Native AmericansEuropean ExplorationAfricans and Slavery

Mrs. DeanSocial Studies

Arrival of Native Americans

Who discovered America?28,000 nomadic hunters traveled

BC over Bering Strait◦Some continue to hunt large game◦Others settle and become farmers

Native Americans reside throughout the Americas for thousands of years◦50-100 million natives◦More than 2000 groups (or tribes)

Native Americans ThriveHundreds of tribes succeeded in

North America◦Had their own distinct languages◦Estimates of NA in North America =

7-12 million (25 million in Mexico alone)

Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, cotton and took advantage of the numerous animal resources

Savage?

If this could be yours…would you take it?

Causes for European Exploration

3 G’s◦Gold◦God◦Glory

GoldIn Europe – land is no longer the way to be

rich…they looked to goldMarco Polo – travels to China, wrote about

the culture – sparks exploration◦More and more people are interested in the exotic

goods◦Merchants realize they can make $ by selling

goods from the East Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and

precious stones in high demand Most of the trading is done on land through middle men

Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East

GloryWhat is the U.S. known for TODAY?Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of

countries)◦ Look to establish wealth and power specifically through

power and trade◦ Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies

Improvements in technology encourage this growth◦ Moveable type/printing press = new info◦ Better maps = more accurate◦ Better navigation instruments = know direction/location◦ Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas

Look to make a better name for their nation-state!

GodChurch is constantly looking to

acquire land, wealth and believers◦Protestant Reformation (early

1500’s) – led to decline in Catholic Church

◦Look for areas and people to convert

Christopher ColumbusHow have you celebrated Columbus in the past?Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia

(for more efficient trading)◦ Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive

10% of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea

◦ October 1492 – landed in Bahamas◦ Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba

On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves◦ Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for◦ Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe◦ 1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally

millions)

Spanish SettlementSpanish settled primarily in the

Caribbean and Central AmericaPonce de Leon – first to arrive on

North American mainland◦Looking for gold (exhausted supply

in Caribbean) and fountain of youthSpanish primarily stay in South

(such as Florida, New Orleans)

Explorers vs. IndiansExamples of what is to come

◦Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas

◦Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico◦Pizarro = Incas of Peru◦English settlers of VA and MA =

Powhatans and Pequots

Spanish vs. English Colonies

Spanish Armada ◦ Failed attempt by

Spain to restore English monarchy to a Catholic one

◦ Spain no longer the ruler of the seas – opens the way for English exploration

English Take Over Exploration

1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina)◦Difficult winter – colonists returned to

England◦1587 (2nd attempt)

100 men; 17 women Wrote of Native Americans Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on

American soil John White sailed back for more supplies –

returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree

English Exploration (cont’d)

Jamestown◦ Group of merchants

from the Virginia Company of London

◦ April 1607◦ In the Chesapeake Bay

(Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who???

◦ Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later

JamestownWhen residents

were starving, some ran off to join the Indians

Gov. of Jamestown ordered return of men but men did not

Gov. ordered revenge on Indians

Soldiers killed 16 Indians, burned houses, ruined corn fields, took queen of tribe and children◦ Took them into boats,

threw children overboard and shot them in the head

◦ Queen was taken off and stabbed to death

12 yrs later, Indians feared growing numbers of settlers and went on killing rampage: 347 men, women and children

Total War

Jamestown

New Wave of ColonistsCame searching for religious freedom

Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the Anglican Church

Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches

Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims

Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod

“Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.

Pilgrims and IndiansWhat is Thanksgiving?Thanksgiving Video

AfricansRegions rich with natural

resources – gold, copper, ironBy 1400, Portugal had set up

trading posts on the west coastThe Columbian exchange – pg 60Why were Africans chosen as the

ideal slaves (instead of poor whites or Native Americans)?

AfricansFirst Africans (20) workers to

Jamestown in 1619◦Perhaps brought more as indentured

servants – not lifetime serviceUp until 1640 – some Africans

were free and owned propertyBy 1660, slavery was recognized

in Virginian lawAfrican slaves came by the

shiploads

Colonial RuleEngland views its North American colonies

as economic resource◦ In order to profit, colonies need to export more

than they import◦Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England

Monopoly over all colonists goods Colonists begin to smuggle goods

Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government

Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established

“Numbers” pg 115

French and Indian WarMap – pg 117American population growing –

need more room to expandFrench had good relationship with

NA◦Did not want their land, but fur trade ◦Often married NA women

Iroquois balanced the power by siding with the British

French and Indian WarGeorge Washington surveys the land

in the Ohio River Valley◦Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754)◦Went to present day Pittsburgh – French

already built a fort◦Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity◦Washington tried to attack, but failed –

returned to VirginiaHomework: Read Chapter 4-4 (121-

125)