nete4630 advanced network security and implementation1 physical layer security lecture 2 supakorn...

NETE4630 Advanced Network Security and Implementation 1

Physical Layer Security

Lecture 2Supakorn Kungpisdan

[email protected]


Roadmap

Defending the Physical Layer Attacking the Physical Layer


Defending the Physical Layer

The point at which protection should begin Security Controls have three primary goals:

Deter: security lighting and “Beware of Dog” sign Delay: fences, gates, locks, access controls, and mantraps Detect: intrusion detection systems (IDSes) and alarms

Higher layers focus on preventing disclosure, denial, or alteration of information

Physical security focuses on intruders, vandals, and thieves


Physical, Technical, and Administrative Controls


Design Security

Design security should begin during the design phase, not at the time of deployment

Physical security of assets and employees should be considered when designing a new facility; well-designed facilities are comfortable and secure


Key Issues of Design Security

Location Construction Accessibility and Transportation Climatology Utilities Access Control


Perimeter Security

What to examine: Natural boundaries at the

location Fences or walls around the

site The design of the outer

walls of a building Divisions and choke points

within a building

A series of mechanisms includes: Fences Perimeter Intrusion

Detection and Assessment Systems (PIDAS)

Security lighting Closed-circuit television

(CCTV) Security guards and guard

dogs Warning signs and notices


Fencing

A fence with proper design and height can delay an intruder and work as a psychological barrier

A risk analysis should be performed to evaluate types of physical assets to be protected 4-foot fence will deter a casual trespasser 8-foot fence will keep a determined intruder out

Need to consider gauge and mesh size of the wire The smaller the mesh, the more difficult it is to climb The heavier the gauge, the more difficult it is to cut


Gauge and Mesh

16G with 50mm vs 25 mm mesh


Fencing (cont.)


PIDAS

Perimeter Intrusion Detection and Assessment Systems PIDAS has sensors that detect intruders and feel vibrations

along the fence The system may produce false positives due to stray deer,

high winds, or other natural events


Gates, Guards, and Ground Design

UL Standard 325 details requirements for gates with 4 classifications: Residential Class 1 Commercial Class 2 Industrial Class 3 Restricted Access Class 4

Bollards are made of concrete or steel and used to block vehicle traffic or to protect areas where pedestrians are entering or leaving buildings

Security guards need to have job references and be subjected to a background check Web site operation and private investigators


Bollards


Gates, Guards, and Ground Design (cont.)

Dogs are loyal but can be unpredictable. Dogs are restricted to exterior control and should be used with caution

Lighting can discourage criminals Most standards list two candlefoot power as the norm for facilities

using nighttime security. Too much light causes over-lighting and glare. It may bleed over

adjacent property With CCTV, activities can be monitored live by a security officer or

recorded and reviewed later British government has installed over 1.5 million CCTV cameras

Warning signs or notices should be posted to deter trespassing


Facility Security

“Anyone with physical access has the means and the opportunity to commit a crime”

Least Privilege: providing only the minimum amount of access that is required, and restricted non-authorized individuals from entering sensitive areas

Can achieve by examining windows, doors, locks, walls, access control, intrusion detection


Entry Points

Doors, windows, roof access, fire escapes, delivery access, and chimneys


Entry Points: Doors

Door functions determine its construction, appearance, and operation

A door designed for security purpose is very solid and durable, with hardened hardware

Interior doors are made of hollow-core wood; exterior doors are made of solid-core wood

Need to perform risk assessment on interior applications


Entry Points: Doors (cont.)

Doors have fire rating with various configurations: Personal doors Industrial doors Vehicle access doors Bulletproof doors Vault doors

Must examine hardware used to install a door Mantrap is designed so that when the outer door opens,

the inner door locks


Doors (cont.)

Bullet-proof door

Vault door


Doors (cont.)

Industrial door Vehicle access door


Mantrap


Entry Points: Doors (cont.)

Automatic door locks: fail-safe or fail-secure Fail-safe (unlocked) state allows employees to exit, but

also allows other unauthenticated access Fail-secure (locked) configuration is when the doors

default to being locked, thereby keeping unauthorized individuals out while also preventing access


Entry Points: Windows

Alarms or sensors may be installed on windows Window types include:

Standard: lowest security, least expensive, easily shattered (แตกละเอี�ยด)

Polycarbonate Acrylic: more stronger than standard glass Wire Reinforced: adds shatterproof protection Laminated: similar to those used in automobiles, strengthen the

glass Solar Film: provide moderate level of security and decrease

potential for shattering Security Film: highest security


Windows (cont.)


Entry Points: Walls

A reinforced wall can keep a determined attacker from entering an area

Walls should be designed with firewalls, and emergency lighting should be in place


Access Control

Access control is any mechanism by which an individual is granted or denied access

Many types include: Mechanical locks Identity card technology


Access Control: Locks

Warded locks and tumbler locks Warded locks work by matching wards to keys, are

cheapest mechanical lock and easiest to pick Tumbler locks contain more parts and are harder to pick Another type of tumbler lock is the tubular lock, which is

used for computers, vending machines, and other high-security devices


Warded Locks


Access Control: Locks (cont.)


Tumbler Locks (cont.)

Tabular lock


Access Control: Locks (cont.)

Three basic grades of locks include: Grade 3: The weakest commercial lock (designed for 200,000

cycles) Grade 2: Light duty commercial locks or heavy duty residential

locks (designed for 400,000 cycles) Grade 1: Commercial locks of the highest security (designed for

800,000 cycles)


Access Control: Physical Controls

Network cabling Select the right type of cable Should be routed through the facility so that it cannot be

tampered with Unused network drop should be disabled; all cable

access points should be secured


Access Control: Physical Controls (cont.)

Controlling individuals: ID cards with photograph of an individual Intelligent access control devices: contact and contactless

Contact access cards come with different configurations including: Active Electronic: can transmit electronic data Electronic Circuit: has a circuit embedded Magnetic Strips: has a magnetic stripe Optical-coded: contains laser-burned pattern of encoded dots


Optical Card


Access Control: Physical Controls (cont.)

Contactless cards function by proximity e.g. RFID (Radio Frequency ID) Passive: powered by RFID reader Semi-passive: has battery only to power microchip Active: battery-powered

Multi-factor authentication is recommended Physical Intrusion Detection

Motion Detectors: audio, infrared, wave pattern, or capacitance Photoelectric sensors Pressure-sensitive devices Glass breakage sensors

Keep in mind that IDSes are not perfect


Intrusion Detection (cont.)

Glass break sensor

Photoelectric sensor

Motion detection sensor(photoelectric infrared)


Device Security

Device security addresses controls implemented to secure devices found in an organization Computers, networking devices, portable devices,

cameras, iPods, and thumb drives


Device Security: Identification and Authentication

Identification: the process of identifying yourself Authentication: the process of proving your identity Three categories of authentication

Something You Know Something You Have Something You Are


Device Security: Sth You Know

Passwords are most commonly used authentication schemes

Gartner study in 2000 found that: 90% of respondents use dictionary words or names 47% use their name, spouse’s name, or a pet’s name 9% used cryptographically strong passwords


Device Security: Sth You Know (cont.)

A good password policy: Passwords should not use personal information Passwords should be 8 or more characters Passwords should be changed regularly Passwords should never be comprised of common words or

names Passwords should be complex, use upper- and lower-case

letters, and miscellaneous characters (e.g. !, @, #, $, %, ^, &) Limit logon attempts to three successive attempts


Device Security: Sth You Have

Tokens, smart cards, and magnetic cards Two basic groups of tokens:

Synchronous token: synchronized to authentication server Asynchronous challenge-response token


Device Security: Sth You Are

Basic operations:1. User enrolls in the system2. User requests to be authenticated3. A decision is reached: allowed or denied

Accuracy of biometrics Type 1 Error (False Rejection Rate: FRR) Type 2 Error (False Acceptance Rate: FAR)

The point at which FRR and FAR meet is known as Crossover Error Rate (CER)

The Lower CER, the more accurate the system


Crossover Error Rate (CER)


Biometric

Finger Scan Hand Geometry Palm Scan Retina Pattern Iris Recognition Voice Recognition Keyboard Dynamics


Computer Controls

Session controls System timeouts Screensaver lockouts

Warning banners


Device Security: Mobile Devices and Media

Samsung Corporation banned employees from using Samsung’s cell phones with 8GB of storage

Sensitive media must be controlled, handled, and destroyed in an approved manner Papers can be shredded: strip-cut and cross-cut shredders CD can be destroyed Magnetic media can be degaussed Harddrive can be wiped


Information Classification Systems

Government Information Classification System Focuses on secrecy

Commercial Information Classification System Focuses on Integrity


Information Classification Systems (cont.)


Communications Security

Communications Security examines electronic devices and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) they produce

Original controls for these vulnerabilities were named TEMPEST, now changed to Emissions Security (Emsec)

Newer technologies that have replaced shielding are white noise and control zones

PBX must be secure Fax can be intercepted

Fax ribbons can be virtual carbon copy of original document Solved by using fax server and fax encryption


Comm Security: Bluetooth

To keep bluetooth secure, make sure bluetooth-enable devices are set to non-discoverable mode.

Use secure application to limit amount of cleartext transmission It no bluetooth functionality is needed, turn if off

It can be configured to access shared directories without authentication, which open it up for viruses, trojans, and information theft

In 2005, AirDefense released BlueWatch, the first commercial security tool designed to monitor bluetooth devices and identify insecure devices www.airdefense.net/products/bluewatch/index.php

http://www.airdefense.net/products/bluewatch/index.php


BlueWatch

AirDefense BlueWatch can provide information such as: Identify different types of Bluetooth devices, including laptops,

PDAs, keyboards and cell phones Provide key attributes, including device class, manufacturer and

signal strength Illustrate communication or connectivity among various

devices Identify services available on each device, including network

access, fax and audio gateway


802.11 Wireless Protocols Retire WEP devices Change default SSID MAC filtering Turn off DHCP Limit access of wireless users Use port authentication (802.1x) Perform periodic site surveys and scan for rogue devices e.g. using

Kismet Update policies to stipulate requirements for wireless users Use encryption Implement a second layer of authentication e.g. RADIUS


Roadmap

Defending the Physical Layer Attacking the Physical Layer


Attacking Physical Layer

Several techniques to attack physical security: Stealing data Lock picking Wiretapping Hardware modification


Stealing Data

Abe Usher wrote a program called “pod slurp” to steal data from PC

Purpose of Slurp To create a proof-of-concept application that searches for office

documents that can be copied from a Windows computer to an iPod (or other removable storage device).

The point of this exercise is to demonstrate (quantitatively) how quickly data theft can occur with removable storage devices.

Method: Searches for the "C:Documents and Settings" directory on a

Windows computer. It then recurses through all of the subdirectories, discovering all of the documents (*.doc, *.xls, *.htm, *.url, *.pdf, etc.) on the computer that it is running from.


How to Use Slurp Step 0:

Stop the iPod Service in Windows (if iPod software is installed and running). Step 1:

Unzip slurp.zip Step 2:

Copy the entire "slurp-audit" directory to your removable storage device (iPod, external hard drive, etc.)

Step 3 Run the application file "slurp-audit.exe" and watch it find all of the business

files. After it is complete, check the report.html file to find out what files could have been copied to an iPod or USB thumbdrive.

For more information, check: http://www.sharp-ideas.net


Slurp


Slurp Report


Lock Picks

Basic components used to pick locks: Tension Wrenches: small, angled flathead screwdrivers that

come in various thicknesses and sizes Picks: small, angled, and pointed, similar to a dentist pick


Scrubbing


Lock Shim


Lock Shim (cont.)


Scanning and Sniffing

Phreakers are interested in making free long-distance calls Free loaders intercept free HBO. Prevented by implementing

videocipher encryption Cordless phone were attacked by tuning the same frequencies other

people to listen to active conversation Solved by switching to spread spectrum technologies

1st Gen mobile phones have been hacked by Tumbling Modify Electronic Serial Number (ESN) and mobile identification number

(MIN) after each call Also vulnerable to cloning attack

Intercept ESN and MIN from listening to active calls


Scanning and Sniffing (cont.)

Attacks on 2nd Gen Mobile phones: International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) catcher

Tell mobile phone that it is a base station Cellphone jammer

Transmit signals with same freq as cell phones; preventing all communication within given area

Cellphone detector Detect when a cell phone is powered on


Scanning and Sniffing (cont.)

Bluejacking allows an individual to send unsolicited messages over BT to other BT devices

Bluesnarfing is the theft of data, calendar information and phonebook entries

http://www.bluejackingtools.com/what-is-bluejacking/

http://www.bluejackingtools.com/bluesnarfing/


Tools to Attack Bluetooth

RedFang: small proof-of-concept application used to find non-discoverable devices

Bluesniff: a proof-of-concept tool for BT wardriving Btscanner: a BT scanning with the ability to do inquiry and brute

force scans, identify BT devices in range BlueBug: exploits a BT security hole on some BT-enabled phones.

Allows unauthorized downloading of phonebooks and call lists, sending and reading SMSs

Find those tools at http://www.remote-exploit.org/backtrack_download.html


Attacking WLANs

Eavesdropping Open Authentication Rogue Access Point DoS


Hardware Hacking

Hardware hacking is about using physical access to bypass control or modify the device in some manner Sometimes it is called “moding”

Bypass BIOS password Router password recovery

Prevented by issuing no service password-recovery command

Bypass Windows authentication


Example: Modifying Bluetooth Hardware

Objective: To extend BT range



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To Read

Hack-The-Stack: Page 70-84


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nete4630 advanced network security and implementation1 physical layer security lecture 2 supakorn...

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