networking basics by rouf

Networking Networking BasicsBasics

National Workshop on Networking and ISP Setup With LinuxNational Workshop on Networking and ISP Setup With Linux

Workshop on Networking & ISP SWorkshop on Networking & ISP Setup With Linuxetup With Linux

22

Objectives:Objectives:

What is networking?What is networking? The Uses of a Network .The Uses of a Network . How Networks are Structured.How Networks are Structured. Cable connection for LAN.Cable connection for LAN. Components or equipments of a computer Components or equipments of a computer

network.network. Internet Addressing or IP.Internet Addressing or IP. Subnetting. Subnetting. Superneting or Classless Inter Domain Routing. Superneting or Classless Inter Domain Routing.


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What is Networking?What is Networking?

Connecting Two or more devices for Connecting Two or more devices for

communication purpose is called communication purpose is called

networking.networking.


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• Simultaneous AccessSimultaneous Access

• Shared Peripheral DevicesShared Peripheral Devices

• Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication

A network connects computers so they can communicate, A network connects computers so they can communicate, exchange information, and share resources.exchange information, and share resources.

The Uses of a Network

The main benefits of using a network are:The main benefits of using a network are:


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Simultaneous AccessSimultaneous Access


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The Uses of a NetworkShared Peripheral DevicesShared Peripheral Devices

Read only Read / Write


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Personal Personal CommunicationCommunication


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Types of NetworkTypes of Network

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• Client/Server Networks

• Peer-to-Peer Networks


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Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network


1010

WAN - Wide Area NetworkWAN - Wide Area Network


1111

MAN - Metropolitan Area NetworkMAN - Metropolitan Area Network


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Client/Server Networks


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Peer-to-Peer Networks

In a peer-to-peer network, all nodes have an equal relation In a peer-to-peer network, all nodes have an equal relation to one another.to one another.

Each node usually has access to some resources on Each node usually has access to some resources on other other nodes, so users can share files, programs, or devices on nodes, so users can share files, programs, or devices on other users' systems.other users' systems.


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Equipments:Equipments:1.1. LAN Cable.LAN Cable.2.2. RJ 45 Connector.RJ 45 Connector.3.3. Crimping Tool.Crimping Tool.4.4. Cable Tester.Cable Tester.5.5. Hub / Switch andHub / Switch and6.6. PC with NIC cardPC with NIC card

Cable Connection For LANCable Connection For LAN


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Cable ConnectionCable Connection

LAN Cable (Cat 5)LAN Cable (Cat 5)


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1717


RJ 45 ConnectorRJ 45 Connector


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1919



2020


Straight ConnectionStraight Connection Crossover ConnectionCrossover Connection


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Straight Straight ConnectionConnection

Crossover Crossover ConnectionConnection


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Straight ConnectionStraight Connection

Side ASide A Side BSide B

1.Orange white 1.Orange white 1.Orange white1.Orange white

2.Orange2.Orange 2.Orange 2.Orange

3.Green White 3.Green White 3.Green White3.Green White

4.Blue4.Blue 4.Blue4.Blue

5.Blue White5.Blue White 5.Blue White5.Blue White

6.Green6.Green 6. Green6. Green

7.Brown White7.Brown White 7.Brown White7.Brown White

8.Brown8.Brown 8.Brown8.Brown


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Cross over ConnectionCross over Connection


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Crossover ConnectionCrossover Connection

Side ASide A Side BSide B

1.Orange white 1.Orange white 1.Green white1.Green white

2.Orange2.Orange 2.Green2.Green

3.Green White3.Green White 3.Orange White3.Orange White

6.Green6.Green 6.Orange6.Orange


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FromFrom ToTo Cable TypeCable Type

HubHub HubHub CrossoverCrossover

HubHub SwitchSwitch CrossoverCrossover

HostHost Host (PC or Router)Host (PC or Router) CrossoverCrossover

HubHub Host (PC or Router)Host (PC or Router) StraightStraight


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Crimping ToolCrimping Tool


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Cable TesterCable Tester


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HUB


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NIC Card


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What Type of Connection Need to connect this two network?

Example:

Solution:CrossoverCrossover


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Components of a networkComponents of a network

Message.Message. Sender.Sender. Receiver.Receiver. Medium.Medium. Protocol.Protocol.


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ProtocolProtocol

Internet Protocol


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IPIP

IP Addresses:IP Addresses:Classful AddressingClassful Addressing


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Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) -Use 32-bit.-Use 32-bit. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) -Use 128-bit.-Use 128-bit.

IPIP


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This Presentation and our WorkshopThis Presentation and our Workshop

Covers Only IPv4.Covers Only IPv4.

IPIP


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An IP address (IPv4) is a An IP address (IPv4) is a 32-bit 32-bit

addressaddress..

IP AddressingIP Addressing


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The IP addresses The IP addresses are are

unique.unique.


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IP Addressing IP Addressing

Binary NotationBinary Notation

01110101 10010101 0001110 1110101001110101 10010101 0001110 11101010


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Dotted-decimal notationDotted-decimal notation


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Binary To Decimal ConversionBinary To Decimal Conversion

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 255


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First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Fourth OctetFirst Octet Second Octet Third Octet Fourth Octet10000000 00001011 00000011 0001111110000000 00001011 00000011 00011111

128+0 0+8+2+1 0+2+1 0+16+8+4+2+1 128+0 0+8+2+1 0+2+1 0+16+8+4+2+1

128 11 3 31128 11 3 31

Finally IP Address = 128.11.3.31 Finally IP Address = 128.11.3.31


Binary To Decimal ConversionBinary To Decimal Conversion1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1


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Example 1Example 1

Change the following IP address from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.

10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

SolutionSolution129.11.11.239129.11.11.239


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Example 3Example 3

Find the error, if any, in the following IP address:

111.56.045.78SolutionSolution

There are no leading zeroes in dotted-decimal There are no leading zeroes in dotted-decimal notation (045).notation (045).


4545


Find the error, if any, in the following IP address:

75.45.301.14SolutionSolution

Example 3Example 3

In dotted-decimal notation, In dotted-decimal notation, each number is less than or each number is less than or equal to 255; 301 is outside this range.equal to 255; 301 is outside this range.


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In classful addressing, In classful addressing, the address space is the address space is

divided into five classes: divided into five classes: AA, , BB, , CC, , DD, and , and EE..


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Finding the class in binary notationFinding the class in binary notation


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Finding the address classFinding the address classFinding the address classFinding the address class


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IP Addressing IP Addressing

Example 6Example 6

Find the class of the address:

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

SolutionSolution

The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.


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Example 7Example 7


11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111

SolutionSolution

The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C address.This is a class C address.


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Finding the class in decimal notationFinding the class in decimal notationIP AddressingIP Addressing

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1


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Example 7Example 7


227.12.14.87

SolutionSolution

The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239); The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239); the class is D.the class is D.


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Example 7 (Continued)Example 7 (Continued)


193.14.56.22

SolutionSolution

The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223);The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223);the class is C.the class is C.



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Netid and hostidNetid and hostid



5555

Blocks in class ABlocks in class A



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Millions of class A addresses Millions of class A addresses are wasted. are wasted.



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Blocks in class B



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Many class B addresses Many class B addresses are wasted.are wasted.



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Blocks in class CBlocks in class CIP AddressingIP Addressing


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The number of addresses in The number of addresses in a class C block a class C block is smaller than is smaller than

the needs of most organizations. the needs of most organizations.



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Class D addresses Class D addresses are used for multicasting; are used for multicasting;

there is only there is only one block in this class.one block in this class.



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Class E addresses are reservedClass E addresses are reservedfor special purposes; for special purposes;

most of the block is wasted. most of the block is wasted.



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Example 9Example 9

Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the class, the block, and the range of the addresses.

SolutionSolution

The class is A because the first byte is between The class is A because the first byte is between 0 and 127. The block has a netid of 17. 0 and 127. The block has a netid of 17. The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to 17.255.255.255.17.255.255.255.



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Example 10Example 10


SolutionSolution

The class is B because the first byte is between The class is B because the first byte is between 128 and 191. The block has a netid of 128 and 191. The block has a netid of 132.21. The addresses range from 132.21. The addresses range from 132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.



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SolutionSolution

The class is C because the first byte is between The class is C because the first byte is between 192 and 223. The block has a netid of 220.34.76. 192 and 223. The block has a netid of 220.34.76. The addresses range from 220.34.76.0 to The addresses range from 220.34.76.0 to 220.34.76.255.220.34.76.255.



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MaskMask

A mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the first address in the block (the network address) when bitwise ANDed with an address in the block.



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Masking conceptMasking concept



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AND operationAND operation



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The network address is the The network address is the beginning address of each block.beginning address of each block.

It can be found by applying It can be found by applying the default mask tothe default mask to

any of the addresses in the block any of the addresses in the block (including itself).(including itself).

It retains the netid of the block It retains the netid of the block and sets the hostid to zero. and sets the hostid to zero.



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Masking ConceptMasking Concept

11000000 10101000 00000011 0000000111000000 10101000 00000011 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 0000000011111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11000000 10101000 00000011 0000000011000000 10101000 00000011 00000000

IPMask

AND operation


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Class In Binary In Dotted-Decimal

Using Slash

Class A

11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0 /8

Class B

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0 /16

Class C

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0 /24


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Given the address 23.56.7.91 and the default class A mask, find the beginning address (network address).

SolutionSolution

The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means that only The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means that only the first byte is preserved and the other 3 bytes are set the first byte is preserved and the other 3 bytes are set to 0s. The network address is 23.0.0.0.to 0s. The network address is 23.0.0.0.



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Given the address 132.6.17.85 and the default class B mask, find the beginning address (network address).

SolutionSolution

The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means that the The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means that the first 2 bytes are preserved and the other 2 bytes are set first 2 bytes are preserved and the other 2 bytes are set to 0s. The network address is 132.6.0.0.to 0s. The network address is 132.6.0.0.



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Given the address 201.180.56.5 and the class C default mask, find the beginning address (network address).

SolutionSolution

The default mask is 255.255.255.0, which means that The default mask is 255.255.255.0, which means that the first 3 bytes are preserved and the last byte is set the first 3 bytes are preserved and the last byte is set to 0. The network address is 201.180.56.0.to 0. The network address is 201.180.56.0.



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SubnettingSubnetting

In subnetting , a network is divided into several smaller groups with each subnetwork (or subnet) having its own subnetwork address.


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Netid + Subnetid + HstidNetid + Subnetid + Hstid


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141 . 14 . 192 . 2 Netid + Hostid a. Without subnetting.

141 . 14 . 192 . 2 Netid + Subnetid + Hostid

b.With subnetting.


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Default Mask 255.255.255.0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192

11111111 11111111 11111111 11 000000


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To create subnet 5 questions.To create subnet 5 questions. How many subnet does the subnet mask How many subnet does the subnet mask

produce?produce? How many host per subnet available?How many host per subnet available? What are the valid subnet?What are the valid subnet? What broadcast address of each subnet?What broadcast address of each subnet? What are the valid host in each subnet?What are the valid host in each subnet?


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How many subnet?How many subnet?

22xx

Where x is the mask bit.


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How many host per subnet?How many host per subnet?


2y-2 2y-2 Where y is the Number of Unmaked bitWhere y is the Number of Unmaked bit


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What are the valid Subnet?What are the valid Subnet?


256 256 -- subnet mask = blocksize subnet mask = blocksizeBlocksize or Increment Number an example would be 256-192 =64. The block size of 192 mask is always 64. Start counting at zero in block of 64 untill we reach the subnet mask value and these are the subnets 0, 64,128,192.


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What’s the broadcast address of each What’s the broadcast address of each subnet?subnet?


Broadcast address is always the number right Broadcast address is always the number right before the next subnet.before the next subnet.

For example, 0 subnet has the broadcast addressFor example, 0 subnet has the broadcast address

63.63.


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What are the valid hosts?What are the valid hosts?


Valid hosts are the number between the Valid hosts are the number between the subnet address and the broadcast address subnet address and the broadcast address

For example, if 64 is the subnet and 127 is For example, if 64 is the subnet and 127 is the broadcast address then 65-126 is the the broadcast address then 65-126 is the valid host rangevalid host range.


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Practical Example of Subnet: 255.255.255.192(/26)Practical Example of Subnet: 255.255.255.192(/26)


We going to subnet the network address 192.168.10.0 using the subnet mask 255.255.255.192.

Since 192 = 11000000 in binary so we use 2 bit for mask.Since 192 = 11000000 in binary so we use 2 bit for mask.

Now, we find the answer of five questions

Number of subnet = 22 2 =4. =4.

Host per subnet = 2Host per subnet = 26 6 -2 = 62 hosts -2 = 62 hosts

Valid subnet = 256-192 = 64 Our subnets are Valid subnet = 256-192 = 64 Our subnets are 0,64,128,1920,64,128,192


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Subnets 0 64 128 192Subnets 0 64 128 192

Our first host 1 64 129 193Our first host 1 64 129 193

Our last host 62 126 190 254Our last host 62 126 190 254

Broadcast Address 63 127 191 255 Broadcast Address 63 127 191 255



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Superneting or Classless Inter Domain Routing. Superneting or Classless Inter Domain Routing.

SupernettingSupernetting

CIDRCIDR


8888


CIDR MasksCIDR Masks


8989

How can we connect 900 hosts in a network?How can we connect 900 hosts in a network?

If classful IP addressing is used, this network needs 4 If classful IP addressing is used, this network needs 4 class C IP addresses or one class B IP address. class C IP addresses or one class B IP address.



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As the number of class C IP networks is As the number of class C IP networks is limited (2097152), it is not preferable to limited (2097152), it is not preferable to assign 4 class C IP addresses to this assign 4 class C IP addresses to this network.network.


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If a class B IP address is used, as the maximum If a class B IP address is used, as the maximum number of hosts in a class B network is 65534, a number of hosts in a class B network is 65534, a very large number (65534 - 900) of hostvery large number (65534 - 900) of host

IP addresses will be wasted.IP addresses will be wasted.


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if CIDR is used, then this network can be if CIDR is used, then this network can be assigned an IP address with a network prefix assigned an IP address with a network prefix of 22 (i.e. /22). This means, 10 bits are of 22 (i.e. /22). This means, 10 bits are available for hosts, resulting in 1024 available for hosts, resulting in 1024 available host IP addresses, satisfying the available host IP addresses, satisfying the exact requirements of the network.exact requirements of the network.



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192.60.128.0/22 192.60.128.0/22

IP 11000000 00111100 10000000 00000000

Mask 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000

AND operation

Net id 11000000 00111100 10000000 00000000

networking basics by rouf

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