Native Americans

European Exploration

Africans and Slavery

Mrs. Dean

Social Studies

Arrival of Native Americans

Who discovered America?

28,000 nomadic hunters traveled BC over

Bering Strait

◦ Some continue to hunt large game

◦ Others settle and become farmers

Native Americans reside throughout the

Americas for thousands of years

◦ 50-100 million natives

◦ More than 2000 groups (or tribes)

Native Americans Thrive

Hundreds of tribes succeeded in North

America

◦ Had their own distinct languages

◦ Estimates of NA in North America = 7-12

million (25 million in Mexico alone)

Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers,

cotton and took advantage of the

numerous animal resources

Savage?

If this could be yours…would you take it?

Causes for European Exploration

3 G’s

◦Gold

◦God

◦Glory

Gold

In Europe – land is no longer the way to be rich…they looked to gold

Marco Polo – travels to China, wrote about the culture – sparks exploration ◦ More and more people are interested in the

exotic goods

◦ Merchants realize they can make $ by selling goods from the East Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and

precious stones in high demand

Most of the trading is done on land through middle men

Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East

Glory

What is the U.S. known for TODAY?

Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of countries) ◦ Look to establish wealth and power specifically through

power and trade

◦ Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies

Improvements in technology encourage this growth ◦ Moveable type/printing press = new info

◦ Better maps = more accurate

◦ Better navigation instruments = know direction/location

◦ Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas

Look to make a better name for their nation-state!

God

Church is constantly looking to acquire

land, wealth and believers

◦ Protestant Reformation (early 1500’s) – led to

decline in Catholic Church

◦ Look for areas and people to convert

Christopher Columbus

How have you celebrated Columbus in the past?

Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia (for more efficient trading) ◦ Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive 10%

of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea

◦ October 1492 – landed in Bahamas

◦ Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba

On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves ◦ Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for

◦ Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe

◦ 1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally millions)

Spanish Settlement

Spanish settled primarily in the Caribbean

and Central America

Ponce de Leon – first to arrive on North

American mainland

◦ Looking for gold (exhausted supply in

Caribbean) and fountain of youth

Spanish primarily stay in South (such as

Florida, New Orleans)

Explorers vs. Indians

Examples of what is to come

◦ Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas

◦ Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico

◦ Pizarro = Incas of Peru

◦ English settlers of VA and MA = Powhatans

and Pequots

Spanish vs. English Colonies

Spanish Armada

◦ Failed attempt by

Spain to restore

English monarchy to a

Catholic one

◦ Spain no longer the

ruler of the seas –

opens the way for

English exploration

English Take Over Exploration

1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina)

◦ Difficult winter – colonists returned to England

◦ 1587 (2nd attempt)

100 men; 17 women

Wrote of Native Americans

Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on American soil

John White sailed back for more supplies – returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted

Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree

English Exploration (cont’d)

Jamestown

◦ Group of merchants from the Virginia Company of London

◦ April 1607

◦ In the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who???

◦ Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later

Jamestown

When residents were

starving, some ran off

to join the Indians

Gov. of Jamestown

ordered return of men

but men did not

Gov. ordered revenge

on Indians

Soldiers killed 16 Indians,

burned houses, ruined

corn fields, took queen of

tribe and children

◦ Took them into boats, threw

children overboard and shot

them in the head

◦ Queen was taken off and

stabbed to death

12 yrs later, Indians feared

growing numbers of

settlers and went on

killing rampage: 347 men,

women and children

Total War

Jamestown

New Wave of Colonists

Came searching for religious freedom Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the

Anglican Church

Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches

Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims

Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod

“Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.

Pilgrims and Indians

What is Thanksgiving?

Thanksgiving Video

Africa

Regions rich with natural resources –

gold, copper, iron

By 1400, Portugal had set up trading posts

on the west coast

Africans had long accompanied ships

sailing to the New World, not necessarily

as slaves

Africans

First Africans (20) workers to Jamestown

in 1619

◦ Perhaps brought more as indentured servants

– not lifetime service

Up until 1640 – some Africans were free

and owned property

By 1660, slavery was recognized in

Virginian law

African slaves came by the shiploads

Why Africans?....

Why not poor whites, Native Americans,

or other willing servants?

1637 – very first American-made slave

ship arrives in the colonies

◦ Named Desire

Millions are to-be-slaves never make it to

US

◦ Disease

◦ suicide

Slavery and the Middle Passage

Slavery in the US

Evolves to the most cruel form in the

world

Even in South American and Caribbean

Islands, Africans maintained certain

aspects of their culture

◦ Religion

◦ Music

◦ Language

Colonial Rule

England views its North American colonies as economic resource

◦ In order to profit, colonies need to export more than they import

◦ Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England

Monopoly over all colonists goods

Colonists begin to smuggle goods

Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government

Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established

Time Notebook

“Numbers” pg 115

http://www.glencoe.com/cgi-

bin/pdfServer.pl/sec/socialstudies/ose/aj20

03/full/docs/chap04.pdf

Additional Costs of Goods

http://www.espl.org/genealogy-

research/cost-of-some-items-in-colonial-

virginia.html

France and Britain Clash

Map – pg 117

France and Britain Clash

American population growing – need

more room to expand

French had good relationship with NA

◦ Did not want their land, but fur trade

◦ Often married NA women

Iroquois balanced the power by siding

with the British

French and Indian War

George Washington surveys the land in the Ohio River Valley

◦ Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754)

◦ Went to present day Pittsburgh – French already built a fort

◦ Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity

◦ Washington tried to attack, but failed – returned to Virginia

Homework: Read Chapter 4-4 (121-125)

◦ Be prepared for quiz over reading tomorrow