nebosh international general certificate resource pack ian harries cmiosh © 2013 ian harries. all...

NEBOSH International General Certificate

Resource Pack

Ian Harries CMIOSH

© 2013 Ian Harries. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any storage retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers.

NEBOSH International General Certificatein Occupational Safety and Health

IGC1.1

Foundations in

Health & SafetyChapter 1

Unit contents

Learning outcomes The scope and nature of occupational health and safety Moral, social and economic reasons for managing health

and safety in the workplace The role of national governments and international

bodies in the regulation of health and safety

Learning outcomes

Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety.

Explain briefly the moral, social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in the workplace.

Outline the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety.

The scope and nature The scope and nature of occupational health of occupational health and safetyand safety

Group discussion

Key definitionsBenefits of managinghealth & safety

Introduction to managing health & safety

Scope and nature

The effective management of health and safety is important to all organizations, irrespective of their size, work activities, industry sector, etc.

Health and safety issues will differ from country to country.

This unit aims to introduce you to the foundations necessary for any organization to effectively manage occupational health and safety.

Group discussion



The International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) estimates that annually there are:

270 million occupational accidents, and

160 millions cases of occupational disease reported throughout the world.

It is also estimated that over 2 million workers die each year as the result of accidents or contracting an occupational illness.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



Estimated numbers of global work-related adverse events (ILO)

Event Daily average Annually

Work-related deaths 5,000 2,000,000

Work-related deaths of children 60 22,000

Work-related accidents 740,000 270,000,000

Work-related diseases 438,000 160,000,000

Hazardous substance deaths 1,205 440,000

Asbestos-related deaths 274 100,000

Scope and nature

Group discussion



Corporate responsibility is now a widely accepted term used throughout the world, as it covers:

the effects an organization’s activities have on the environment

human rights third world poverty.

Therefore corporate responsibility includes the health and safety of employees and others who could be affected by the organization’s activities.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



In the UK the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) has the responsibility for enforcing health and safety legislation and is working with UK organizations to:

Improve health and safety management systems to reduce workplace injuries and ill-health

Demonstrate the importance of health and safety issues at all levels of an organization, especially management and board levels

Report publicly on health and safety issues within their organization, including their performance in relation to accidents, workplace ill health, etc.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



What types of barriers may be present within an organization in relation to accepting health and safety?

Any personal experiences?

Scope and nature

Group discussion



There are many obstacles – both internal and external – to achieving good health and safety standards:

Production targets and pressures Performance targets and pressures Financial pressures and constraints The organization itself in terms of structure, scope of

operation, etc. Acceptance throughout the organization of the reasons

for managing health and safety effectively.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



The following are common issues relating to the management of health and safety:

Arrangements and procedures may not be apparent to employees

Audits are only concerned with a review of paper systems, not how risks are actually managed in the workplace

Excessive and complicated documents make acceptance by managers, supervisors and employees difficult to enforce

Other business priorities are given more emphasis Supervisors not understanding or implementing safety

procedures, which leads to non-acceptance by employees.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



Often within an organization or workplace, health and safety management will encompass:

Risk assessment Setting targets and objectives and monitoring Promotion of a safe and healthy working environment Identifying and understanding the impact on the health

of employees.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



Organizations are able to demonstrate legal compliance to enforcement agencies, who in turn have more confidence in their ability to safeguard the health and safety of employees and others than organizations who do not effectively manage health and safety issues.

Health and safety is given equal priority to other business objectives – financial, quality, production, etc.

Allow for significant risks to be identified, evaluated and controlled in a systematic manner.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



Allow the organization to demonstrate compliance with legal terms such as ‘practicable’ and ‘so far as is reasonably practicable’.

Demonstrate they can respond and manage the impact of emergencies effectively.

Illustrate a commitment to the health and safety of employees, and others.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



In the UK the HSE believes that effective management of health and safety:

Is essential for employee well-being

Has a major role in enhancing an organization’s reputation

Is financially beneficial to the organization by reducing costs relating to accidents, down-time, investigations, claims for compensation, etc.

Scope and nature

Benefits of managinghealth & safety

Group discussion

Key definitionsIntroduction to managing health & safety

HealthProtecting the bodies and minds of people from illnesses arising from exposure to materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace.

SafetyProtecting individuals from physical injury.

Scope and nature


Group discussion


HazardThe potential for a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm.

RiskThe likelihood of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm including the severity of harm.

A risk can be reduced and a hazard eliminated or controlled through effective management of risk.

Scope and nature


Group discussion


WelfareProvision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals present in the workplace, such as washing and sanitation facilities, provision of drinking water, heating, lighting, etc. including first aid facilities.

AccidentAn unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of people, damage or loss of property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a business opportunity.

Scope and nature


Group discussion


Near miss Any incident which could have resulted in an accident. Near miss statistics in the UK has shown that for every 10 near miss events 1 minor accident occurs.

Dangerous occurrencesAn incident which could have led to a serious injury, loss of life or property damage, e.g. release of flammable gas, collapse of scaffold structure, crane or passenger carrying equipment.

Scope and nature


Group discussion


Workplace ill healthAny condition which an employee develops which is linked to exposure to hazardous substances, noise, vibration, biological agents, etc. Can also include stress.

Scope and nature

Group discussion



1 What are the definitions of the following terms and common workplace examples of each:

a Hazard

b Risk?

Scope and nature

Moral, social and Moral, social and economic reasons economic reasons for managing health for managing health and safetyand safety

Effective management

Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Why manage effectively?

The ILO estimates that work-related deaths and illnesses represent 3.9 percent of all deaths, together with 15 percent of the world’s population suffering a workplace injury or developing an occupational illness each year.

Up to 30 percent of the world’s unemployed report they are suffering from an injury or workplace disease relating to their previous employment.

Fatal workplace accidents in Asia and Latin America are increasing.


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Labour forceEstimated fatalities

(annually)Estimated lost time accidents (annually)

Australia 9,796,300 236 180,486

Brazil 83,000,000 11,304 11,366,000

Canada 16,200,000 899 789,000

China 737,000,000 73,595 68,692,000

EU 224,050,000 11,369 4,340,000

Egypt 19,200,000 3,884 2,245,000

India 443,000,000 48,176 30,627,000

South Korea 22,100,000 3,148 1,542,000

Saudi Arabia 5,800,000 1,096 632,000

United Kingdom 27,200,000 225 180,000

USA 141,800,000 6,821 5,069,000



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Region% share of

fatal injuriesFatal accidents per

100,000 workers

Established market economies 5 4.5

Former socialist economies 5 13.0India 11 11.0China 26 10.0Other Asia and Islands 22 20.5Sub-Saharan Africa 15 21.0Latin-America and Caribbean 11 15.0Middle Eastern Crescent 5 17.0



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

RegionEconomical active

populationFatal occupational

accidents

Established market economies 419,732,002 15,879

Former socialist economies 183,089,714 17,416

India 443,860,000 40,133

China 740,703,000 90,295

Other Asia and Islands 415,527,598 76,886

Sub-Saharan Africa 279,680,390 53,292

Latin-America and Caribbean 219,083,179 36,372

Middle Eastern Crescent 135,220,721 17,977



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Work-related diseases cause the majority of deaths amongst the world’s working population:

Of the 2.2 million work related deaths each year, 1.7 million are the result of disease

The ILO estimates there to be 160 million cases of work-related disease each year

Hazardous substances kill about 438,000 workers annually, with asbestos-related illness claiming about 100,000 lives.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Labour force

Work-related disease fatalities

Australia 9,796,300 6,634

Brazil 83,000,000 44,375

Canada 16,200,000 10,962

China 737,000,000 414,024

EU 224,050,000 50,279

Egypt 19,200,000 26,175

India 443,000,000 325,350

South Korea 22,100,000 11,665

Saudi Arabia 5,800,000 8,660

United Kingdom 27,200,000 20,552

USA 141,800,000 98,210



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

RegionEconomical active

populationFatal work-related

disease

Established market economies

419,732,002 281,364

Former socialist economies 183,089,714 148,194India 443,860,000 261,891China 740,703,000 386,645Other Asia and Islands 415,527,598 178,786Sub-Saharan Africa 279,680,390 211,262Latin-America and Caribbean 219,083,179 108,195Middle Eastern Crescent 135,220,721 120,725



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

A common feature of most countries’ legal systems is the concept of the duty of care each employer owes to their employees, as well as other persons who may be affected by their activities.

This duty cannot be passed onto another person, such as a manager or a consultant employed to provide advice and support to the employer, or if an employee is sub-contracted to work for another employer.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Commonly this duty is divided into five specific areas:

1 Provision of a safe place of work, including access and egress

2 Provision of safe plant and equipment

3 Provision of safe systems of work

4 Employing safe and competent employees

5 Provision of adequate levels of supervision, information, instruction and training.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Health and safety requirements will normally be reinforced by national civil and/or criminal law.

This provides an incentive to manage health and safety effectively as the outcome of failing to safeguard employees’, or others’, health and safety may lead to: Enforcement action Prosecution Fines and/or imprisonment – criminal law Compensation claims – civil law.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

A study of UK accidents and ill health by the HSE identified that indirect costs (or hidden costs) could be as much as 36 times higher than direct costs.

In 2000 the European Union estimated that occupational accidents cost member states 55 billion Euros each year.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons


The Business Case for Health and Safety

£1£1

£8 - 36£8 - 36

Accidents and work-related ill-health both require investigating to identify the direct and indirect costs involved.

A UK HSE study identified that indirect costs for an accident could be as much as 36 times greater than the known direct costs


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons



DIRECT COSTS

Insured direct costs will include:

Insurance claimsDamage to buildings, equipment or vehiclesAttributable production and/or general business lossAbsence of employees.


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons



DIRECT COSTSUninsured direct costs will include:

Fines arising from prosecutionsSick payDamage to product, equipment or vehicles which is not attributable to the accidentIncreased insurance premiumsCompensation not covered by the insurance policy due to agreed excessesLegal representation.


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons



INDIRECT COSTSInsured direct costs will include:

•Cumulative business loss•Product or process liability claims•Recruitment of replacement staff.


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons



INDIRECT COSTSUninsured direct costs:

Loss of goodwill and poor corporate image including poor staff moraleAccident investigation time together with any remedial action requiredProduction delaysExtra overtime paymentsLost time for other employees – e.g. first aiderRecruitment and training of replacement staffAdditional administration time.


Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Employers’ liability insurance

Many countries’ legal systems require employers to have employers’ liability insurance – the purpose of the insurance is to cover their liability in the event of an employee suffering a injury following an accident or contracting an occupational disease.

Such cover ensures that should the employee make a compensation claim they will receive their compensation irrespective of their employer’s financial status.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

Fault and no-fault injury compensation

In the UK compensation for injuries/occupational diseases is awarded after a successful civil case brought by the employee.

To achieve this the claimant has to prove the defendant was at fault and was therefore negligent – this means the system is adversarial and costly and is a major contribution to spiraling insurance claims and costs of premiums.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons


In New Zealand, Canada, Scandinavian countries and some US states, a no-fault compensation system is in place.

In such systems compensation levels are agreed at a state or national government level based on the type and severity of the injury.

As opposed to the UK system, compensation is often in the form of a structured continual award, and may be in the form of a service as opposed to monetary compensation.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons


For any national non-faulty system to work five principles must be in place:

1 Community responsibility

2 Comprehensive entitlement irrespective of income or job status

3 Complete rehabilitation of the injured person

4 Real compensation for the injured person

5 Administrative efficiency of the compensation scheme.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons


Possible advantages: Accident claims are settled quicker than in fault systems Accident reporting rates can improve Accidents are easier to investigate as blame is no

longer an issue More funds are available from insurance premiums for

the injured party and less is used in the judicial and administrative processes.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons


Possible disadvantages: May be an increase in unjustified claims Lack of direct accountability of managers and

employers Mental injury and trauma are often excluded from no-

fault schemes due to the difficulty in generically measuring these conditions

Can be difficult to define the many causes of accidents and occupational diseases.



Group discussion

Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

MORAL

LEADERSHIP

MORAL

LEADERSHIP

EFFECTIVE

HEALTH

& SAFETY

MANAGEMENT



Financial reasons

Social reasons

Moral reasons

1 a What is the purpose of employer liability insurance?

b List six costs of an accident which might be uninsured.

2 a What are the possible consequences of an accident to:

i the injured worker

ii their employer?

b List the direct and indirect costs to the employer of accidents at work.

c What actions may an enforcement agency take following an accident at work?

Group discussion


Role of national Role of national governments and governments and international bodiesinternational bodies

Levels of duties & responsibilities

The International Labour Organization

EnforcementGroup discussion

Information sources

Role of national & international bodies

Role and function

A specialized agency of the United Nations which seeks to promote social justice through establishing and safeguarding internationally recognized human and labour rights.

The ILO consists of over 175 member states, but can be a source of guidance and influence on non-member states.




Information sources

Role and function

The ILO formulates international labour standards and aims to establish minimum rights, such as:

Freedom of association The right to organize Collective bargaining Abolition of forced and child labour Equality of opportunity and treatment.





Information sources

Role and function

The main principles of the ILO are:

1 Labour is not a commodity

2 Freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress

3 Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere

4 The ‘war against want’ is required to be carried out by each member state.





Information sources

Conventions and Recommendations

ILO occupational safety and health standards:

1 Guiding policies for action – the Occupational Safety & Health Convention 1985 (No. 155) and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 164) require preventative measures and a coherent national policy on occupational safety and health.

Also stresses employer’s responsibilities and the rights and duties of employees.





Information sources



2 Protection in given branches of economic activity – The Safety and Health in Construction Convention 1988 (No. 167) and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 175) stipulates the basic principles and measures to promote health and safety for workers in construction.





Information sources



3 Protection against specific risk – the Asbestos Convention (No. 162) and its accompanying Recommendation (No. 172) gives managerial, technical and medical measures to protect workers against exposure to asbestos dust.





Information sources



4 Measures of protection – Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provision) Convention 1975 (No. 143) aims to protect the safety and health of migrant workers.





Information sources


ILO Conventions are international treaties signed by Member States, with each country obliged to comply with the standards set out by the Convention.

Recommendations are non-binding and often deal with the same issues as a Convention. They are adopted when the subject, or aspects, are not considered suitable or appropriate at the time for a Convention.





Information sources


ILO standards are the same for each member state – there are no different standards for different regions of the world or groups of countries.

Standards are modified and modernized as necessary – the ILO’s governing body periodically reviews standards to ensure they remain relevant and effective.





Information sources


In addition to Conventions and Recommendations the ILO also publishes Codes of Practice, guidance and manuals.

These form a body of reference material of greater detail than Conventions and Recommendations and suggest practical solutions for the application of ILO standards by member states.

ILO CoPs indicate ‘what should be done’.





Information sources


Examples of ILO Codes of Practice:

Safety and health in construction Ambient factors in the workplace Safety in the use of chemicals at work Recording and notification of occupational accidents

and diseases Ergonomic checkpoints Work organization and ergonomics Occupational safety and health management systems.





Information sources

AbsoluteThe highest duty which can be imposed and requires action to be taken – regardless of cost – where the level of risk is considered so high that injury is inevitable.

• Provision of machinery guarding to prevent access to the dangerous parts of any work equipment

Example





Information sources

PracticableA more common duty imposed on employers for the provision of safeguards which are technically possible and feasible – again cost cannot be an argument for not complying with a practical requirement under national legislation.

• The installation of local exhaust ventilation in a woodworking workshop to prevent exposure to wood dust generated during cutting, sanding, etc.

Example





Information sources

Reasonably PracticableThe most common duty and requires employers to evaluate

the level of risk in balance with the time cost and inconvenience of complying with a requirement of national legislation.

• The provision of adequate welfare facilities – toilets, hot and cold running water, facilities to prepare and consume hot and cold drink/food.

Example





Information sources

Reasonably practicable

Risk Sacrifice

Effort

Cost

Time

High

Risk Sacrifice

EffortLow

Cost

Time





Information sources

Employer’s duties and responsibilities

The ILO’s principle duties of employers (ILO Recommendation 164) are:

1 Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery, equipment and work methods which are as safe and without risk as is reasonably practicable

2 Give necessary instruction and training that takes into account the functions and capabilities of different workers





Information sources

Employer’s duties and responsibilities

3 Provide adequate supervision of work practices to ensure that proper use is made of relevant occupational health and safety measures

4 Institute suitable occupational health and safety management arrangements appropriate to the working environment, size of the organization and its activities

5 Provide, without cost to workers, adequate personal protective clothing and equipment which are reasonably necessary when workplace hazards cannot be prevented or controlled.





Information sources

Workers’ rights and responsibilities

In 1998 ILO Member States adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which covers the following four areas:

1 Freedom of association

2 Forced labour

3 Discrimination

4 Child labour.





Information sources

Workers’ rights

Consulted on risks from workplace hazards

Consulted on risks from workplace hazards

Enquire and receive information from employers on workplace hazards

Enquire and receive information from employers on workplace hazards

Take adequate precautions to protect themselves and others from workplace hazards

Take adequate precautions to protect themselves and others from workplace hazards

Request to be involved in the assessment of hazards and risks

Request to be involved in the assessment of hazards and risks

Be involved in the development of health surveillance and participate in its implementation

Be involved in the development of health surveillance and participate in its implementation

Be informed in a timely comprehensive manner of any workplace or individual examinations

Be informed in a timely comprehensive manner of any workplace or individual examinations





Information sources

Workers’ rights

Raise concerns about workplace hazards and risks

Raise concerns about workplace hazards and risks

Appeal to the competent authority if health & safety measures are inadequate

Appeal to the competent authority if health & safety measures are inadequate

Remove themselves from any hazardous situations where they have good reason to

Remove themselves from any hazardous situations where they have good reason to

Be transferred to another work location if they are medically affected by a workplace hazard

Be transferred to another work location if they are medically affected by a workplace hazard

Compensation if they are unable to work due to being medically affected by a workplace hazard

Compensation if they are unable to work due to being medically affected by a workplace hazard

Adequate medical treatment & compensation for occupational injuries or diseases

Adequate medical treatment & compensation for occupational injuries or diseases





Information sources

Workers’ rights

Not use any equipment, processes or substances which can reasonably be expected to be hazardous without receiving appropriate information

Not use any equipment, processes or substances which can reasonably be expected to be hazardous without receiving appropriate information





Information sources

Workers’ responsibilities

Under Convention 187 employees/workers have the following responsibilities:

1 Take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work

2 Comply with instructions given for their own health and safety and that of others and with safety procedures





Information sources

Workers’ responsibilities

3 Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly and not to render them inoperative

4 Report immediately to their supervisor any situation which they have reason to believe could present a hazard and which they cannot themselves correct

5 Report any accident or injury to health which arises in the course of or in connection with their work.





Information sources

Legal framework

Legal frameworks will vary from country to country.

EU Member States use the EU’s framework for health and safety

Pacific Rim countries tend to follow the USA framework for health and safety

Caribbean countries tend to follow the UK framework for health and safety.





Information sources

Legal framework

ActsActs

Regulations(mandatory)

Regulations(mandatory)

Codes of Practice(standards to be achieved – such

as UK Approved Codes of Practice)

Codes of Practice(standards to be achieved – such

as UK Approved Codes of Practice)

National and International StandardsIndustry Standards and Guidance Notes

National and International StandardsIndustry Standards and Guidance Notes





Information sources


HSG 65 is published in the UK by the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) as a guide to successful health and safety management.

The guide is more concerned with continual improvement than the attainment of minimum health and safety standards.

This framework is used by HSE Inspectors when auditing the health and safety management arrangements of employers.




Information sources


OHSAS 18001 is an internationally recognized accredited standard for occupational health and safety management.

The standard is similar in structure to ILO-OSH 2001, with the main exception that it is only awarded to organizations following a successful audit by an awarding institution.




Information sources


ILO-OSH 2001 is a guideline offering a recommended occupational health and safety management framework.

There are main common elements with the UK’s HSG 65 and OHSAS 18001; the framework is not legally binding on ILO member states and does not seek to replace national laws, regulations or standards.

To be successful the ILO recognizes that there must be a national policy on health and safety and occupational health and safety management systems in place.




Information sources

Internal sources

Accident and ill-health records and investigation reports Absenteeism records Inspection and audit reports undertaken by the

organization, enforcement body or other competent third party

Maintenance records, risk assessments and training records

Internal guidance documents to employees Equipment testing, inspection and examination reports.





Information sources

External sources National health and safety legislation National enforcement body codes of practice, guidance

notes International standards (ISO) ILO conventions, recommendations or codes of practice European and British Standards Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) European Agency for Safety and Health Worksafe (Western Australia).





Information sources

External sources Health and safety magazines and journals Information published by trade associations, employer

organizations Specialist legal and technical journals Information from manufacturers and suppliers The internet.





Information sources

1 Why should an organization maintain good standards of health and safety management?

2 a Give four reasons why an organization should maintain and promote good standards of health

and safety in the workplace.

b What sources of information can be used by anorganization to help maintain and promote good standards of health and safety in the

workplace?


nebosh international general certificate resource pack ian harries cmiosh © 2013 ian harries. all...

Documents

health safety scope

health safety introduction

safety slide

health safety chapter

occupational safety

nature of occupational

regulation of health

health igc1