of food and water plus related equipment bestored in the galley is the major factor in determining grossgalley volume. A total of 85 cu. ft. is required for food stor-age, refrigerator, freezer, oven, tray and utensil storage, house-keeping equipment, and water system.
e. Level of Accommodations - The galley was designed to ac-commodate only one person who performs all the food preparationand cleanup functions from one position. Since the tasks to beperformed are very specific and limited, the galley design, in-cluding restraint requirements and equipment placement, is vastlysimplified. Food items can be taken from the oven, refrigeratoror storage lockers as required and placed in the tray restrainedon the work counter. Water and other beverages can be added asrequired and, as each meal is completed, the filled tray is placedin the retrieval area above the attendant's head where it is pickedup by the individual crewman. The attendant can prepare his owntray, move to the wardroom dining area and return to the galleywhen he completes his meal. When each crewman completes his meal,he places the tray back in the appropriate slot in the tray pickuparea. The galley attendant takes each tray, discards empty foodcontainers, food waste, etc. and uses the housekeeping equipmentto clean the tray, work counter and other items as necessary.All trays and equipment are then placed in their storage locationsand the galley is configured for the next meal period.
f. Safety - In the event of an emergency, the galley atten-dant can safely and quickly exit the area in any of three differentdirections. The attendant can easily see any people exiting fromthe wardroom and plan his own exit accordingly.
III111-30
The attendant can quickly reach one of the six emergencyoxygen units located in the wardroom ceiling panel if the emer-gency occurs while he is in the galley.
With the exception of mobility aid devices, the majority ofthe elements within the area are flush mounted and all edges arerounded.
g. Visual Space - The spacial economy built into the galleyand its limited level of accommodations greatly reduces the visualspace but the requirements in such a case are also very limited.
h. Space-to-Space Orientation - No changes in orientationoccur within the galley area. All turning, bending and reachingfunctions are performed from one position. The most complex move-ment required is entering the wardroom from the galley restraintposition, which requires only a 1800 longitudinal roll and orient-ing for entry into the desired wardroom restraint position.
i. Appearance - The galley is designed strictly as a workarea, with functional and cleanliness requirements paramount.The unit should be arranged to provide a pleasant environment inwhich to prepare food.
IV-1
IV, NEUTRAL BUOYANCY TESTING AND EVALUATION
A. GFP CHAIRS/RESTRAINTS
During this phase of the program, the two GFP chairs weretested in the neutral buoyancy facility to determine their meritsand deficiencies. For identification purposes, the GFP supportswere designated Chair A for the support defined by NASA drawingSAY 44100043 and Chair B for NASA drawing SEC 39-103430. A testplan was prepared to determine the form, fit, and functional capa-bilities of the chairs for a zero-g environment. This includeddetermining the optimum height, seat-to-back support relationship,optimum chair position for relaxation, optimum distance from andorientation to a writing surface, optimum distance and orienta-tion to a control panel, restraint devices assessment, and mobi-lity aids incorporated in the design. Two test subjects of dif-ferent size were used for each sequence or task to obtain morefactual data. One test subject was 6 feet 2-1/2 inches tall andweighed 194 pounds, the other test subject was 5 feet 6 inchestall and weighed 155 pounds. Other dimensions recorded for thetest subjects in a normal seated position were: lower back tothe inside (calf) of leg and to the outside (front of knee),floor to underside of upper leg (thigh) and to top of upper leg(thigh), seat width, and reach.
One factor which adversely affected the capabilities ofChair A was the looseness of the support shaft. This is borneout in the movie film and the test subject's comments relatingto the instability of the chair. It was clearly evident thatthe chair must serve as a mobility aid and/or restraint forentering or exiting the chair and on the approach or leavingthe chair area.
In evaluating the two items, Chair B satisfied more require-ments than Chair A for form, fit, and function. However, it wasdetermined that foot restraints will determine chair height de-pending on where they are located. The use of the chair for amobility aid is essential, but other aids must be provided togive the astronauts the control needed to maneuver to the chairwith accuracy and safety. Also to accommodate various size as-tronauts, very little if any adjustments are needed for perfor-mance of tasks.
IV-2
B. PRELIMINARY NEUTRAL BUOYANCY TESTING
The preliminary neutral buoyancy tests were performed to ob-tain data that could be applied directly to the design of archi-tectural concepts and furniture items. The dimensions, volumes,and shapes obtained during these tests provided a base for thedesign of 'the stateroom and galley/wardroom to accommodate thefunctions and requirements for an extended zero-g shirtsleeve en-vironment. The tests consisted of testing restraint devices,mobility aids, volume vs tasks, traffic/locomotion patterns,zero-g man model definition, efficiency of volume, and exploreorientation. Table IV-1 is a summary of the preliminary neutralbuoyancy testing evaluation. The data has been further analyzedand minimum standard dimensions presented in the A/E Handbooksupplement to aid designers for spacecraft habitability. FiguresIV-1 through IV-19 depict various task elements tested duringthis phase.
C. PROTOTYPE CHAIR/TABLE TEST AND EVALUATION
The prototype chair and table developed during this contractwas tested per the test plan prepared by MMC and approved by NASA-MSC. These tests were to verify the design of the chair and tablefor use in an extended zero-gravity shirtsleeve environment. Thespecific items determined were: 1) optimum chair and tableheight/angle; 2) optimum distance from and orientation to awriting surface; 3) lap belt restraint assessment; 4) relativeease of operation; and 5) mobility aids incorporated into thefurniture design.
The results from the neutral buoyancy testing of the chair/table indicated that the general design met all the requirementsfor a restraint and a writing surface for a zero-g environment.The basic evaluation is presented in Table IV-2 with.a more de-tailed evaluation presented in the sequence of Figures IV-20through IV-27. In Figures IV-20 through IV-22, the lip of thechair is being used as a restraint device (handhold) to maneuverthe body to a sitting position. Figure IV-23 shows the chairseat being used as a mobility aid to direct his translation withthe hand and as a push-off point with the feet. Figure IV-24illustrates the use of the foot restraint D-ring as a mobilityaid to push off in a different attitude. Figure IV-25 depictsthe subject using the height adjustment mechanism to obtain acomfortable position. The height adjustment is necessary toaccommodate the various sized individuals with the least amountof stress. Figure IV-26 illustrates the subject using his foot
0o
IV-3
Table IV-1 Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation
Test I Restraint Devices
Task Element Description I Comments
I-1 Sitting
I-2 Sitting
I-3 Sitting
I-4 Sitting
I-5 Sitting
I-6 Sitting
II-1 Standing
II-2 Standing
II-3 Standing
Standing
With lap belt restraint, assumesa relaxed position, then simu-lates work tasks.
With toe restraint, assumes arelaxed position, then simulateswork tasks.
With foot restraints, assumes arelaxed position, then simulates
With thigh restraints, assumes arelaxed position, then simulateswork tasks.
With shoulder restraints, assumesa relaxed position, then simulateswork tasks.
With best combinations of res-traints, assumes a relaxed posi-tion, then simulates work tasks.
With foot restraints, reaches inall directions.
With foot restraints, removes andreplaces objects from drawers orcabinets using both hands
With waist restraint, reaches inall directions.
With waist restraint, removes andreplaces objects from cabinetsand drawers using both hands.
Very good for work tasks & re-laxing, however feet wouldfloat up if allowed to do so.As a waist restraint it res-tricted movement a consider-able amount. (see Figure IV-1)
Was satisfactory for work tasksof short duration only. (seeFigure IV-2)
Was satisfactory for work tasksof short duration only. (seeFigure IV-3)
Very good for work tasks andrelaxing, however like thebelt, the lower legs would tendto float up. Adjustment is de-finitely required. (see FigureIV-4)
Restrained the upper torso verywell but prevented movementoutside the arm reach. (seeFigure IV-5)
Either lap belt or thigh and atoe or foot restraint was sat-isfactory. Therefore the lapbelt and toe bar is recommended.(see Figure IV-6)
Satisfactory for most tasks,very flexible.(see Figure IV-7)
Satisfactory for long-durationtasks that do not requirelarge torque values. (seeFigure IV-7)
Not satisfactory as a onepoint attachment. (see FigureIV-8)
Satisfactory only if a down-ward force is applied at twopoints, one each side. (seeFigure IV-8)
II-4
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IV-4
Table IV-1 Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation (continued)
Test I Restraint Devices (continued)
Task Element Description Comments
II-5 Standing
II-6 Standing
II-7 Standing
II-8 Standing
II-9 Standing
II-10 Standing
III-1 Sleeping
III-2 Sleeping
IV-1 Stowage
Using handhold or rail, reachesin all directions with free hand.
Using handhold or rail, removesand replaces objects from drawersor cabinets with free hand.
With toe rail restraint, reachesin all directions.
With toe rail restraint, removesand replaces objects from drawersand cabinets.
Using a combination of restraints,reaches in all directions.
Using aremovesdrawers
combination of restraints,and replaces objects fromor cabinets.
C
Enters sleep restraint and as-sumes sleeping positions.
With sleep restraint unzipped,restrains himself with belts atwaist, thighs, and chest and as-sumes sleep positions.
Using various restraint aids,stows various objects.
IVery satisfactory within limitsof the hand hold, approximately5 foot radius from the handhold. (see Figure IV-9)
Very good for one handed opera-tions, some energy needed tostabilize body position. (seeFigure IV-9)
Very satisfactory, gave goodcontrol in reaching even direc-tly behind the test subject.Dimensions: 1" Dia. with 2"clearance between floor andrail. (see Figure IV-10)
Very good for many positionsand doing tasks that requirelittle torque. Toe rail shouldbe designed for the area as partof consoles cabinets, etc. (seeFigure IV-1I)
Toe or foot restraint with oc-casional need for hand holdsperformed best.
Toe or foot restraint with twopoint waist restraint providedmaximum stability but limitedmovement. Toe or foot withhand holds provided good stabi-lity and maximum movement.
Sleep restraint provided com-plete restraint of the entire
body. (see Figure IV-11)
In the unzipped position thefeet were still restrained andthe belts would restrain therest of the body as long asthey were at the waist or chest.(see Figure IV-12)
Velcro strips, bungee cards,snaps in this order are recom-mended for stowing small ob-jects.
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IV-5
Table IV-1 Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation (continued)
Test II Volume vs Tasks
Task Element Description Comments
I-1 Clothing Don-Doft clothing in various size A small room provides restraintrooms. Obtain optimum room size. enough by wedging. No res-
traints needed for dofting andI-2 Clothing Repeat of step 1 using restraint needed only occasionally for
devices as required. donning.
I-3 Hygiene Use the hygiene facilities by Hygiene facilities needed onlyTasks donning-dofting clothes, using enough room for clearance.
waste management device, and per- Additional restraint hand holds
sonal grooming. Obtain optimum required along side of seat and
room size. more positive restraint in de-fecation position. (see FigureIV-13)
I-4 Sleeping Enter sleep area, undress, enter Sleep area only requires enoughand exit sleep restraint. Obtain volume to don-doft clothes and
optimum room size. provide storage for clothesand other personal equipment.
I-5 Food Prepare food trays and place at Space to store food and equip-central pickup point. Obtain ment such as trays and prepara-optimum free volume. tion equipment are the deter-
mining factors for the galley.Free volume is very minimal.(see Figure IV-14)
I-6 Exercise Enter exercise area, prepare A small room, 120 ft3, is suf-equipment, and perform exercises. fucient for stretch and otherObtain required volume, similar exercising. Large free
area, 325 ft3 , needed for soar-ing and bouncing exercise.(see Figure IV-15)
I-7 Maneuver- Enter room in a soaring attitude Free area must be 4 feet by 4
ability then tumble 360 degrees forward, feet and at least shoulderwidth wide,
IV-6
Table IV-1 Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation (continued)
Test III Traffic Locomotion Patterns
Task Element Description -- mments
I-1 SinglePassage
I-1 DoublePassage
I-3 Hatch, Open
I-4 Hatch,Closed
I-5 Stateroom
I-6 Wardroom
One test subject translatingthrough passageways.
Two test subjects translatethrough passageways at same time.
Test subject passes through openhatches, round and rectangular.
Test subject simulates openinghatch, passes through, closehatch, and move away.
Test subject translates to vari-ous areas in the stateroom.
Test subject translates to vari-ous areas in the wardroom.
Passage size is dependent uponsie of personnel, cross sec-tion o~ 24" x 30" is more thanadequate. (see Figure IV-16)
The 30" diameter was close butcould be negotiated, 48" widthwas much better.(see Figure IV-17)
The 30" diameter hatch was ade-quate for all single passages,although a rectangle or squarehatch would satisfy the require-ment.
Hand holds required in vicinityof hatch for loads and maneu-verability. (see Figure IV-18)
Since walls were always inreach with hand or foot no pro-blems anticipated.
With all furnishings installed,no trouble should be encounteredin moving about a large area,
Test IV Zero-G Man Model Definition
I-1 Activity Compare the task performed in Major difference is in movingEvaluation one-g and the neutral buoyancy from one place to another and
facility. controlling that movement inzero-g. Hands are used exten-sively for positioning thebody.
Test V Efficiency of Volume
I-1 Efficiency From the test performed, deter- In the restraint category, handmine the efficiency of the vari- holds, toe or foot, and lapous devices and where equipment belt are essential. Room fur-(chairs, cabinets, etc.) should nishings must be placed, withinbe located. the volume available, to allow
astronauts to use the equipmentand maneuver as required.
IV-7
Table IV-1 Preliminary Neutral Buoyancy Test Evaluation (concluded)
Test VI Explore Orientation
Task Element Description Comments
I-1 Orientation Test subject enters a room facing Test subject had no trouble ina minimum of four different ways orienting himself with respectand then orients himself to the to the room. Either a roll or
room configuration. pitch maneuver was required toposition himself in relationto the room.
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to release the lock on the lateral adjustment of the table. Asindicated by the neutral buoyancy test, this feature is desirableand either the chair restraint or the table should have lateraladjustment to provide flexibility and as a change for personalpreference. Figure IV-27 depicts a 95 percentile subject usingthe equipment and using the bar on the table support as a footrestraint. The deliverable item will be streamlined with someredesign of the support, belt restraint, swivel mechanism, andD-ring foot restraint.
D, STATEROOM COMPLEX TESTING AND EVALUATION
The neutral buoyancy testing of the Commander's StateroomComplex as depicted by Figure IV-28, consists of a stateroom,bathroom, and office, was performed per the test plan preparedby MMC and approved by NASA-MSC. The dimensions, volumes, andshapes tested verified the design of a stateroom complex toaccommodate the functions and task requirements for an extendedmission of zero gravity in a shirtsleeve environment.
The test subjects' comments verified the design, in that,they felt there was adequate room to perform the normal habita-bility tasks and yet not feel restricted. Some design featuresthat were particularly appealing were the size and operation ofthe hatches, hand holds to operate the hatch doors, restraintdevices consisting of handholds and foot bars in the bathroom,restraint provided by the table and chairs in the office andstateroom, and the mobility aids incorporated into the table,chairs, desk, and door handles in addition to all other surfacesin the rooms. A more detailed evaluation of the stateroom com-plex is provided in Table IV-3 through IV-5.
E. GALLEY/WARDROOM TEST AND EVALUATION
The neutral buoyancy testing of the Galley/Wardroom was per-formed per the test plan prepared by MMC and approved by NASA-MSC.The dimensions and volumes verified a galley/wardroom complexwhich would accommodate the functions and task requirements of azero-gravity shirtsleeve environment. The tested configurationis shown in Figure IV-49.
The test results indicated the overall design was adequateto perform the tasks outlined in the test plan. However, therewere two areas that proved to be more of a nuisance factor andothers were deficiencies in the design of the mock-up and theassociated equipment. In the niusance factor category, the
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placement of the food tray pick-up area was too low and forcedthe galley attendant into an awkward position when placing forpick-up or retrieving a food tray. The other nuisance factor wasthe lack of elbow room when seated at the dining table. Both ofthese factors can be alleviated by proper placement, such as,moving the tray pick-up point up and moving the chairs to main-tain 12 inches between chair seats when in the dining position.The deficiencies consisted of the need for a hand hold in thetray pick-up area, moving the foot restraint to a distance of24 inches from the chair support for the fixed chairs, and thetray design proved hard to hold and control.
Another design deficiency was the relationship of the traypick-up point with entry hatches and the dining area. This causedmany maneuvers of repositioning the body during locomotion to thetray pick-up point and then to the dining table. In a zero-gra-vity environment a direct point-to-point line of travel is desirableand will require fewer mobility aids.
A more detailed evaluation of the galley/wardroom complex isprovided in Tables IV-6 and IV-7.
F. ORIENTATION AND TRAFFIC PATTERNS
The orientation and traffic patterns for all the rooms inves-tigated were evaluated and the results shown in Table IV-8.
G. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS
Table IV-9 presents the parametric analysis of the roomstested with respect to the mission model as referenced in thecontract statement of work. Since only one of each room wastested, the mission model parameters were evaluated as applicableto each room. Although other configurations for the rooms arenot shown in the table, the mission parameters were consideredand used in eliminating the other design concepts as well as inselection of the design tested.
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V-1
V. DOCUMENTATION
A, STUDY PLAN, MSC-03775
The study plan outlines Martin Marietta Corporation's approach,
milestones, anticipated results, and workload allocation for Neu-tral Buoyancy Testing of Architectural and Environmental Conceptsof Space Vehicle Design. This DRL Number T-628 Line Item 6 was
submitted to NASA-MSC and approved by Clarence Council, TechnicalMonitor, NASA-MSC in June 1971.
B. BIBLIOGRAPHY/SYNOPSIS REPORT, MSC-03771
The bibliography synopsis report contains the results of anextensive search of available material pertaining to architectu-ral and environmental concepts for long-term space missions. The
report utilizes a subject index to categorize each of the 76 docu-ments researched and cited in the report into one or more of six
subjects. The six subject areas are: Extraterrestrial Habitabi-lity Concepts, Terrestrial Architectural Concepts, Neutral Buoy-ancy Testing, Mobility/Restraint Concepts, Astronaut Performance/Task Evaluation, and Cross-Cultural Architectural Concepts. Thedata were obtained from government documents, professional soci-eties, books, trade journals, Martin Marietta documents, corpora-tion contacts, recent professional conferences, and personal con-tacts with several NASA astronauts.
C. MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT, MCR-71-219
In addition to other reports, a monthly progress report ofall work performed during each month of the contract has been
submitted. The reports are in narrative form, brief, and infor-mative in content. They include the information specified in
the format by Data Requirement Description MA-179T.
D. TEST PLANS
Test plans for the following neutral buoyancy testing have
been coordinated with the Technical Monitor and received his ap-
proval: GFP Restraint Evaluation; Preliminary Neutral BuoyancyTests of Volumes, Tasks, Furniture Items, and Mobility/RestraintDevices; Chair and Table Prototype; Commander's Stateroom Com-plex consisting of the stateroom, office, and bathroom; and
Galley/Wardroom Complex. The last three plans are included in
this report as Appendices A, B, and C.
V-2
E, MID-CONTRACT REPORT, MSC-03772
This report contained a summary of the progress and an evalu-ation of the effort through the first half of the contract. Thecontract portions covered in the report were the analysis studies,final conceptual design developed, and the neutral buoyancy test-ing and evaluation summary up through the prototype chair/tabletesting.
F. TEST FILM AND PHOTOGRAPHS
During the neutral buoyancy testing, significant results arerecorded on 16 mm movie film, video tape, and still photographs.For all the tests conducted, approximately 5200 feet of moviefilm, 4500 feet of video tape, and 180 still photographs weretaken and submitted to NASA-MSC. The schedule of when the filmand photographs were presented to NASA-MSC is as follows: GFPChair Restraints, August 2, 1971; Preliminary Neutral BuoyancyTesting, October 12, 1971; Prototype Chair and Table, November15, 1971; Commander's Stateroom Complex, January 13, 1972; Galley/Wardroom Complex, February 10, 1972.
G. A/E HANDBOOK AND RATIONALE SUPPLEMENTS, MSC-01530 & 01532
The A/E Handbook Supplement is intended to update the Habi-tability Data Handbook, Volume 2, MSC-03909 Architecture andEnvironment in a zero-gravity environment. The data supplied inthe supplement will provide designers with pertinent informationin the design of habitability areas and furniture items for usein zero gravity.
The rationale supplement provides the rationale for the in-formation supplied in the A/E Handbook Supplement. Referencesare made to the neutral buoyancy movie film and photographs tosubstantiate certain aspects of the design as indicated in thehandbook.
H, SUMMARY REPORT, MSC-03774
The summary report is submitted in conjunction with thisfinal report and will not exceed 10 pages. The report containsan introduction, study scope and objectives, relationship toother NASA efforts, method of approach and principal assumptions,basic data generated and significant results, study limitations,implications for research, and suggested additional effort.
VI-1
VI. SUMMARY OF A/E DESIGN FOR ZERO GRAVITY
This section is included to present a summary of the appli-cability to space vehicles and the effects of zero gravity uponarchitectural/environmental design as determined by efforts ofthe contract. The Architectural and Environmental Handbook Sup-plement, NASA/MSC document 01530, is considered a part of thissection as specific criteria for zero gravity.
A. APPLICABILITY TO SPACE VEHICLES
The data obtained for habitability during the contract canbe applied to either a very large volume space vehicle or a morecondensed vehicle where areas must serve multi-functions. Thisis illustrated in both the commander's stateroom complex and thegalley/wardroom complex where for the larger space vehicles theentire complexs could be accommodated but for smaller vehiclesonly portions of the complex would be used. Therefore, it canbe summarized to say that the specific function', task, and fur-niture to support the function or task of the mission determinesthe amount of space to be allocated to habitability areas. Al-though for all missions, provisions must be provided for foodpreparation and hygiene facilities and the tasks of eating, sleep-ing, relaxing, and performing manual tasks will be performed. Tosupport these areas the data generated during the contract isdirectly applicable for the galley, the bathroom without theshower, and the performance of the related tasks in a zero-gravityenvironment. An example of a space vehicle which would requiregalley and hygiene capabilities and the access envelope for lifesustaining activities would be the projected shuttle orbiter ve-hicle. The design concepts for these two areas and the data re-lating to the activities could be incorporated directly into thisvehicle.
B. EFFECTS OF ZERO GRAVITY ON A/E DESIGN
The effect of zero gravity on A/E design is to increase theoptions available to the designer by, as previously stated, takingadvantage of all wall surfaces for mounting equipment, requirementfor smaller openings between rooms, and the ability for point-to-point transfer. The major result of these options is the require-ment for less volume than a normal gravity situation and the sub-jective feeling of spaciousness by the person in the environment.
VI-2
The optimum volume required for a one-man stateroom for a30-day mission in a zero-gravity environment was determined andverified by neutral buoyancy testing to be 122 cubic feet, ofwhich 25 cubic feet is for storage. This volume provided a com-fortable space for sleeping, personal relaxation, and a privateoffice. Access to the room was via two sliding doors, one 30" x42" between another room and one 42" x 44" into a passageway.The furniture items, sleep restraint, desk, and chair providedample restraint and mobility aids when deployed. With the furni-ture in the stowed configuration, the walls and door handles pro-vided the restraint and mobility aids necessary to perform generalhabitability tasks of housekeeping, retrieving and stowing objects,and translation through the room. The minimum volume to be allowedper man in a six-man crew is approximately 49 cubic feet. Thisvolume would provide for sleeping and changing clothes immediatelyin front of the sleep restraints and is arrived at by the 36" x 78"sleep restraint and the 30" access room in front of the sleep res-traint. With a six-man crew, there would be a minimum of 37.5cubic feet of additional visual volume for each individual state-room. This is determined by a 30" x 36" x 60" passageway foraccess to the room. A stateroom for four or more men will reducethe volume per man requirement down to approximately 40 cubicfeet (60" x 60" x 78"), not including storage, for a 30-day mission.For longer missions up to 180 days, a volume of approximately 68
cubic feet (72" x 84" x 78"), not including storage, per man isrequired in a four-man stateroom. These multi-man staterooms werenot tested, however, the data applicable to a multi-man stateroomcan be determined by knowing the equipment required to support thesleep function and the access volume required for this equipment.It must be noted that access volume can be shared with more thanone function as long as the functions occur at different times.These statements can be applied to any area of habitability andis not confined specifically to a stateroom.
The effect of zero gravity on furniture design is not asdrastic as on volume, however, there are ways to incorporatezero gravity required devices into furniture. In zero gravitymeans must be provided to control body movement at all times,even when relaxing or sleeping., The sleeping-bag type sleep res-traint mounted vertically on the wall is the farthest departurefrom one-gravity furniture. It is even more important in zerogravity to observe the general design criteria of MIL-STD-1472Ain regard to sharp edges and all other safety requirements. Thisis due to the fact that man can utilize all parts of a volumeand the ease in which the body can achieve a velocity that couldbe detrimental when contact is made with an object. The furniture
VI-3
item should incorporate handholds or other restraint and mobilityaids that are required for man to interface with the item. An ex-ample of this is a lip of at least 3/4 inch radius on chairs, desks,tables, and cabinet faces to allow for a handhold or serve as apush-off point. Other features are that belts or other restraintdevices should not be placed on a body positioning muscle and atwo-point contact must always be maintained. Some furniture itemswill be designed for specific functions or tasks although thebasic design features as mentioned above still apply. For instancethe support for a sitting restraint may vary greatly for differenttasks as well as the need for a foot restraint.
Another aspect of architectural design for zero gravity isthe method of locomotion of man in zero gravity. Man's primarymode of locomotion is to translate in a stretched-out head-firstmanner and if possible, maintaining contact with some surfacewith either his hands, feet, or other parts of his body. As heapproaches doors or furniture items, he orients his body with res-pect to the task of opening the door or interfacing with the fur-niture item by using either specific mobility aids, which are notrequired in most areas, or any surface that is in the area. There-fore, since all surfaces in a volume may become hand, feet, orother parts of the body contact points, controls such as switches,push buttons, etc. must be protected to prevent inadvertent actu-ation. Also because of the freedom available in zero gravity formaneuvering, the feet can be utilized to a greater extent asoperators rather than just as means of locomotion or stabilizingpoints. To take advantage of this capability the architecturaldesign can employ features in zero gravity that are not possiblein a normal gravity environment. However, when the feet becomeoperators, the hands or the trunk of the body must provide thestability points as the laws of mechanics still apply in zerogravity.
C. BASIC DATA GENERATED AND SIGNIFICANT RESULTS
Basic data generated during this contract was design criteriaapplicable to a manned spacecraft in a zero-gravity environment.This criteria was published as a supplement to the "Architecturaland Environmental Handbook", NASA-MSC Document 03909., This cri-teria included development of concepts for a commander's stateroomcomplex consisting of a bedroom, bath and office and a galley/wardroom complex. In addition, a prototype chair and table weredeveloped. A brief description of each is provided in the follow-ing paragraphs.
VI-4
1. Stateroom Complex
a. Bedroom - The bedroom concept is shown in Figure VI-1and has a gross volume of 122 cubic feet which includes 25 cubicfeet for storage (clothes, personal items, supplies, and controls).The net volume totals 80 cubic feet with the chair and table de-ployed and has a visual volume from the sleep restraint of 76 cubicfeet with all doors closed and 163 cubic feet with the end dooropen.
The tasks associated with the stateroom are sleeping, changingclothes, personal entertainment, writing, housekeeping, and relaxa-tion. These tasks require both the standing and sitting positionin addition to the need to maneuver in and out of the room and re-orient to the different task oriented design.
b. Bathroom - The bathroom concept selected is depicted byFigure VI-2 and has a gross volume of 104 cubic feet. This volumeincludes 36 cubic feet for a whole body shower and 13 cubic feetfor storage for a net volume of 55 cubic feet in the hygiene area.The fecal and urine collector are located opposite the handwashpersonal grooming area for aesthetics purposes and volume utiliza-tion. The 30 degree slope of the fecal seat from the verticalpositions the man in a desirable position somewhat normal to earthuse and yet makes maximum use of the volume available. Visual volumeis the same as net due to the door being normally closed for func-tions of the bathroom.
The tasks to be performed in the bathroom consist of personalhygiene functions, body waste elimination, personal grooming, changingclothes, full body showering, and housekeeping. The tasks all re-quire a single orientation of the body which is consistent with thedesign of the bathroom.
c. Office - The office concept as tested contained a totalvolume of 215 cubic feet, which was determined to be too large'forthe functions performed in the room and the location of the furni-ture items. A gross volume, as shown in Figure VI-3 of 182 cubicfeet will support the functions of an office. Of this volume, 55cubic feet occupied by furniture items thereby leaving a net volumeof 127 cubic feet. The visual volume is increased to 225 cubicfeet by leaving the larger 42" x 44" door to the hallway and the32" x 42" door to the stateroom open.
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Stateroom - Side View, Stateroor:i - End ViewFigure VI-1 Commander's Stateroom
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Bathroom; - Side View
Figure VI-2 Bathroom
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VI-5
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VI-6
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The tasks performed in the office consist of either the commanderworking individually or in conference with one or two guests. Thefurniture arrangement offers a business-like atmosphere by separa-ting the commander from his guest by the table. Being the largestroom in the three-room complex, this room serves as a focal pointand must provide room to maneuver to the adjoining smaller rooms.The orientation within the room is in one direction only since alltasks performed in the room are related. The orientation with res-pect to other rooms is not important since ample room for maneuver-ing within the room is available.
2. Wardroom/Galley Complex
a. Wardroom - The wardroom designed and tested is shown byFigure VI-4. The gross volume of the wardroom is 444 cubic feetwith the eight chair restraints and two tables requiring 132 cubicfeet when deployed for a net volume of 312 cubic feet. The ward-room was designed to accommodate a six-man crew for a 30-day mis-sion. The major furniture items consisted of a 30" x 84" dining/conference table for six men, 30" diameter lounge table for four
VI-7
men, eight chair restraints, and a dividing panel to separate thedining and lounge areas. The wardroom design provided the capabi-lity to serve as a multi-purpose room with two functions carriedon at the same time. The crew areas that the wardroom must satisfyare: dining room, lounge, recreation, library, study, conference,and chapel.
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W4ardroomn - Top View
Figure VI-4 Wardroom Concept
The primary tasks in the wardroom are performed while sittingin the chair restraints. These include eating, study, conferences,watching movies, playing sedementary games, relaxing, and conver-sations. Therefore, the chair restraint and its location and capa-bilities are of prime importance in providing a comfortable habitat.The chair also serves as a mobility aid during locomotion and as atemporary handhold when performing tasks such as housekeeping.
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VI-8
b. Galley - The galley selected and tested is depicted byFigure VI-5 and has a gross volume of 137 cubic feet. Of thisvolume, 96 cubic feet is required for food storage, tray storage,ovens, refrigerator, housekeeping equipment, and water system fora 84 man-day mission. The remaining 41 cubic feet is considerednet volume for the galley attendant to perform his duties. The
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wrap-around design allows the attendant access to all areas in thegalley while standing in one position. Therefore, the only specialrestraint required is a toe bar across the width of the work area.Handhold restraints can be incorporated into the design of thefurnishings such as a lip on the front of the tray preparationarea and handles on the storage area.
VI-9
The only tasks in the galley are those associated with foodpreparation, scullery functions, and general housekeeping tasks.For this reason the galley was designed solely to satisfy thefunctional requirements and the interface with man.
3. Prototype Chair/Table
a. Prototype Chair - The chair restraint developed satisfiedthe functional requirements for a sitting restraint and providedadditional features to serve as mobility aids. The primary func-tions of the device provided the stability of controlling the bodyand maintaining body position while performing tasks in a particu-lar place. The chair design incorporated a retracting lap belt,chair seat swivel, vertical height adjustment, moveable foot res-traint and mobility/restraint aids.
b. Prototype Table - The table developed served primarily todetermine the table top surface angle, table height, and interfacerequirements with man and a sitting restraint. Therefore, thefeatures of vertical height and lateral adjustment were requiredfor testing but probably will not be required in a spacecraft. Itwas found during testing that the table surface angle was not toocritical but an angle of approximately 25 degrees was deemed satis-factory for all different sized men.
4. Habitability Design Criteria
The following is a summary of zero gravity habitability designcriteria that was generated for specific areas:
a. Ease of Locomotion
1. The soaring position normally assumed in a zero-genvironment leaves both the hands and the feet freeto be used to initiate, control and terminate atransfer sequence.
2. Locomotion is accomplished utilizing available furni-ture items, cabinets, walls, surfaces and specificmobility aids.
3. Simple mobility aids on furniture are preferred overspecific aids such as handrails.
4. It is difficult to maneuver sharp turns or cornerswith objects such as food trays or writing surfacesin one hand.
VI-10
5. Direct point-to-point transfer required when trans-porting object in hands.
6. Coupling moments (by use of other hand or portionsof body) are necessary to maintain a straight point-to-point transfer when propelling force is by use ofone hand.
7. Feet are used to provide propelling force with thehands used to control direction.
8. Locomotion patterns or routes should not go over seatedpeople or control panels.
b. Mobility and Restraint Usage
1. Habitability tasks require relatively light forces tostabilize and maintain body position and control.
2. Simple specific mobility and restraint aids (toe bars,handholds) are preferred over special aids (harnesses,magnetic shoes, locking shoes).
3. Specific mobility and restraint aid definitions areshown in Table VI-1.
4. Non-specific mobility and restraint aids should bedesigned into furniture and equipment items (3/4-inchradius lip on chairs, tables, shelves and counteredges).
5. Specific mobility and restraint aids should be locatedin the volume only where non-specific aids are notavailable.
6. A minimum of two contact points are required to main-tain body position and control.
7. Simple specific restraints must be provided for mis-cellaneous items such as removed clothing, personalhygiene kits, wash cloths, towels, writing materialsand food trays.
8. Restraint aids should not place stress on any muscleof the body.
VI-11
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9. Restraint aids should be designed so that the pressureexerted on any portion of the body is distributed overa large area to avoid a feeling of sharpness and dis-comfort.
10. Mobility and restraint aids should be designed to becontinuous and have two points of contact to avoidcatching clothes and prevent injury to the crewman.
11. Handholds and toe bars should be designed for inter-changeability for usage with either foot or hand.
12. Length of handholds and toe bars should be long enoughto be utilized without searching.
c. Performance in Volume Utilization
1. Table VI-2 gives the dimensional requirements forvarious individual tasks.
2. Unrelated tasks can utilize part or all of the samevolume provided they are not performed simultaneously.
3. Multiple-orientation rooms require volumes sufficientfor reorientation maneuvers.
4. Don/doffing clothes is best accomplished when thecrewman can easily reach two parallel surfaces 36inches apart at one time (with hands or feet); thus,a smaller volume can be more efficient than a largervolume.
5. Reorientation between rooms is usually accomplishedduring passage through the hatch; that is, volume intwo rooms can be utilized to perform this task.
6. All hatches should be designed to accommodate simul-taneous passage of two crewmen, except where singlepassage occurs exclusively (e.g., commander's state-room to bathroom).
7. Maximum volume utilization in zero gravity may be ob-tained when the man interface with the furnishings takesadvantage of the diagonal dimensions in a given room(having the fecal collector 30 degrees off the verti-cal in the bathroom).
VI-13
Table VI-2 Volume/Task Requirements
Dimensions, in.
Task Depth Width Hei ght
Don-Doft Clothing 30 30 -78
liygi ene
Fecal 40 30 69Urination 30 30 73Handwash 30 30 73
Sleeping 6 36 78(front to back)
Food Preparation 36 18 78
Exercise, simple 72 36 78
Exercise, dynamic 96 12 78
Maneuverability (one plane) 48 24 48
Maneuverability (all planes) 48 48 48
Sitting 18-40 24 58-62
Standing 18 24 73
Soaring 30 24 78
8. On pad service operations for equipment should beconsidered in the definition of volume and orienta-tion requirements.
9. All main passageways and volumes must accommodate apressure suited crewman for emergency situations.A 30" x 30" or 30" dia. hatchway is the minimum sizerequired for passage of a suited crewman.
10. Fold-away or swing-out designs for chairs, tablesand desks should be considered for maximum volumeutilization.
VI-14
11. Retractable or sliding doors are preferred over hingedswing-out doors for maximum volume utilization.
12. A zero-gravity environment enhances man's movementfor maximum utilization of the total room volume.
d. Accessibility Performance
1. Each item of furniture, equipment and storage spacerequires a specific access envelope which definesthe volume needed around a given object for efficientutilization of that object.
2. Access space can be shared if the items and tasks in-volved are unrelated or, if related, the normal taskprocedure precludes interference.
3. Chair access should be 12 inches on either side anda minimum of 2" at the back (chair height is 20-24inches), and 24 inches at the front. Chair may alsobe mounted from directly above.
4. Chairs situated side-by-side (e.g., for dining) shouldhave 12 inches between them (shared access) and 2inches at the back.
5. Sleep restraint access from the front (sleeping bagtype) should be 24 inches.
6. Access space at conference or dining tables should be18 inches at each side of the table. Of course, chairsplaced around the table are within this space.
7. Access in front of a folding (into wall) desk shouldbe 30 inches from the stowed position; height shouldbe 73 inches.
8. Front access for all storage units should be 30 inches.Access envelope width is a minimum of 24 inches, orthe width of the unit itself. Access height is 73-78inches.
9. It is desirable that storage units be placed at waistlevel or above (45 inches above floor) to facilitateaccess.
VI-15
10. Access to the urine collector, the personal groomingarea, and the shower should be 30" x 30" x 78".
11. The access envelope for fecal collection is 30 incheswide, 78 inches high and 40 inches in depth along aline perpendicular to the fecal collector surface.
12. Food preparation area access should be a minimum of36 inches wide, 18 inches deep and 78 inches high.Space above the work surface (36 x 18 x 26 incheshigh) is also available for use.
13. Sketches of these access envelopes are contained inMSC-03909, Volume 2, Architecture and Environment.
e. Performance Due to Arrangement/Orientation
1. Arrangement of furniture items in various orientationswithin a volume does not affect performance if tasksare not related.
2. Related tasks should be oriented in same orientation.
3. Arrangement of furniture items in adjoining volumesdoes not affect performance if orientated differently.
4. Direction of door operation (locating handles on slidingdoors) can aid in orientating entering crewman to aparticular task within a volume.
5. Aesthetic considerations should be given to placementof equipment in bathroom.
6. Arrangement of furnishings within a volume should makemaximum utilization of visual volume.
f. Visual Perception in Zero Gravity
1. Cove type ceilings and divider screens adds to thevolume of a space through visual perception.
2. Visual perception of a volume is increased by locatingfurniture/equipment so that crewmen can view throughopen hatchways into other volumes or hallways.
VI-16
3. Design all volumes with walls that flow from one to
the other by large radius corners, lighting effects,selected pictures, and color patterns.
4. Hatchways should be made as large as possible tocreate illusions of more space.
5. Windows where feasible will add to the visual per-ception of a volume.
g. Nuisance Factors During Performance
1. Hatches should be placed so crewmen can avoid contactor interference with console units during ingress oregress through the hatch.
2. Access space in dining areas is critical; interferenceduring eating must be avoided.
3. Traffic patterns should avoid overhead routes aboveeating tables and conferences.
4. Swing-out doors in storage units (e.g., galley) mustbe above knee level (22 inches from floor) when foot/toe restraints are utilized at the unit.
5. Overhead tray retrieval, storage or equipment in thegalley must be placed so as to avoid interference with
the crewman over the food preparation counter.
h. Furnishings Comfort
1. To incorporate human comfort into furnishings used ina zero-gravity environment, the designer must be know-ledgeable of the relationship between man and theequipment.
2. A sleep restraint that provides flexibility in thedegree of restraint, options of amount of covering,options of bed accessories, and access/egress consi-derations.
3. Sitting restraints must fulfill the primary functionalrequirement to maintain body position and controlwhile performing tasks. Related requirements are:
VI-17
a. Fit anthropometric dimensions of man.b. Do not apply pressure to a body support muscle.c. Height of restraint dependent on type of foot
restraint and slope of seat.d. Seat slope to match mants relaxed position in
zero gravity.