Energy Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45-47, 1989 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved

0360-5442/89 $3.00 + 0.00 Copyright 0 1989 Pergamon Press plc

NOTE

NATURAL GAS IN TURKEY

E. TASDEMIRO~LU

Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

(Received 23 June 1988)

Abstract-Data on recently commenced gas delivery from Russia and supplies to 2011 are reviewed. The contribution of natural gas to the national energy budget in different energy-consuming sectors is analysed and found to be important. Future programs for gas importation from other countries are noted.

INTRODUCTION

Until recently, NG did not play an important role in the Turkish economy because indigenous recoverable reserves amount to only 15 billion m 3 ’ In April 1988, an 850 km gas pipeline from . the Bulgarian border to Ankara was completed. ’ The deliveries of Soviet gas, under an agreement signed in February 1986, commenced in June 1987. In the first step, 435 million m3 of imported gas were used in a Hamitabat conversion plane in Thrace.’ The gas will mostly be used in Ankara after late 19893 and in four other large cities in West Anatolia in 1991.*

Delivery will reach 1.3 billion m3 in 1988, rise to 4.5 billion m3 in 1990 and possibly to more than 6 billion m3 after 2000 (cf. Table 1). The total delivery between 1987 and 2011 will be about 142 billion m3. Of this, 46% will be used in conversion plants, 18% in industry, 11% in fertilizer production, and 25% in the residential and commercial sectors.*

The main reason for deciding to use gas was to improve the environment of Ankara. Since 1960, an escalating air-pollution problem has existed in the capital.4

NATURAL GAS IN THE ENERGY BALANCE

In Table 2, we list the total primary energy consumption in different sectors for 1987 and 1990.’ Excluding the first 2 yr, the early average gas delivery over a period of 23 yr will be about 6102 million m3/yr or about 4.98 X lo6 toe since the imported gas contains 98.6% methane with an LHV of 8085 kcal/m3.5 These ideas are hig hli g hted in Table 3, where the amount of energy used for fertilizer production has been added to the industrial sector.

Since sectoral demands increase with time, comparisons with the average yearly NG supply are not informative. After 1990, gas delivery will be slightly increased. We compare figures for 1990; if net energy is considered, the figures should be multiplied by the conversion efficiency of about 85%. The 2% of demand in the residential and commercial sectors and 6% in industry will be supplied in 1990 by imported gas. NG will supply 15% (hydraulic generation is not included) of the thermal energy needed. With the NG supply for power generation fixed at

2800 million m3/yr to 2011, the share of Russian gas will become about 8%.

FUTURE PROGRAMS

A program for additional NG to 2015 is under discussion. Final agreements will probably be signed with Iran, Qatar, Lybia. New pipeline nets connected to the main line are being designed for delivery to the farthest regions of the country. The Turkish pipeline agency BotaS is committed to installation of an LNG plant in Maramara Ereglisi in Thrace. In April 1988, an agreement was signed with Algeria to import 2 billion m3/yr of NG.

45

Note

Table 1. Total primary energy consumption in ktoe (thousand tons of oil equivalent) in 1987 and 1990.

Sectors

I

Residential and commercial 16,200

Industry 12,283

Transport 6,897

Agriculture 1,734

Non-energy 898

Subtotal 38,012

Conversion plan ta 11,868 24

Total I primary energy 49,880 100

c Primary eneq

19 87

Percentage of total

43

32

18

5

2

100

Year Electricity production

435

1,100

2,450

2,800

2,800

2,800

2,800

2,800

65,585

Industry Fertilizer use production

T Residential and commercial use

1987

1988

1989

1990

1996

2001

2006

2011

Total

239

485

835

1,212

1,672

1,677

25,865 I

166

695

695

695

695

695

695

16,139

70

498

1,546

1,689

1,806

1,941

34,457

Contribution,? 46 18 11 25

Y consumDtion

1990

17,901 40

15,571 35

8,085 18

2,154 5

1,039 2

44,750 100

15,516 26

60,266 100

Table 2. Imported NG-delivery program to 2011.

Total use

435

1,266

3,454

4,47e

5,876

6,396

6,973

7,113

142,046

100

Table 3. Sectoral contributions for NG.

Sector Average

sectoral use of Average Contribution

NC,% yearly

SUPPlY in 1990, of NG

supply,ktoe ktoe in 1990,%

Residential and commercial 25 1,233 402 2

Industrial 29 1,431 954 6

Electricity 46 2,269 2,264 15

By 2000, Turkey’s NG consumption may approach 20 billion m’fyr or the equivalent of about 18.5Mton of oil, i.e., more than present oil imports6 Oil imports in 1986 were 18.2 Mton.’ The share of imported petroleum for power generation has decreased from 51.4% in 1973 to 17.6% in 1986.8 Since 1980, the percentage share of imported to total consumed petroleum has been stable. About 34% of imported petroleum must be used in the transport sector.’ Regulations concerning NG use are being implemented. The conversion of coal or fuel-oil furnaces to NG burners is easily accomplished at modest cost.

1.

REFERENCES

WEC Turkish National Committee, “Present and Future Energy Situation of Turkey,” (in Turkish), IV Turkish Energy Congress, Izmir, Turkey (1986).

Note 47

2. S. Ak~msettinoghr, “Delivery of Natural Gas and the Future Programs,” (in Turkish), Seminar on Natural Gas Use in House Heating, pp. 7-12, Ankara, Turkey (1988).

3. Hiirriyet, “Natural Gas Plan,” (in Turkish), Newspaper Bulletin, Ankara, Turkey (10 June 1988). 4. A. Helvact, “Anakara Natural Gas Delivery Project,” (in Turkish), Seminar on Natural Gas Use in

House Heating, pp. 15-19, Ankara, Turkey (1988). 5. N. Tanyeli, “Devices Operated by Natural Gas,” (in Turkish), Seminar on Natural Gas Use in House

Heating, pp. 83-92, Ankara, Turkey (1988). 6. D. 0. Croll, Petrol. Economist LIV, 269 (1987). 7. WEC Turkish National Committee, “Turkey’s Energy Statistics 1986,” (in Turkish), &mir, Turkey

(1987). 8. WEC Turkish National Committee, “Results and Proposals of IV Turkish Energy Congress,” (in

Turkish), IV Turkish Energy Congress, Izmir, Turkey (1986). 9. H. Ismailoglu, “Standardization Works of TSE for Natural Gas Use,” (in Turkish), Seminar on

Natural Gas Use in House Heating, pp. 41-80, Ankara, Turkey.