Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

Chapter 12

Section 2

Africa

Europeans in Africa

• Europe ruled over most of Africa during the early 1900s• Improved farming methods meant more exports• However, this mostly benefited colonial rulers• Europeans kept the best lands, and African farmers were

forced to grow cash crops instead of food• They also were forced to work in mines and then pay taxes

to the colonial governments

How did whites treat the Africans?

• Racial discrimination• White settlers forced Africans off the best land• Only white Europeans could grow the profitable

crops• British forced Africans to carry ID cards• Africans had to pay taxes• Europeans restricted Africans’ travel and places to

live

How did whites treat the Africans?

• Africans forced to grow cash crops – not food

• Africans died of starvation

African Hopes

• Millions of Africans fought for Allies in WWI

• Africans hoped their support would earn them more rights and opportunities

• After WWI, the Allies treated Africans the same or worse despite African wartime support

Educated Africans

• Educated Africans who studied in Europe decried the injustice toward Africans

• Best jobs went to Europeans living in Africa, not the native Africans

• Africans wanted their independence from European colonial masters

• Africans began protesting against European imperialism (domination of one country over the politics/economy of another country/region)

Apartheid

• Many Africans began criticizing imperial rule, but their freedoms only eroded further

• An example was the system of apartheid in South Africa

• Under this policy, black Africans were denied many of their previous rights, such as the right to vote

South African Blacks

• Forced to carry ID passes at all times

• Evicted from the best lands reserved for the white race

• Forced to live on crowded reserves where crops grew poorly

Apartheid

A policy of rigid segregation of the races that continued until 1994 in South Africa!

African National Congress

• Africans formed a political party - the African National Congress, or ANC

• Designed to promote greater fairness for blacks and protest unfair laws

• ANC’s efforts had no effect on the white S.African government

Pan-Africanism

• During the 1920s, the Pan-Africanism movement called for the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world

• During the first Pan-African Congress, delegates asked world leaders at the Paris Peace Conference following WWI to approve a charter of rights for Africans

• Their request was ignored• The members of the negritude movement in West Africa

and the Caribbean protested colonial rule while expressing pride in African culture

• These movements, however, brought about little real change

Pan-Africanism

Egypt

• Britain ruled Egypt• Egyptians suffered greatly during WWI• Following protests, strikes, and riots, Britain

granted Egypt independence in 1922• Many Egyptians joined a nationalist movement

called the Muslim Brotherhood that promotes Islamic nationalism and rejects Western culture

• (Egypt’s current president Morsi is a member of the Muslim Brotherhood)

Asia Minor

• In Asia Minor, Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman ruler and established the republic of Turkey

• Kemal was also known as Ataturk (father of the Turks), his government promoted industrial expansion by building factories and railroads

• Inspired by Ataturks successes, Reza Khan overthrew the shah of Persia

• Khan sought to turn Persia into a modern country• Khan built factories and railroads

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Reza Khan

Map of Iran

Asia Minor

• Khan also demanded a bigger portion of profits for Persia from British-controlled oil companies

• Both leaders pushed aside Islamic traditions, replacing them with Western alternatives

Pan-Arabism

• Pan-Arabism was a movement based on a shared history of Arabs living from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa

• Leaders of Arab nations and territories had hoped to gain independence after WWI, but felt betrayed when France and Britain were given control over their lands

• In Palestine, Arab nationalists faced Zionists, or Jewish nationalists

Balfour Declaration

• To win the support of European Jews, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration

• The Balfour Declaration supported a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine

• Arabs felt the declaration favored the Jews• As a result, an ongoing conflict developed in the Middle

East still witnessed today

Homework

• Watch the following You Tube video “The Legacy of Apartheid”

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9WB5nOnHIY

• Answer the following questions on the next slide

Video Questions

1. Define “apartheid”2. Identify the specific laws that discriminated

against blacks in South Africa3. What was the name of the African political

organization created to combat apartheid and improve conditions for blacks?

4. Which archbishop fought to end apartheid?5. In what year did the South African government

reject apartheid?

Powerpoint Questions

6. What did the Africans expect for having supported the Europeans during World War I?

7. Explain the goal of the Pan-Africanism movement8. Identify the negritude movement9. Which leader overthrew the Ottoman ruler and established

the republic of Turkey?10. What was Pan-Arabism? Explain.11. What was the British goal of issuing the Balfour

Declaration? Explain.

The End