National Wildlife Disease Surveillance Systems:

an European perspectiveMarc ARTOIS

VetAgro Sup, OIE working group on wildlife.Diplomate ECVPH

20111 OIE Global conference on wildlife

Surveillance =“making good decision

with poor data”

20112 OIE Global conference on wildlife 22

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Outline: WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE

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Use of data Aims Case definition Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion Conclusion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

What is surveillance

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1° Monitoring Ongoing process Real time Early warning

2° Decision & management Information of veterinary services, other bodies Management options Often fail Protection & Prevention

K Capello et al. 2010, Eurosurveillance 15; (28)

Use of data

Main use of surveillance data

Maps Graph

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H5N1HPAI, OIE

H. Roberts et al. 2011, DEFRA report OIE information department

Use of data

Data “extracted” for epidemiological studies

Incidence & seroprevalence of pestivirus infection in a population of Pyrenean chamois.

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PIOZ, M. et al. 2007. Vet Microbiol

http://www.parcsnationaux.fr/layout/set/fiche/content/view/full/7568

Use of data

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Aims of wildlife surveillance

Wild animal Pathogen

Natural habitat

Other species

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Use of data Aims

8

Wildlife

Source Target

Releaserisk

Environment

Humans or domestic animals : target/ victim

Aims

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Wildlife

Source Target Exposurerisk

Environment

Wildlife can be target/ victim

Aims

Main aims for surveillance in wildlife

Release riskExposure risk

Highly communicable pathogens

Pathogens in wild maintenance or liaison host

Possibly emerging pathogens

Diseases affecting Game species

populations Endangered populations

Wildlife as sentinel(environment health)

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PathogenDisease

Aims

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Disease in wildlife Affect wild animal

(victim) Surveillance based

on clinical signs Important for

game management, animal conservation.

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http://thierrydacko.typepad.fr/grandeurnature/2008/09/la-krato-conjon.html

Aims Case def.

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Data for diseases surveillance

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Lesions Tissue Modification

Aetiology

Diagnostic

http://www.thestalkingdirectory.co.uk/showthread.php?4582-TB-in-Roe-Deer

TB lesions in Roe deer

Case def.

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

► Trend Monitoring & expected background noiseWARNS PETIT, E. 2011. PhD Univ Grenoble

Syndrome 2

An example of syndromic surveillance in wildlife

13 See: Warns Petit, E. et al. 2010, BMC veterinary

Case def.

Surveillance of pathogen in wildlife

Wild animals frequently are healthy carriers of pathogens:

clinic is useless

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A hidden danger

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Carriage (infection/intoxication) in wildlife

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Target the pathogen (pathogen surveillance) Diagnostic test

http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/aiworkshop/index.jsp?search=Cloaca&pagemode=submit

Download: FAO “Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance. “http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0960e/a0960e00.htm

Case def.

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Sampling Power/ precision Enough data

Reliability/ representativeness

i.g. CWD in Europe (EFSA report, 2010. 8, 10, 1861)

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Artois, M. et al. 2009. Springer

Case def. Sampling

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Randomised sampling or planed sampling

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True “active surveillance”...

Does not exist, yet:Mostly sub sampling of hunted carcasses

Sampling

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

“Ad hoc” or opportunistic sampling

Probability of detection,

A function of Prevalence Level of awareness

Iceberg metaphor

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Sampling

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Data processing & management Transmission Validation & coding Storage Analysis

WOBESER G. (2007) Springer.

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Sampling Data storing

See: DUFOUR, B., HENDRIKX, P. et al. (2009). OIE

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Field watcherhunter, public

Veterinary laboratory

Anses FNC

ONCFS

FDC

InterlocutorONCFS

Case study: the SAGIR network

Data storing

Data management

Communication20 TERRIER, M.E. et al. 2006; Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr

http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Reseau-SAGIR-ru105

Current situation of surveillance in Europe

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Ryser-Degiorgis, M. et al. 2009, EWDA report

Case studies

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Europe: state of the art 25 replies to the questionnaire/23 no Few generalist, country-scale surveillance Roughly 20 000 carcasses examined (minimum) Most: gross lesions few: histology and parasitology Some: bacteriology and virology Occasionally: toxicology & serology

5 top diseases Avian influenza, CSF, Rabies, Trichinellosis, Tuberculosis

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Ryser-Degiorgis et al. 2009

Case studies

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Critical points arising with ad hoc and generalist wildlife surveillance

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Diagnostic Quality of tests Code (putting words & digits) Skill, imputation

Data Complex (many species, many diseases…)

Lack of accuracy ? Population size & structure

Low frequency of notifiable diseases Difficulty of assessment Financial and human cost of the network http://www.astronomy-

pictures.net/pictures_of_stars.html

Case studies Discussion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Basic data needed

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Unique Ref/ Date/ Tissue/ Name of test or Modification/

test result Animal Context: Single/ cluster/ mass mortality Species name (Genus species, e.g. Cervus elaphus) Location

Extra Age class Sex Tag (if any) Cause of death or disease (+ imputation)

Discussion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Consequences of notification

The notification of a disease or even an infection of a wild animal can have a deleterious effect on trade.

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http://samaw.com/mizoram-on-bird-flu-alert-india-h5n1-news/849

Discussion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Risk resulting from wildlife infection (still) needs to be appropriately assessed

Can the infection spread FROM wildlife to domestic animals?

Are any cases in domestic animals notified?

Are wild animals Maintenance hosts Spill over hosts? credit: Texas A&M University; the photo is apparently

from an outbreak in South Africa in 1897http://www.samefacts.com/2010/11/uncategorized/virus-movies/

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Discussion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Conclusion

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Good decision = good information

Good information =A network =

means human eyes, noses and ears in the fields…

The best data =Accurate and simple Steady record Steady report

http://ecobirder.blogspot.com/2008/01/immature-red-shouldered-hawk-on-sanibel.html

Discussion conclusion

WDA EWDA 2012 meeting

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61st International conference of the WDA 10th biennial conference of the EWDA

Marcy l’Etoile & Lyon (France) from Sunday July 22nd through Friday July 27th

2012

http://wda2012.vetagro-sup.fr/

“Convergence in wildlife health"

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

References

Existing report on Wildlife surveillance in Europe

Anonym (2005). (IREC) Ciudad Real, Spain, IREC.

Briones, V. (Editor, 2000), Universidad de Madrid: 70p.

Leighton, A. (1995).." Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizootie14(3): 819-830.

Ryser-Degiorgis, et al. (2009). EWDA. Brussels, EWDA: 7p.

General references on Wildlife surveillance

Artois, M., R. Bengis, et al. (2009)...

Kuiken, T., F. A. Leighton, et al. (2005 ).

Mörner, T., D. L. Obendorf, et al. (2002)..

Pittman, M., A. Laddomada, et al. (2007).

Thulke, H.-H., D. Eisinger, et al. (2009).

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conclusion

“Wildlife” Defined1

1 OIE Working Group on Wildlife Diseases 1999

• Pathogens and diseases from all four groups must be reported

• Wildlife Focal Points may be asked to report on Pathogens in:• Wild animal (free living)• Feral animals• Captive Wildlife (Zoos, Wildlife Parks, etc.)

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Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Liaison, Maintenance, Spill-over, Vector, …Victims...

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Aims

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Comparisons and sharing of data

Standards “Babel Tower”:

we do speak the same language

Need of a medical nomenclature

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http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2006/06/country_or_comp.html

Discussion

Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion

Acknowledgments

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Prof F. LEIGHTON (OIE coll. Centre, Saskatoon)

Dr Eva WARNS PETIT

conclusion