Nationalism, Revolution, and Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, Latin Dictatorship: Asia, Latin America, and the Middle EastAmerica, and the Middle EastFrom 1919 to 1939From 1919 to 1939

2323

The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism Modern Nationalism

The source of anti-colonialist sentiment was a new urban middle class of Westernized intellectuals

• Educated in Western style schools, spent time in the West, spoke Western languages, wore Western clothes, worked in jobs connected to colonialists

Resented foreigners and their contempt for colonial people but admired Western culture

Equality in economic opportunity and social class lacking for western educated natives

Relegated to low level jobs in government or business

Rise of Nationalism, cont’dRise of Nationalism, cont’d

Paid less than Europeans “white only” clubs, use of the familiar form of a

language when addressing natives Educated natives began to organize political

parties and movements seeking reforms or end of foreign rule and restoration of independence

Religion and NationalismReligion and Nationalism Leaders tried to defend native economic interests or

religious beliefs Burma – Thakin Dutch East Indies – Sarekat Islam

Independence or modernization? The Nationalist Quandary Gradualist approach if the colonial regime was a source

of reform If an impediment to change, independence a priority

• Incorporation of traditional way of life

Gandhi and the Gandhi and the Indian National CongressIndian National Congress

First Indian nationalists were upper-class and educated Urban Preferred reform to revolution Efforts won some measure of self-government

Indian National Congress, 1885 Sought self-determination for all Indians Religion will be a problem

Nonviolent Resistance Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Returned from South Africa in 1915 Satyagraha, non-violent resistance Mahatma, Great Soul Government of India Act, 1921 Salt March

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, cont’d.cont’d.

Women played active role in movement 20,000 women, 10% of those arrested and jailed in

demonstrations Marched, picketed foreign shops, promoted spinning

and wearing homemade cloth Promoted social reforms: women’s education, birth

control, abolition of child marriage, and universal suffrage

Sarda Act – raised minimum age of marriage to 14

British India Between the WarsBritish India Between the Wars

New Leaders and New ProblemsNew Leaders and New Problems Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) New Anglo-Indian politician: secular, rational, upper class, and

intellectual Independence movement’s impulses:

Elite nationalism and primal force of Indian traditionalismTwo paths: Religious and secular Native and Western Traditional and modern

Muslim League – wanted separate Muslim state of Pakistan, “Land of the Pure”

Communal strife increased between Hindus and Muslims

Nationalist Revolt in the Nationalist Revolt in the Middle EastMiddle East

Decline of Ottoman Empire Young Turks T.E.Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and Egypt

Mustapha Kemal and the Modernization of Turkey Colonel Mustapha Kemal (1881-1938), Atatürk

• Created a secular republic• Modernized the economy, written language,

and education• Broke the political power of the Islamic

religion in Turkey

Modernization of IranModernization of Iran Qajar dynasty (1794-1925)

Problems with Russian advances to the Caucasus Constitution granted in 1906 Influence of Russia and Great Britain Oil discovered, 1908 Reza Khan (1878-1944) seizes power in 1921

• Wanted western style republic• Pahlavi dynasty• Changed the name of Persia to Iran• Western-style education• Rugs and oil

Iran Under the Pahlavi DynastyIran Under the Pahlavi Dynasty

Nation Building in IraqNation Building in Iraq Emergence of a new political entity along Tigris

and Euphrates rivers Region divided along ethnic and religious lines

Shi’ite majority (rural), Sunni minority (cities), Kurdish population in northern mountains

League of Nations placed country under British control in 1920

King Faisal of Syria given titular authority Discovery of oil near Kirkuk, 1927 Independence of Iraq in 1932

The Rise of Arab Nationalism and The Rise of Arab Nationalism and the Issue of Palestinethe Issue of Palestine

Wahhabi revolt Arabs declared independence from Ottoman rule in 1916 Mandates of the League of Nations

Iraq and Jordan assigned to Britain Syria and Lebanon assigned to France Palestine was a separate mandate

Balfour Declaration, 1917 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, created 1932

Ibn Saud Discovery of oil

Jewish immigration into Palestine

Nationalism and Revolution in Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and AfricaAsia and Africa

Marxism initially found irrelevant Marxist view of the colonial world Lenin and anti-colonialism Nationalist leaders did not want egalitarian society

Lenin and the East: Trained foreign agents to spread Marxism in their

countries, Communist International, or Comintern By end of 1920s, almost every colonial or semicolonial

society in Asia had a Marxist party In Middle East, Marxism had less success but appealed

to urban minorities (Jews and Armenians)

The Appeal of CommunismThe Appeal of Communism Doctrine states that rank and file should be urban factory

workers In reality, members were urban intellectuals or lower

middle class attracted because of: Patriotic reasons – way to remove colonizers Egalitarian communism and classless society Secular ideology Communist parties attempted to adapt

Marxist doctrine to indigenous values and institutions to gain broader appeal.

• Ba’ath party (Syria)• “African road to socialism”

In 1930s, Communist parties in most colonial societies had little success

Revolution in ChinaRevolution in China Revolutionary Marxism had greatest impact in China Chinese Communist party (CCP), 1921 General Yuan Shikai, President

Ruled in traditional manner, reviving Confucian rituals and institutions, founding a new imperial dynasty

Clashes with Guomindang or Nationalist Party Defeated Sun Yat Sen who fled to Japan China slipped into semianarchy upon Yuan’s death due

to disintegration of central power and military warlords seizing power in provinces

Student Demonstrations in BeijingStudent Demonstrations in Beijing

Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture MovementThe New Culture Movement

New Culture Movement• Aimed at abolishing the remnants of the old system and

introducing Western values and institutions into China• Introduce a mix of new ideas• Protest against Japanese efforts to expand its influence into the

mainland• Twenty-one demands by Japan in 1915• China accepted the Versailles Peace Conference decision• By 1920, central authority had collapsed in China• Northern Expedition, 1926-1928• Shanghai massacre, April 1927• Mao Zedong

Nationalist-Communist AllianceNationalist-Communist Alliance Central authority collapsed Two competing forces: Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party

and CCP formed alliance to oppose warlords and drive imperial powers out

Northern Expedition in 1926 Tensions between parties surfaced Sun Yat-sen died and succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek

(traitor) Reign of Terror in Shanghai killed thousands of CCP Mao Zedong

Chinese revolution based on peasants in the countryside

The Nanjing RepublicThe Nanjing Republic Chiang Kai-Shek formed new republic at

Nanjing Attempt to put an end to the communists The Long March Chiang and political and economic reforms Poverty in the countryside Nanjing government preoccupied with

bourgeois values with few links with the peasants

The Northern Expedition and the The Northern Expedition and the Long March Long March

The Best of East and WestThe Best of East and West New Life Movement

To propagate traditional Confucian social ethics (integrity, propriety, righteousness), while rejecting excessive individualism and material greed from Western capitalism

Chiang repressed opposition and censored free expression, alienating intellectuals and political moderates

Little success with land reform or in industrial development Economic and social problems: internal disintegration,

foreign pressure, collapse of global economic order, rise of militant political forces in Japan

““Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Down with Confucius and Sons”: Economic, Social, and Cultural Change in Republican ChinaSocial, and Cultural Change in Republican China

Slow growth in the industrial sector Social Changes

Educated youth attacked Confucian concept of the family, filial piety, and subordination of women

Young people wanted right to choose own mates and careers

Women demanded equal rights and opportunities Progressives called for end to duty to community and

praised Western individualist ethos New values and behavior did not penetrate villages and

rural life

A New CultureA New Culture

Western literature and art became popular among urban middle class

Call for new art that synthesize best of Chinese and foreign culture

Creative artists imitated foreign trends Traditionalists concerned with preservation Literature influenced by foreign ideas – novel and short

story Social realism – clear contempt for past

Japan Between the WarsJapan Between the Wars Experiment in Democracy

Introduction of democratic ideas Genro (ruling oligarchy) Expanded suffrage Marxist labor movements and ultranationalists Literature

A Zaibatsu Economy Manufacturing processes concentrated in a single enterprise Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, Yasuda

Shidehara Diplomacy Need for raw materials and markets for goods Washington Conference, 1922 Diplomatic and economic means to achieve objectives

• Need for resources for heavy industry Growing feeling that the diplomacy of the1920’s had failed

Nationalism and Dictatorship in Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin AmericaLatin America

Latin America affected by World War I and Great Depression

The Economy and the United States Beginning of 20th C, almost all of Latin America

achieved independence Economy based on export of foodstuffs and raw

materials• Argentina: beef and wheat• Chile: nitrates and copper• Brazil and Caribbean nations: sugar• Central American states: bananas

Latin America, cont’dLatin America, cont’d World War I - European investments declined Rise of U.S. role in local economy – biggest investor in:

“Chile and Peru: copper mining Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia: oil banana-republics” and united Fruit Company Raised U.S. political influence in Latin America esp. in Central

America and Caribbean Latin Americans growing feelings of hostility Good Neighbor Policy

Impact of the Great Depression Fall in Latin American exports Decline in foreign revenues Encouraged development of new industries:

• Chile and Brazil – steel• Argentina and Mexico – oil

Government investment replaced local sources of capital

The Effects of DependenceThe Effects of Dependence Domination by an elite minority Argentina

Hipólito Irigoyen (1852-1933) Brazil

Military overthrows the monarchy Getulio Vargas (1883-1954) Autocratic

Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party Lázaro Cárdenas (1895-1970) Land redistribution Seizes oil industry

Latin American Culture Diego Rivera (1886-1957

Latin America in the First Half of Latin America in the First Half of the Twentieth Centurythe Twentieth Century

Struggle for the Banner Struggle for the Banner

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What were the various stages in the rise of nationalist

movements in Asia and the Middle East, and what problems did they face?

How did Japan address the problems of nation building in the first decades of the 20th C, and why did democratic institutions not take hold more effectively?

What problems did the nations of Latin America face in the interwar years? To what degree were they a consequence of foreign influence?