THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNALOF THE

National %tfe^boat 3nstitution,(ISSUED QUABTEBLY.)

VOL. XIII.—No. 147.] FEBKUAKY 1, 1888. [PBICE 3d.

THE PEOPULSION OF LIFE-BOATS.

IT will doubtless be in the memory ofsome of our readers that in April, 1886,the General Committee of the BOYALNATIONAL LIFE-BO AT INSTITUTION ap-pointed a sub-committee to inquire intothe practicability of applying steam toLife-boats. After visiting the LiverpoolInternational Exhibition to examine themodels of steam Life-boats exhibitedthere, and hearing the evidence of thecoxswains of Life-boats who have had thegreatest experience in the assistance tobe obtained from steam in carrying outthe Life-boat service, the sub-committee,after reporting their proceedings, finishedwith the conclusion that they were un-able to recommend the adoption of anypattern of steam Life-boat at present.

During last year the Committee againmoved in the matter by offering gold andsilver medals for the best models or draw-ings of a mechanically propelled Life-boat, adapted to meet the conditionsunder which Life-boats are called uponto perform their work; also similar medalsfor a propelling power suitable for theexisting self-righting boats of the Insti-tution. It was hoped this competitionwould produce some idea, at any rate,containing the germs of future success.Intending competitors were given fivemonths in which to produce their ideas,and every precaution was taken to ensure

their names being unknown till the com-petition was decided, by the drawingsand models being sent in under a cypher,accompanied by a sealed envelope con-taining the full name and address, butnot to be opened until after the awardwas made. Three most competent expertsfor the post, and in no way connectedwith the Life-boat Institution, acceptedthe invitation of the Committee to under-take the task of judges, viz., Sir FEEDBEICKBBAMWELL, F.B.S., Sir DIGBY MUBBAY,Bart., and Mr. JOHN I. THOBNYCBOFT.These gentlemen, after careful examina-tion of the proposals, reported that theyhad carefully considered all the modelsand drawings submitted to them, andthat they were of opinion that none ofthem were suited to the requirements ofthe EOYAL NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTI-TUTION, and that they were therefore un-able to award medals.

The above short account of what theInstitution has done in this matter, andthe result of its efforts, may, we think, befairly taken as a criterion of the diffi-culties that surround the production ofa practically useful steam or othermechanically propelled Life-boat, as wellas showing that the Institution is quitealive to the necessity for continuedadvance and improvement in the construc-tion of its Boats and their appliances.

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438 THE LIFE-BOAT JOUBNAL. [FEBBUABY 1, 1888.

It has doubtless struck many, and willyet strike more, as very strange that inthese days of advanced science and greatprogress in methods of propulsion, whenmasts and sails are rapidly disappearingfrom both men-of-war and merchantvessels as well as oars from boats, to besuperseded by different forms of theirrepressible steam-engine with its youngrival as a motive power—the electricspark—that the vessels of all otherswhich should have the most powerful andefficient means of propulsion against ad-verse circumstances of wind and sea,viz., Life-boats, should still be dependenton the old-fashioned oars and sails, withthe assistance, in some cases, of a tugsteamer. This is certainly the case, andat first sight, that it should remain sowould appear as anything but creditableto the engineering skill of this greatmanufacturing country; but there is agreat deal to be said on the other side.The difficulties and dangers to be melwith and overcome by a Life-boat incarrying out its work are so very muchgreater, and of such a very differentnature from those to be encountered byany ordinary boat or vessel at sea, that it ishardly exaggeration to say that the prin-ciples on which a Life-boat is unavoidablybuilt and worked are diametrically opposecto the considerations which guide the navaarchitect and marine engineer in design-ing and constructing any vessel, eitherlarge or small, for ordinary sea-goingpurposes. For instance, the primaryobject for securing the safety of all othervessels is to prevent heavy seas breakingon board and filling the vessel; the impossibility of doing this in a Life-boat isso apparent that it is not attempted, buprovision is made to guard against the evieffects of this mass of water by puttingair-tight cases wherever other exigenciesadmit of so doing, to support the boaunder its additional weight, until thewater all runs out again, or in othe:words to provide sufficient extra weight tclift thejboat up through any mass of wate:instead of allowing it to press her down.

2nd. It is necessary that a Life-boatshould have great stability and weatherlyqualities or hold in the water to preventler being blown about on the top of thewaves like an inflated bladder; at thesame time it is an absolute necessity thatthese qualities should not be obtained inthe usual way of a deep draught of water,because she must be able to float in com-paratively shallow water.

3rd. All other vessels are built witha view to their being kept afloat, andnot running aground; in fact, to pro-vide against injury on doing so is nomatter for consideration of the navalarchitect or builder, but the Life-boat,particularly the large ones that go to out-lying sands such as the Goodwin, mustbe prepared to take the ground in theordinary course of work, and that not infine weather and smooth water.

4th. One very desirable if not abso-lutely necessary quality, more particu-larly in a small vessel, is that her sternand quarters shall be of such a form as toenable her to rise readily to a following sea,and not allow it to break on board, or innautical phraseology not to be " pooped."This is a matter of quite secondary con-sideration for a Life-boat, compared withthe necessity for preventing the followingsea lifting up the stern, burying the bow,and then causing the boat to "broachto;" one important agent in securingthis is having the stern comparativelylow in the water, and heavy, which is adirect invitation to the sea to break onboard.

The above remarks refer to Life-boatsgenerally; but when we come to the self-righting boat, which includes 269 out ofthe 291 boats belonging to the Institu-tion, another difficulty is added. Thisself-righting quality is a strong illustra-tion of the point we have been dwellingon. In building an ordinary boat orvessel it is the duty of the architect togive her all practicable stability, but theconsideration of what is to happen if sheis capsized does not enter into his cal-culation^, because there can generally be

FEBBUASY 1,1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 439

but one end, namely, destruction of thevessel; but Life-boats, more particularlythe smaller ones, have to encounter, andsuccessfully, seas •which would overwhelmany other boat, and in doing which thepossibility of being capsized must befaced, and provided against. This isdone by so constructing the boats thatthey •will right again even with theirwhole crew in them; but of course thisentails peculiarity of construction andconsideration as to the amount and posi-tion of weights put on board.

The difficulties in the way of producinga really serviceable steam Life-boat havelittle more than begun to be met when

the requirements and difficulties givenabove have been thoroughly consideredand mastered. We then come to the formof the propeller, the engines to move thatpropeller, and the agent that will givethose engines the power to move the pro-peller, and keep it moving for a consider-able number of hours, all to be put intoas little weight as practicable. The morethese various points are considered themore the difficulties to be overcome showthemselves; but some one said, "diffi-culties are only made to be overcome,"and we can only look forward to sucha satisfactory end overtaking them in thiscase.

ADDITIONAL STATIONS AND NEW LIFE-BOATS.

SCARBOROUGH.—The Institution hassent a new 37 feet, twelve oared Life-boat•with transporting carriage to this well-known port and watering place, thecost having been provided by HEBBEET A.FOSTEB, Esq., of Queensbury Works,Bradford, and the boat being named theQueensbury. No less than 138 lives havebeen saved by Life-boats from shipwrecksoff Scarborough during the past twenty-six years. A very interesting ceremonytook place on the occasion of naming andlaunching the new Life-boat on the 19thJuly last, in the presence of some thou-sands of spectators, including excur-sionists from Bradford and other towns.The boat was taken through the principalstreets in procession, and on arriving atthe Foreshore Road, a halt was made infront of the Mayor's Garden, where theEarl and Countess of LONDESBOBOUGH, SirGEOBGE and the Hon. LADY SITWKLL, LordRAINCLIFFE, and other ladies and gentle-men had taken up a position on an im-provised platform. The Venerable Arch-deacon BLUNT opened the proceedings bydelivering an address. He said theoccasion was one of deep interest, and onewhich was quite in sympathy with thosethoughts which had occupied them in thepast few weeks of the Queen's Jubilee.They had been much occupied withfeelings of joy and thankfulness whichwere mainly kindled by a retrospect of thehappy past. They were that day met in

order to receive a generous gift from agenerous donor; to receive from one of the

I most munificent of Yorkshiremen, one ofthe most munificent of gifts (hear, hear).After other remarks the Archdeaconoffered a brief prayer, after which theband played " Eternal Father, strong tosave " in a most impressive manner.

Mr. HEBBEBT A. FOSTEB (the donor ofthe boat) now came forward amid loudcheering. He said it was his simple butpleasant duty to hand over the boat to thecare of the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITU-TION. He had for a number of years takena very great interest in the Institution,the good deeds done by which it wasneedless to mention (cheers). He wasglad the boat had come to Yorkshire, andstill more so that it had arrived at Scar-borough, a town with which his earlyyouth had been associated (hear, hear).He was aware of the affection with whichthey regarded the old boat, but he hopedthe present one would soon occupy thesame place. He could only hope that itwould be long before it would be used,but when it was required he was sure itcould not be manned by a better crew inthe whole world (cheers), because Scar-borough men were ever ready to risk theirown lives to save those of their fellowmen(hear, hear). He had great pleasure inhanding over the boat. Three cheerswere then given for Mr. FOSTEB.

C. E. F. CUNNINGHAME GfiAHAM, Esq.,

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440 THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. [FEBBUABY 1, 1888.

the District Life-boat Inspector, acceptedthe gift on behalf of the Institution,observing that it was not only the limitedfew directly interested who had reason tobe grateful for such an offering, but itwas one that appealed to the whole ofhumanity. He need only say that a gift ofthat nature required a considerable sum tokeep it in working order, but Mr. FOSTEB,his four brothers and two uncles had mostgenerously provided a fund for the per-manent maintenance of the boat (loudapplause). This most generous gift had

the Institution finding the Scarboroughboat a heavy charge upon them, and hehad no doubt that liberal support wouldbe continued in the future.

The ceremony of naming the boat wasthen performed by the Countess of LON-DESBOBOUGH. The bottle of champagnewas attached to a piece of colouredribbon. The first endeavour to break thebottle on the side of the vessel failed,through the bottle coming in contact witha rope, but the second attempt was moresuccessful, and as the bottle shivered into

come at an opportune moment, for at thepresent time great improvements werebeing made in all the boats, and it hadbeen found necessary to replace a verylarge number by more efficient ones.

Alderman WOODALL acknowledged thegift on behalf- of the Committee, thesubscribers, and inhabitants of the town.He had always taken a great interest inthe Life-boat movement, as did his greatgrandfather, grandfather, and fatherbefore him (hear, hear). The town hadalways subscribed sufficient to prevent

numberless pieces, her Ladyship namedthe boat the " Queensbury " amid loud andcontinued cheering.

The Earl of LOKDESBOBOUOH and thedonor of the Life-boat afterwards pro-| ceeded on board, and the boat was rundown the slipway opposite the Mayor'sgarden on to the sands. On a signal beinggiven a gun was fired, and at the samemoment the Life-boat was most success-fully launched, amid the loud and con-tinued cheers of the vast concourse ofspectators. The crew rowed the boat

FEBBUABY 1, 1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOUKNAL. 441

about in the bay for some time, afterwhich they returned to shore, the trial triphaying been a very successful one.

RAMSGATE AND NOBTH DEAL.—TheInstitution has recently placed newLife-boats on these important stations, iEach boat is 40 feet long and 10 feet iwide, and is fitted with four water bal- jlast tanks and a sliding, or drop keel toincrease her weatherly qualities. TheBamsgate new Life-boat, like her pre-decessor is named The Bradford, thattown having been identified with Bams-gate by means of the Life-boats stationedat that port for upwards of 21 years,in which period the Life-boats bearingthat name* have been instrumental insaving 803 lives, besides helping to save54 vessels from destruction. The firstLife-boat at Bamsgate, named TheNorthumberland, in the course of 13 yearssaved about 400 lives from various wrecks,making a total of 1,200 lives saved by theBamsgate Life-boats, in conjunction withtheir consorts, the harbour steamersVulcan and Aid, during the past 34 years.The Bamsgate Life-boat Station is underthe management of the Board of Trade.The cost of the North Deal new Life-boatand equipment has been defrayed from alegacy bequeathed to the Institution bythe late Miss M. 0. SOMEBVILLE, of Genoa,and the boat, like the one it superseded,is named the Mary Somerville. On the8th September, the Deal Life-boat waspublicly launched in the presence of EarlGBANVILLE and his two daughters, theLadies YICTOBIA and MABY LEVEBSON, theEarl and Countess SYDNEY, Sir EDWABDand the Hon. Lady BIBKBECK, LadyHONOBIA CADOGAN, the Mayor of Deal andnumerous other ladies and gentlemen.

Sir EDWABD BIBKBEOK, who attended asChairman of the NATIONAL LITE-BOATINSTITUTION to make the formal presenta-tion of the boat to the Local Committee,spoke in highly eulogistic terms of thebravery of the Deal boat-men in manningtheir Life-boat in the past, and adverted tothe fact that the boat which this replacedhad been instrumental in saving no lessthan 237 lives. On the part of theInstitution he thanked the crew who inthe past had so bravely manned the boatto the honour of themselves and the creditof their country, and was sure that in the

future they would as cheerfully obey anycall for assistance.

The Eev. T. S. TBEANOB, HonorarySecretary of the Good win Sands and DownsBranch of the Institution, having offeredprayer and addressed those assembled, andthe hymn " For those at Sea " having beensung, Countess SYDNEY said: "I namethis Life-boat after its noble predecessor,the Mary Somervitte, and I pray, as I amsure we all do, that God will guide andprotect the brave and noble Deal boatmenon their mission of mercy to those in perilon the sea." The Mayor of Deal havingthanked the Countess for her kindness intaking part in the proceedings, the boatwas launched amid loud cheers.

LYDD, DUNGENEBS.—One of the new34 feet 10 oared Life-boats has been sentto Lydd, Dungeness, to take the place ofa Life-boat stationed there many yearssince. The cost of the new boat has beenpresented to the Institution by the BoyalAntediluvian Order of Buffaloes, and theboat is named the S. A. 0. B., which isthe short title of the Order. The publiclaunch of the boat took place at Dunge-ness on the 24th September, under thesuperintendence of Mr. C. E. F. CUNNING-HAME GBAHAM, District Inspector of Life-boats to the Institution. There was avery large company of spectators, whohad arrived by special trains from London,and some of the neighbouring coasttowns. A large party of the members ofthe Order of Buffaloes from London andelsewhere were present, attired in theirpeculiar dress. On their behalf Mr. J.SABGENT formally handed over the boatto the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION,and in doing so specially referred to theservices of Mr. F. GBEY, the Founder andHonorary Secretary of this Life-boat, Fund.The gift was acknowledged by the Chair-man of the Branch, ALUBED DENNE, Esq.,D.L., and by the District Inspector ofLife-boats.

A short and appropriate service wasperformed by the Bev. F. DAY, Vicar ofLydd, and the boat, which had beenjuanned by a crew fully equipped, wasthen launched by Lady WHITTAB.EB ELLIS,from a platform which had been tem-porarily erected for the purpose. Previousto the launching, Lady ELLIS named theboat by breaking a bottle of wine over thebows.

442 THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. [FEBBTTABT 1, 1888.

STABILITY.

IN this article it is proposed to explainthe nature and action of stability as con-cisely as the subject permits, withoutintroducing technical terms, beyond thoseessential to definition, or attempting togo beyond the purely mechanical, or whatis understood as unscientific, demonstra-tion of the matter in hand.

Stability is a quality possessed in somedegree by all boats and vessels, and isabsolutely essential to their safety andutility; a boat, as we are mainly interestedin boats, is said to be " wanting in sta-bility" relatively only to the amountdesirable, or possessed by other boats ofsimilar form.

The Life-boats of the Institution areconstructed to exhibit an unusual amountof this quality. The term stability, asgenerally used, is taken to refer to lateralstability only. Longitudinal stability,which is governed by the same principles,is referred to later on.

Stability, then, may be defined as theendeavour made by boats to regain anupright position when thrown out of thisposition by any extraneous forces, suchas the wind or sea. In order to accountfor this endeavour, and to measure itsforce under the different conditionsthrough which the boat passes when ex-posed to wind or sea, it is necessary todefine and locate two points.

Firstly, the Centre of Gravity of theboat; secondly, the Centre of Gravity ofdisplacement or, as it is more frequentlycalled, the Centre of Buoyancy.

The Centre of Gravity of the boat isthe common centre of the weight of theboat and of all its contents; the pointat which it would balance if hung in air.

The Centre of Buoyancy is the corre-sponding point in the body of water dis-placed by the boat.

The boat, when floating, displaces amass of water equal in weight to that ofthe boat and its contents, and is subjecton every portion of its immersed surfaceto pressure from the water so displaced

acting in various directions according tothe shape of the immersed surface. Thesum of this pressure may be taken asacting upwards in a direct vertical linepassing through the Centre of Buoyancy.The weight of the boat and its contentsis acting downwards in. a direct verticalline passing through the Centre of Gravityof the boat.

These forces are equal, and when theboat is upright, and at rest, fall in oneand the same vertical line, and exactlycounterbalance each other, as in Fig, 1.

Fig. 1.

W.L

Here G represents the supposed positionof centre of gravity, B the supposed posi-tion of centre of buoyancy, and W L thewater-line. The positions are selectedwith a view to illustration, without re-ference to the actual relative distancesthat they would occupy in an InstitutionLife-boat.

In Fig. 2 the boat is represented asheeling to an angle of 15°, and, whileimmersing a portion of one side, has liftedout of the water a part of the other. Itis evident that the immersed portion hasaltered its shape, and that the centre ofbuoyancy has moved out to accommodateitself to the changed displacement, andmay now be taken as at B.

The forces remain equal, but are nowacting at different points and in contrarydirections. Joining G with the verticalpassing through B, there appears a lever,

FEBRUARY 1, 1888.] THE LITE-BOAT JOTJENAL. 443

or righting couple. At one end a forceequal to the weight pf the boat pressingvertically downward, at the other an equal

Fig. 2.

force pushing vertically upwards. Theseforces are obviously assisting each otherto raise the boat to an upright position.

In Fig. 3 the boat has still furtherburied her side, heeling over to an angleof 30°. The centre of buoyancy has againmoved outwards, lengthening the righting

Fig. 3.

lever.and increasingthe effort to straightenup. Thus the length of the righting couplebecomes a measure of the boat's stability,as the righting force at work equals theweight of the boat multiplied by the lengthof the lever.

In Figs. 2 and 3 the boat is stable orpossesses stability, because, on removingthe pressure of wind or lift of sea, shewill fly back to an upright position andthere remain.

In the Life-boats of the Institution thiscondition exists at all angles of heel, andindeed stretches itself into a self-rightingproperty; but it is not now proposed tofollow our boat round beyond her beamends.

In Fig. 4 we have a section of a Life-boat on its beam ends and, owing to the

Fig. 4.

W.L.

extreme lowness of its centre of gravity,still exhibiting a righting couple.

In Fig. 5, with a higher centre of gravityand deeper body, the centre of buoyancy

Fig. 5.

has swung into the same vertical as thecentre of gravity, and the boat is inequilibrium as in Fig. 1.

If, as in Fig. 6, the centre of buoyancyswings on and passes from lee to weather

444 THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. [FEBBUARY 1,1888.

side of centre of gravity, a lever isinstantly developed and becomes an up-setting couple, when nothing can save her.

Pig. 6.

On further reference to these figures, itwill be observed that a vertical drawnthrough the centre of buoyancy cuts thevertical drawn through the centre ofgravity at various distances from thelatter. This point of intersection is calledthe meta-centre.

When it falls above the centre ofgravity as in Figs. 2, 3, and 4, the boatis stable; when below, as in Fig. 5,unstable. Life-boats are necessarily offull section and light draught, havingto retain their carrying power withoutmuch increase of draught, and toenter the water from flat beaches. Theyare consequently heavily ballasted at thelowest obtainable stowage, carrying fromone-fifth to one-sixth of their entire weightin iron on the keel. They are extremelylively, springing back from the blow of asea with surprising quickness. Thissprightliness, though puzzling to un-

trained oarsmen, is a great element ofsafety; the boat is seldom caught at adisadvantage by a second sea, and if upsetis usually knocked over at a blow, andnot by the cumulative mischief of succes-sive impulses. It has been assumed thatG has throughout remained in the sameposition, that is, in the centre vertical.In Life-boats and in yachts carrying leadballast outboard this is practically thecase. In open boats, however, with shift-ing ballast, or where the crew tumblingto leeward materially affect the positionof G, a new danger arises, which will bereadily explained by reference to Fig. 3,6 representing the centre of gravity aftershifting to leeward of weights and crew.No righting couple is developed, and theboat will be instantly pressed furtherdown, and so on with each shift to lee-ward of G.

On the other hand, the judicious hand-ling of shifting ballast is obviously asecurity. By moving G to windwardthe righting couple is proportionatelylengthened.

It may be concluded, therefore, thatlateral stability is increased by loweringthe centre of gravity.

Initial stability is due to beam, andincreases with it.

Longitudinal stability is the resistanceshown by the boat to the immersion ofher bow or stern. In this case the centreof buoyancy has moved fore or aft of thecentre of gravity, and a longitudinal ortipping couple has been created.

SEBVICES OF THE LIFE-BOATS OF THE EOYAL NATIONALLIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION.

BUCKIE.—At 9 A.M. on the 7th Aug. lasta pilot-boat put off to bring the schoonerSen Aigen, coal laden from Sunderland,into the harbour during a strong gale fromthe N.W. and a rough sea. The pilotboarded the vessel and the boat proceededto return to the harbour with one man anda boy in her, but when about fifty yardsfrom the schooner the boom shifted, causingthe boat to fill with water and founder

immediately. The schooner promptlylaunched her boat, manned by two men,and picked up the man, but the boywas unfortunately lost. The JamesSturm Life-boat put off from Buckieto the rescue, and reached the schooner'sboat jnst in time to save all her occu-pants from perishing, as she was nearingthe rocks and both her oars had beenbroken.

FEBBTJABY 1,1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOUBNAL. 445

MABLETHORPE.—The barge Paragon, ofMilton, Faversham, was observed indistress during a fresh E. breeze, squallyweather and a moderate sea on the 13thAugust. She was trying to beat off thelee shore off Trusthorpe pier, but beingunable to do so she anchored just clear ofthe breakers. As she appeared to bedragging her anchors, the Heywood Life-boat was launched at 11 A.M., and at themaster's request remained by the vesselfor an hour or so until the seas began tobreak over her, when the master, his wife,and two children were taken into the boatand landed, leaving four of the Life-boatmen and the crew of two men on boardthe barge. At low water they came ashorein the vessel's boat. The barge afterwardsbecame a total wreck.

NEWPORT, PEMBROKESHIRE.—The Life-boat Clevedon was the means of renderingtimely service on the occasion of theBegatta held on the 17th August. Astrong wind sprung up from the N.N.E.,and the sea was somewhat rough, and thebarge on which the Kegatta Committeewere stationed, which was at anchor aboutthree hundred yards from the beach, wasplaced in a perilous position, inasmuchas there were no oars or sails on board,and although if the cable had been slippedshe would probably have drifted on to thesands and the occupants might have beenenabled to get ashore, considerable riskwould have been incurred, as the tide wasrising and the sea was becoming rougher.Signals were therefore hoisted, and inresponse the Life-boat was quickly gotout, manned and launched, and in avery short time the eight persons onboard the barge were taken into theboat and safely landed amidst the ap-plause of the numerous spectators. Sometime afterwards the barge sunk at heranchor.

SotfTHEND, ESSEX.—During a stronggale from the S.W. and a rough sea on the2nd September the brig Avenir, of and forKrageroe, Norway, from London, in ballast,parted both her anchors and drifted on1 tothe Maplin Sands. The No. 1 Life-boatSoys of England and Edwin J. Brett waslaunched at 2 P.M., proceeded to the vesseland remained by her until the flood tidemade on the following day, when, with theassistance of a steam tug, she was got

afloat and towed to Gravesend. She hada crew of seven men.

In answer to a telegram stating that abarge was in distress seven miles E. ofWakering Haven, the No. 2 Life-boatTheodore and Herbert was launched at 3 P.M.on the 17th December, during a strong W.breeze and proceeded to the vessel, whichproved to be the Sultan, of Rochester.She had sprung a leak and was sinkingon the Maplin Sands, her crew havingtaken refuge on board another bargewhich was close by. The Life-boatremained alongside until the following tide,but her assistance not being required shethen returned to her station, arrivingthere at 2 o'clock on the followingmorning.

SOUTHEND AND CLACTON-ON-SEA.

Signal guns having been fired by the light-ships on the evening of the 10th October,the No. 2 Life-boat Theodore and Herbertput off from Southend and the AlbertEdward Life-boat was launched fromClacton at about seven o'clock. Theyfound the schooner Fenus, of Teignmouth,bound from London for the Tyne inballast, stranded on the Maplin Sands, andremained by her until 6 o'clock on thefollowing morning.

NEW BRIGHTON.—The schooner CarlRosinius, of Hangesund, bound for Liver-pool in ballast, was seen stranded onTaylor's Bank, and signals were fired bythe Crosby Lightvessel, during a W. wind,squally weather and a heavy sea on the3rd September. At 9 A.M. the Willie andArthur Life-boat was towed out by asteam tug, and found that the vessel hadgot off the sand "and had brought up indeep water. Four of the Life-boat menwere put on board to assist to get theanchor up, a line was passed to the tag,and the vessel was towed to Liverpool,the Life-boat following astern to steer her,as she had lost her rudder.

KEDOAE.—On the morning of the 7thSeptember the sloop Robert, of Hull, whichhad been anchored for three weeks offBedcar, engaged in removing portions ofthe wreck of a steamer, weighed heranchor and made sail, her position havingbecome perilous owing to the increasingwind and sea. While tacking close tothe East Bock her mast went by the board

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446 THE LITE-BOAT JOURNAL. [FEBBUABY 1, 1888.

and both anchors were thereupon let go,the vessel lying close to the rocks. TheBrothers Life-boat was promptly launchedat 6 A.M., and brought safely ashore thesloop's crew, consisting of two men.

LLANDTTDNO.—At about 2.40 P.M. onthe 7th September, the Life-boat Sisters'Memorial was launched to the assistanceof the cutter yacht ffaidee, of Liverpool,which had shown a signal of distresswhile at anchor in the bay, during a strongbreeze from the N.E. and a heavy swell.On reaching the vessel it was found thatshe was leaking badly, had lost her rudderand was gradually sinking. The Life-boatbrought ashore her punt, the crew of twomen having just previously been landed bya shore boat.

CAISTBH.—The fishing dandy Vanguard,of Great Yarmouth, returning to her portfrom the fishing grounds during a strongbreeze from the E.N.E. and a heavy sea onthe 19th September, went on the BarberSand ; she got off, but afterwards strandedon the beach about a mile and a half S. ofCaister. The No. 2 Life-boat Godsendwas launched at 4 A.M., and on reachingthe vessel, found one anchor had beenlaid out by her own boat, which wasafterwards filled and lost. As the heavyseas were breaking over the vessel, theservices of the Life-boat men were gladlyaccepted, and after a time she was gotafloat and taken into Yarmouth harbour.She carried a crew of eleven men.

DONNA NOOK.—The Richard Life-boatwas launched at 8 A.M. on the 20th Sep-tember, during a N.E. wind, squallyweather and a rough sea, to the assistanceof the fishing dandy Aurora, of Hull,which had stranded near Donna Nook.The Life-boat remained by her until thetide fell and left her dry.

CULLEECOATS.—A heavy sea came on atabout 7 o'clock on the morning of the29th September, and as all the fishing-boats had gone out it was consideredadvisable to launch the Co-Operator No. 1Life-boat in case any accident shouldhappen to them in crossing the bar, whilemaking for their port. They all howevercrossed in safety, the Life-boat remainingafloat until all danger was over, andreturning to her station at 10 o'clock.

GOELESTON.—In response to signals ofdistress on the 15th October the MarkLane Life-boat was launched at about7.30 P.M., and found they had been shownby the three-masted schooner Queen of theIsles, of Wick, bound from. Tonsberg,Norway to Sunderland, with a cargo of pitprops. She had parted her starboardanchor, and when brought up by the portanchor she was close under the bows of asteam ship, and as a collision was feared,she signalled for assistance. The windwas blowing from the N.E., squally withrain and a rough sea. The Life-boatremained by the vessel during the nightand she was taken to a safe position onthe following day.

The trawler Striver, of Great Yarmouth,was being towed into the harbour by asteam-tug at about 8.45 on the morningof the 25th October, during a N.E. toN.N.E. wind, squally weather, and a heavysea. When crossing the bar, the tug cameinto collision with a brig which was intow of another steamer. This caused herto stop her engines, and the trawler wascaught by a heavy sea and dashed againstthe stern of the tug, having her bow storein. To avoid being stranded on the" Mouse-Trap," the trawler's tow-rope wascast off; she starboarded her helm andwore round, narrowly escaping collisionwith the South Pier. It was then foundthat she was sinking, and the crew of sixmen therefore got into their boat. TheMark Lane Life-boat, which had beenpromptly launched, proceeded to theirassistance and tried to save the vessel;but all efforts failed, and as she wasrapidly filling, the coxswain ordered allhands into the Life-boat. Five minutesafterwards the trawler went down bowfirst.

SKEGNESS.—A signal of distress wasdisplayed in the fore-rigging of the sloopUnity, of Boston, bound from Lynn forSunderland with a cargo of wheat, on themorning of the 25th October, during afresh N. breeze with snow-squalls and aheavy sea. The Life-boat Herbert Ingramwas launched at 9.30; proceeded to thevessel, which was in a leaky and disabledcondition, having lost her main-boom andsome of her rigging, and assisted to takeher to Boston.

WICKLOW.—The Bolert T. Garden Life-

FEBRUARY 1,1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 447

boat was launched at 7.30 A.M. on the1st November, and proceeded to theassistance of the schooner Samuel Dixon,of "Wexford, bound from Llanelly forWexford with a cargo of coal, which hadshown a signal of distress in the roadsteadduring a gale from the S.E. and a veryheavy sea. One of the cables had parted,and, as she was dragging her other anchor,the crew of four men were taken into theLife-boat and brought ashore.

WEYMOUTH.—On the morning of the1st November several vessels were re-ported to be driving out of PortlandBoads towards the shore, and the crew ofthe Agnes Harriet Life-boat were sum-moned, and remained in readiness in casetheir services were needed. At 9 o'clockthe brigantiue Maren, of Fanoe, Denmark,bound from Mexico for Hamburg with acargo of logwood, was observed to bedragging her anchors, and, fearing shewould strike the Mixen Bocks or theouter pier of the' harbour, the Life-boatwas launched to render assistance ifnecessary. The vessel drove rapidly pastthe harbour, and the Life-boat followedher, being filled three times by the heavyseas but quickly freeing herself, andarrived alongside at 10.30. The wind wasthen blowing with almost hurricane forcefrom the S.S.W.,with heavy rain and hail.The boat remained until all the cablewas paid out, near the vessel, whichcontinued to drive to leeward, and at11.30 struck in broken water. The Life-boat then dropped down to her twice,but those on board the vessel did notavail themselves of her services. Theweather was then moderating, althoughthe sea etill ran high. At 1 o'clock theship appeared safe, resting on the sandswith both anchors down, and the Life-boat returned to the harbour. At 2.30it was evidently unsafe to remain onboard any longer, as the sea continuedvery rough, and the Life-boat again putoff with the view of prevailing on the mento leave the vessel. After several attemptsthe boat succeeded in getting alongside,and the master and crew, seven men alltold, then unhesitatingly decided to leavethe ship, and with their effects were safelylanded by the Life-boat, which reachedthe harbour, after an hour's hard pulling,at about 5 P.M.

The following is a copy of a letter after-

wards received by the Honorary Secretaryof the Weymouth Branch of the Institu-tion from the master of the Maren:—•

" DEAR Sm,—On behalf of myself and crew,who feel much gratified and deeply indebtedfor the services rendered to us by the Life-boat,especially for their skilfnl manner in coiningalongside, also their endurance in stoppingahead of the ship for several hours, in order tobe alongside in the moment of need; their careto save our clothes, and kindness towards us,together with the waving and hearty welcomeof the crowd of spectators on shore, made animpression upon us which we shall never forget,and therefore beg you, dear Sir, to tender ourwarmest but poor thanks to the crew of theLife-boat. We remain, dear Sir," Your most humble servants, for self and crew,

"J. SVAKBEB," Master of the Danish brigantine Maren."

RAMSET, ISLE OF MAN.—One of theworst storms ever experienced on thiscoast prevailed on the morning of the1st November, the wind blowing almost ahurricane from the S.S.E., and the searunning mountains high. At 9.30 a signalof distress was shown by a vessel in thebay, and the Life-boat Two Sisters was atonce taken out, and proceeded by land toPort Lewaigue, it being considered unwiseto attempt to launch her anywhere nearthe harbour; the sea and wind wouldhave rendered it impossible to propelher to windward. She was successfullylaunched, and being handled most skilfullyby her coxswain and crew, rescued thecrew, consisting of three men, from theschooner Kattie Darling, of and for Chester,from Coleraine, and the crew of seven menfrom the brigantine Prothesa, of Teign-mouth, bound from Buncorn for NorthShields with a cargo of rock-salt, both ofwhich vessels were dragging their anchorsin the bay. In returning ashore some ofthe ropes attached to the drogue broke,in consequence of the great strain uponthem, and the Life-boat broached to andwas filled by an enormous wave; thecrew, however, kept cool; the boat, whichwas under oars and running with the;ale, soon recovered herself, and wasanded by another great wave high np on;he steep beach, north of Beachmount,about four miles from the place where shelad been launched.

WALMEH.—A telegram was received on,he morning of the 3rd November, statingthat a vessel was ashore in Pegwell Bay.

448 THE LIFE-BOAT JOUKNAL. [FEBBTJABY 1, 1888.

A gale of wind was blowing from theS.S.W., with a heavy sea and squalls ofrain. The Life-boat Civil Service No. 4was launched at 8 o'clock, and proceededto the stranded vessel, which proved to bethe brig 0. Neumann Oaedebehn, of Kostock,bound from America for the Baltic with acargo of resin. Some Deal boatmen hadalready boarded her, freed her from thegear of the masts which had been cutaway, and pumped her dry, and at themaster's request the Life-boat remainedby the ship until she was taken intoEamsgate harbour.

SKERRIES.—The ketch Emily Wynne,of and for Wexford from Ayr, with a cargoof coal, which had anchored in SkerriesBay for shelter during a moderate galefrom the E.S.E. and a heavy sea, showedsignals of distress on the night of the5th November. The Laura Platt Life-boat was launched at 8:30; proceeded tothe vessel, and brought ashore her crew,consisting of four men.

HOBNSEA.—On the morning of Tues-day, the 8th November, during a moderateE. gale and a heavy sea, rockets werefired in quick succession by the four-masted ship Earl of Beaconsfield, of Lon-don, bound from Calcutta for Hull witha cargo of wheat and linseed, which hadstranded about two miles S. of Aldbrough,nine miles from Hornsea, during a fog onthe previous Sunday morning. The Life-boat Ellen and Margaret of Settle waslaunched at about 6.10, and reached thestranded vessel at about 9.45, after morethan three hours' hard rowing, took offtwenty-seven men and safely landed themat Aldbrough. The Life-boat returned toher station by road on her carriage, whichhad been sent to fetch her.

NEWBIGCHN.—The fishing-boats went tothe fishing-ground as usual about 4 o'clockon the morning of the 22nd November,but they had scarcely shot their lineswhen a strong gale sprung up suddenlyfrom the E.N.E., which necessitated leav-ing their lines and making for home withall speed. As the gale was rapidly increas-ing, the Life-boat Robert and Susan waslaunched at 8.30, and piloted the boats,about thirty in number, safely into port.

STJNDEBLAND.—At about 10 A.M. on the

22nd November, the fishing-boats Dotherel,British Defiance, Star in the East, andHannah, were observed in distress aboutthree miles S.E. of Sunderland during astrong E.S.E. wind and a rough sea. TheLife-boat Caroline Clagett put off to theirassistance, and remained by them untilthey were towed into the harbour by asteam tug.

FILEY.—The Hollon the Second Life-boat was launched at 10 A.M. on the22nd November to the assistance of thefishing fleet, which had been overtakenby a sudden gale from the E.S.E. TheLife-boat men distributed life-belts toseveral of the crews, and accompaniedthe last boats to the shore.

BALCAET, KIEKCUDBBIGHT.—The barqueForest Queen, of Belfast, bound fromDublin for Norway in ballast, was re-ported to be in distress about five milesdistant from the Life-boat station, andin danger of being driven on the sand-banks during a W. wind, stormy weather,and a heavy sea, on the 25th November.The David Hay Life-boat was launched atnoon, remained for some time by thevessel, which had stranded on the middleof Barnhoury Banks, and ultimatelybrought safely ashore her crew, consist-ing of twelve men.

PALLING and WKTTEBTON.—Guns hav-ing been fired by the North HasboroughLightship on the 26th November, duringa strong W.S.W. wind and a heavy sea,the Palling No. 2 Life-boat British Work-•inan and the Winterton No. 2 Life-boatHusband put off and found the s.s. Falcon,of and from Sunderland, bound for Italywith a cargo of iron, stranded on themiddle part of Hasborough Sand. TheLife-boats remained by the vessel andassisted to get her afloat and take her-into Yarmouth Boads, returning to theirstations on the morning of the 29thNovember.

WALTON-ON-THE-NAZE. — On the 2ndDecember the Life-boat Honourable Artill-ery Company was launched and proceededto the Kentish Knock, where the s.s.Capri, of Liverpool, was found stranded.The Life-boat men rendered assistance intrying to get the ship afloat, continuingtheir efforts until the 5th December, but

FEBRUARY 1, 1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 449

all endeavours failed, and it becamenecessary to abandon the vessel. Twenty-two of her crew were then taken off bythe Life-boat and safely landed at Har-wich.

KILDONAN, ISLE or AKRAN.—The barqueFalco, of Stockholm, was observed to goashore in a dangerous position on theCarline rocks during a N.W. gale and aheavy sea, with snow showers, on the 7thDecember. The Life-boat Emily Dewarwas launched at 4.30 P.M., proceeded tothe vessel, and found that she had beenrun ashore, as she had sprung a leak.Seven of the crew were brought safely toland in the Life-boat.

HOLYHEAD.—The three-masted brigan-tine Emerald, of Liverpool, was seenflying a signal of distress during a strong8. gale and a rough sea on the morningof the 13th December. The Life-boatThomas' Fielden was launched to theassistance of the vessel, which wasapparently ashore near Clipera Point,but before she reached her she hadslipped her anchor, and had run to lee-ward in the bay. A steam tug got a lineon board her, and part of the Life-boat'screw assisted in hauling the hawser onboard; two of the Life-boatmen remainedto assist in mooring the vessel. TheLife-boat then proceeded to the schoonerAnn, of Liverpool, which was showing asignal of distress outside the end of thebreakwater, and brought the vessel, withher crew of four men, safely into the oldharbour.

FISHGITARD.—The schooner Resolute, ofAberystwyth, bound from Abersocb. forBristol with a cargo of lead ore, showeda signal of distress while at anchor in thebay, during a fresh gale from the S., onthe morning of the 13th December. TheFishguard No. 2 Life-boat Appin waslaunched at 9 o'clock and sailed to thevessel, and on arriving alongside the masterstated that he and his crew of three menwished to leave the ship, as she had lostsome of her head-sails, and they couldnot take her into the harbour. Theywere, therefore, taken into the Life-boatand brought ashore in safety.

SUMMARY OF THE

MEETINGS OF THE COMMITTEE.

THUBSBAY, 6th October, 1887.

L. T. CAVE, Esq., in the Chair.

Read and confirmed the Minutes of the pre-vions Meeting.

Also read those of the Finance and Corre-spondence, Building, and Wreck and BewardSub-Committees, and ordered their recommen-dations to be carried into effect.

Bead the reports of the District Inspectors ofLife-boats on their recent visits to the followingStations:—

Northern District—-St. Andrew's, BuddonNess, Broughty Ferry, Crail, Eyemouth, Ber-wick-on-Tweed, and Holy Island (two boats).

Eastern District—Selsey, Mundesley, Cromer,Sheringham.Whitby (two boats), Upgang, Buns •wick, Staithes, Bobin Hood's Bay, Filey, Flam-borough (two boats), Barmston, BridlingtonQuay, Hornsea, Bamsgate, Hythe, and Lydd.

Western District—Penzance, Sennen Cove,St. Mary's (Scilly), St. Ives, Hayle, Dartmouth,Weston-super-Mare, and Burnham.

Irish District—Kingstown, Poolbeg, Howth,Balbriggan, Sherries, Drogieda (two boats),Giles' Quay, and Blackrock.

Beported the receipt of the following specialcontributions since the last meeting:—

£ «. d.SODTHPOKT AND ST. ANNE'S LlFE-

BOAT DISASTER FUND, balance(including 251.16s. from the Townof Bolton, and 231. 3s. 2d. fromthe Town of Bury) . . . . 2,515 6 -

Mrs. THOKNTON WEST, Exeter, addi-tional 105 - -

WORKTNGTON BRANCH, net proceedsof Bazaar, in aid of new I/ife-boathouse, per J. CLIFTON THOMPSON,Esq 93 11 7

Mrs. SHAW, Exeter, further on be-half of Dartmouth new Life-boat(making 1501. in all) . . . . 50 - -

Representatives of the late Mr.JOHN WALKER, of Dethick . . 50 - -

—To be severally thanked.Also that the following legacies had been

bequeathed to the Institution:—£ s. d.

The late C. M. BEECH, Esq., ofEaton Place (duty free) . . . 200 - -

The late Miss BHODA HATHAWAY,of Edgbaston, Birmingham, toLizard Branch (duty free) . . 100 - -

Beported the transmission to their Stationsof the new Life-boats for Dartmouth, Hartle-pool (No. 3), West Hartlepool (No. 1), Lossie-mouth, Lydd, Porthcawl and Ramsgate.

Also that the Cardigan Life-bdat, havingbeen altered and improved, had been returnedto its Station.

Also that the Eastbourne, Hastings andPoole Life-boats had been brought to Londonfor alteration and improvement, temporary boats

450 THE LIFE-BOAT JOUBNAL. [FEBRUARY 1,1888.

having been sent in the meantime to thoseStations.

Free conveyances were kindly granted to theHastings and Lydd Life-boats by the SouthEastern Bailway Company, and to the Bast-bourne boat by the London, Brighton, andSouth Coast Railway Company.—To be thanked.

Voted the thanks of the Committee to theEev. L. J. STEPHENS, E. T. CHRISTIAN, Esq.,and Mr. JOHN BDMBY, in recognition of theirpast valuable services as Honorary Secretariesof tlie Boulmer, Peel, and Clovelly Branches ofthe Institution.

The Committee also specially recognised thegood services rendered by Mr. JOHN COLE duringthe twenty-one years he occupied the office ofAssistant-Secretary of the Ne w.Brigbton Branchof the Institution.

Paid 7,64:81. 5s. 5d. for sundry charges onvarious Life-boat Establishments.

Voted 53Z. Os. 4d. to pay the expenses of theSouthend No. 1, New Brighton No. I, Redcar,Llandudno and Donna Nook Life-boats, in ren-dering the following services:—

Livessaved.

Brig Avenir, of Krageroe. Assisted tosave vessel and 7

Schooner Carl Bosinius, of Hangesund.Rendered assistance.

Sloop Robert, of Hull 2Cutter Haidee, of Liverpool. Brought

ashore vessel's boat.Dandy Aurora, of Hull. Remained by

vessel.The Caister No. 2 Life-boat saved the stranded

fishing dandy Vanguard, of Great Yarmouth,and her crew of eleven men.

(Details of these services are furnished onpages 445-446.)

Voted also 371. 7s. Gd. to pay the expensesof the Thorpeness, Kingsdowne, Walton-on-the-Naze and Cahore Life-boats in putting offin reply to signals of distress shown by vesselswhich did not ultimately need their services.

Also 10Z. lOe. to twenty-one Lowestoft menfor putting off in a large beach-boat and bring-ing ashore the crew, consisting of six men, fromthe three-masted schooner Maurice, of St. Vaast,which had struck on the Newcome Sands, duringa moderate breeze from the W.S.W., squallyweather, and a rough sea, on the 30th August.

Also 57. 10». to eleven men for saving twelvepersons from the pleasure sailing-boat Monarch,of Ilfracombe, which sunk off that place duringa fresh S.S.W. breeze on the 26th August.

Also 21. to two men for putting off in a boatand at considerable risk, the heavy seas nearlyfilling their boat, saving two men from thefishing-boat Friends, of Christchurch, whichhad sunk on the Hook Sands at the entranceto Poole harbour during a fresh breeze from theE.N.E. and a heavy broken sea on the 24thSeptember.

Also II. to two men for rescuing two menfrom the boat Irex, of Poole, which sunk nearthe entrance to Poole harbour during a verystrong W. breeze, squally weather and a roughsea, on the 19th August.

THURSDAY, 3rd November.

Sir EDWABD BFUKBECK, Bart., M.P., V.P., inthe Chair.

Read and confirmed the Minutes of theprevious Meeting.

Also read those of the Finance and Corre-spondence, Building, and Wreck and RewardSub-Committees, and ordered their recommenda-ioixs to be cauied into effect.

Appointed, with their concurrence, the fol-lowing gentlemen Judges to examine the modelsand drawings received in competition for theGold and Silver Medals offered by the Institu-tion for models or drawings of a mechanicallypropelled Life-boat, and for a propelling powersuitable for the existing self-righting Boats of;he Institution:—

Sir FREDERICK BRAMWELL, F.R.S.Sir DIGBY MURRAY, Bart.JOHN I. THOHNYCROFT, Esq.

Read the report of the Chief Inspector ofLife-boats on bis recent visit to the MundesleyStation.

Also the report of the Deputy Chief Inspectorof Life-boats on his recent visit to the NorthDeal Station.

Also the reports of the District Inspectors ofLife-boats on their visits to the followingStations:—

Northern District—North Sunderland, Bam-burgh Castle, Thurso, Ackergill, Huna, Dor-noch, Buckie, Lossiemouth, Banff, Peterheadand Port Erroll.

Eastern District — Kingsdowne, Walmer,North Deal, Brighstone Grange, Brooke, Tot-land Bay, Withernsea, Donna Nook, Grimsby,Mablethorpe, Button, Chapel and Skegness.

Western District — Watchet, Lynmouth,Morte, Ilfracombe, Appledore (two boats),Braunton, Clovelly and Bude.

Irish District — Bally waiter, Cloughey,Groomsport, Tyrella, Newcastle (Dundrum),Piel, Seascale, Whitehaven, Workington, Mary-poit and Sttloth.

Reported the receipt of the following specialcontributions since the last Meeting:—

£ «. d."X.," for the Hayling Island New

Life-boat, to be named the"Charlie" 700 - -

Mrs. WILSON, of Birmingham, andMiss CHAVASSE, of Worcester, forthe Church Coye (Lizard) newLife-boat house 325 14 3

CYCLISTS' JUBILEE Life-boat fund,for the " Cyclist" Life-boat to bestationed at Hartlepool (making atotal of 650Z.) 175 - -

Mrs. SARAH ROBERTS, Mina Road . 100 - -J. J. MOWBRAY, Esq., Naemvor, ad-

ditional 21 - -Proceeds of offertory at Harvest

Thanksgiving at CORBA CHURCH,Shropshire, per A. P. HEYWOODLONSDALE, E s q 5 6 7

—To be severally thanked.

FBBBUABY 1,1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 451

Also that the following legacies had beenbequeathed to the Institution:— *

£ s. dThe late Mrs. M. A. PBESTON, of

Lytham, for a Life-boat to benamed the " Mary Frederick" . 600 - -

The late Mrs. JANE TWENTYMAN, ofLiverpool 19 19 -

The late Mrs. JOHN WINTON, ofAberdeen 10 - -

The late WILLIAM SMITH, Esq., of Brixton—alStock standing in his name in the BlackwalRailway Co.

Eeported the transmission to their Stationsof the new Life-boats for Llandudno, GrimsbyPiel, Hayle, Port Isaac, Fowey and Aberyst-with.

Voted the thanks of the Committee to MajorANTHONY MARSHALL and Captain B. B. KEY inrecognition of their past valuable co-operationas Honorary Secretaries of the North Sunder-land and Padstow Branches of the Institution.

Paid 9,123J. 6». 2d. for sundry charges onvarious Life-boat Establishments.

Voted 95Z. 16«. to pay the expenses of theCullercoats, Clacton-on-Sea, Southend No. 2Gorleston No 1, Wicklow and Weymouth Life-boats in rendering the following services:—

Remained in

Liressaved

Re-

Cullercoats fishing-boats.attendance.

Schooner Venus, of Teignmouth.mained by vessel.

Yawl Striver, of Great Yarmouth .Schooner Samuel Dixcm', of WexfordBrigantine Maren, of Fanoe

The Gorleston No. 1 and Skegness Life-boatsalso rendered assistance to the schooner Queenof the Isks, of Wick, and sloop Unity, of Boston.

(Accounts of these services are given on pages445-447.)

Voted also 671. Is. 6d. to pay the expenses ofthe Padstow, Harwich, Donna Nook, Shering-ham, Port Patrick, Kirkcudbright, Kimeridge,Abersoch, Plymouth and Holyhead Life-boatsin assembling their crews, or putting off in replyto signals shown by vessels not ultimately re-quiring their services.

The Eamsgate Life-boat had also been takenout twice, but her services were not eventuallyneeded.

Voted the Silver Medal of the Institution,accompanied by a copy of the vote inscribed onvellum, to the Misses MARIA -and JOSEPHINEHOBSFOBD and Mr. WILLIAM C. L. SULLIVANfor rescuing, at great risk, owing to the small-ness of their boat, two ladies and two gentlemenfrom a sailing-boat which had capsized inCourtmacsherry Bay on the 12th August.

Also 6/. to the chief officer of H.M. Coast-guard, and five Coastguard men at MorrisCastle, Co. Wexford, for putting off in thestation boat and rescuing the crew of four menfrom the schooner Fame, of Wexford, which hadstranded on the Blackwater Bank during aN.E. to N.W. wind and stormy weather on the29th September.

Also 21. 5s. to three fishermen for saving, atgreat risk, owing to the broken water, two

men from a fishing-boat which had capsized offUmfin Island, Co. Donegal, during a moderatebreeze from the N.E. on the 20th September.

Also 21. to four pilots for saving four menwhose boat had been capsized by a suddensquall near Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, on the19th September.

Also 11. 10s. to three fishermen for savingthree men from the boat Maria, of Skibbereen,which had capsized in Clonakilty Bay duringa strong breeze from the N.W. on the 27th Sep-tember.

THURSDAY, 1st December.

Sir EDWARD BIBKBECK, Bart., M.P., V.P., inthe Chair.

Eead and confirmed the Minutes of the pre-vious Meeting.

Also read those of the Finance and Corre-spondence, Building, and Wreck and EewardSub-Committees, and ordered their recom-mendations to be carried into effect.

Eead the report of the Chief Inspector ofLife-boats on his recent visits M Glasgow, Ayr,Ardrossan, Port Patrick and Winchelsea.

Also the reports of the District Inspectors ofLife-boats on their visits to the followingStations:—

Northern District—Newburgh, WhitelinkBay, Stonehaven, Montrose (three boats), Ar-broath, Crirvan and Port Patrick.

Eastern District—Margate, Clacton-on-Sea,Walton - on - the - Naze, Harwich, Thorpeness,Dunwich and Southwold (two boats).

Western District—Padstow, Port Isaac, Pe-narth, Porthcawl, Swansea, Port Eynon, Car-marthen Bay, Burry Port, Tenby, MilfordHaven and Littlehaven.

Irish District—Fleetwood (two boats) andBlackpool.

Reported the leceipt of 7001. from a Lady todefray the cost of the Porthcawl new Life-boat,to be named the " Speedwell."

Also the receipt of 5001. from the " Sunlight"Competition, per Messrs. LEVER BROTHERS, ofWarrington, making a total of 900i!. receivedFrom this source during the current year.7001. of this amount is to be appropriated tothe Llandudno new Life-boat, which the donorswished to be named the Sunlight No. 1, and theremaining 200L on account of the cost of a Life-Doat to be named the Sunlight JVo. 2.

Also the receipt of the following other specialcontributions since the last Meeting:—

£ «. d.ffrs. CAMERON, Ripon, on account

of the cost of the Tyrella newLife-boat 203 18 -

WILLIAM BIRKBECK, Esq., in aid ofNorfolk Branch 100 - -

Mrs. CATION, York 100 - -TOHN SIWARD ARDEN, Esq., Barton-

under-Needwood 100 - -JEORGE WEBSTER, Esq., balance of

his gift for the Bessie WebsterLife-boat for Montrose (making500t in all) 50 - -

VORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF MER-CHANT TAYLORS, additional . . 31 10 -

452 THE LIFE-BOAT JOTJBNAL. [FEBBTJABY 1,1888.

£ s. d.Offertory and collection in HAD-

NALL CHURCH, Salop, on Sunday,6th November, per the Rev.BBOOKB C. MORTIMER . . . 14 8 2

Collected from passengers on boardthe steam yacht Ceylon on herlast cruise 5 15 -

—To be severally thanked.

Also that the following legacies had beenbequeathed to the Institution:—

£ s. d.The late Miss "EMMA LAINO, of

Kensington 200 - -The late Miss CHBISTINA HOWDEN,

ofHaddington 100 - -

Reported the transmission to their stations ofthe new Life-boats for Weymouth, Salcotnbe,Hope Cove, Girvan, Douglas (No. 1), Hunstan-ton, Flamborough (No. 1), West Hartlepool(No. 2), Kimeridge, and Yealm River.

The Great Eastern Railway Company kindlyconveyed the Hunstanton Life-boat to itsstation and brought the old one back to Londonfree of charge—To be thanked.

Also that the Whitby (No. 1), Upgang, and"Whitburn Life-boats had been altered and im-proved and returned to their stations.

Voted the thanks of the Committee to JAMESEoss, Jnn., Esq., and J. W. TURNER, Esq., inrecognition of their kind services during theperiod they respectively occupied the office ofHonorary Secretary of the Blyth and BradfordBranches of the Institution.

The Committee also specially recognized thevaluable co-operation of J. COBBETT, Esq., oneof the Honorary Secretaries of the ManchesterBranch of the Institution.

Also the good services rendered by Mr. PASOOEBROWN during the period of eighteen years inwhich he occupied the office of second cox-swain of the Port Isaac Life-boat.

raid 3,413L 14s. 6d. for sundry charges onvarious Life-boat Establishments.

Voted 148Z. 12». 2d. to pay the expenses ofthe Ramsey, Walmer, Skerries, Hornsea, New-biggin, Filey, Sunderland (No. 3) and Bal-cary Life-boats, in rendering the followingservices:—

Livessaved.

Schooner Kattie Darling, of Chester . . 3Brigantine ProtJtesa, of Teignmonth . . 7Brig G. Neumann Gaedbehn, of Rostock,

remained by vessel.Ketch Emily Wynne, of Wexford . . . 4Ship Earl of Beaconsfteld, of London . .. 27Fishing-boats in danger off Newbiggin,

Filey, and Suuderland, rendered assist-ance.

Barque Forest Queen, of Belfast . . . 12

(Particulars of these services will be foundon pages 447-448.)

Voted 148Z. 14«. 6cL to pay the expenses ofthe Gorleston No. 1, Douglas No. 2, Falmouth,Lydd, Montrose No. 1, Caister No. 2, Bern-bridge, Hythe, New Romney, Hornsea and Cul-lercoats Life-boats, in assembling their crews

or putting off to the assistance of vessels notultimately requiring the services of the boats.

Voted the Silver Medal of the Institution,accompanied by a copy of the vote inscribed onvellum, to Mr. WILLIAM BRADLEY, Light-keeper at Southend pierhead, for rescuing aman from the capsized boat of the steam tugJubilee, of London, during a strong S.W. breezeand a moderate sea, with rain, at 11 o'clockon the night of the 2nd November. On beingapprized of the accident BRADLEY at once gotup from his bed and, without waiting to dress,lowered his boat, rowed to the man, who wasclinging to the bottom of the capsized boat, andrescued him, the service occupying an hour.

Also 15*. to two men for putting off in a boatand rescuing two men from another boat whichhad been capsized off Bosses Point, Co. Sligo,during a strong breeze on the 10th September.

APPEAL ON BEHALF OP THE ROYALNATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION.

The Angel of Death laughed aloud in his glee,As he wildly careered o'er the pitiless sea :To the winds and the waters he spake but a

word,And the windg and the waters grew mad as

they heard.He laid his cold hand on the ship that last

nightRode in prowess and pride, and his touch was a

blight.He walked to and fro 'mid the once happy crew,And he laughed in their faces—and God only

knewWith what anguish of torment, what depth of

despair,To his ice-cold caress their warm hearts were

laid bare!

The Angel of Life glided over the wave,And his God-given task was " to seek and to

save ";But what were these creatures, with visages

grim,And with bodies uncouth, that accompanied

hun?God bless them, brave hearts! they were all

angels too,For the deeds they had done were what angels

might do;And they rushed through the storm to that

perishing crew,And salvation went with them—and God only

knewWhat thanks for His mercy by warm hearts

was givenThat the Angel of Death from those hearts had

been driven!

Now, God speed the life-boats, whose w*k isto save

From the terrors of Death on the pitiless wave;And may we do our best their upholders to

speed,By augmenting the funds they so urgently need.

W. EDMONDSON.

FEBBXTABY 1,1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOUENAL. 453

Services'of the Life-boats of the Institution during 1887,

1887.Jan. 3.

Livessaved.

12 noon. S.S. Rlieola, of Cardiff. Workington Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 4. 8.15 a.m. Barque Sjodroninjan, of Stavanger. Eastbourne Life-boat saved . . 16„ 5. 9.15 a.m. Smack City of Bristol, of Hull. Withernsea Life-boat saved . . . 5„ 11. 1 p.m. Fishing-boats. Ackergill Life-boat landed 30„ 14. 12.30 a.m. Steamer Banshee, of Dublin. Holyhead Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 17. 11 a.m. Fishing-boats. Berwick-on-Tweed Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 17. 1 p.m. Tw^| fishing-boats of Newbiggin. Alnmouth Life-boat rendered assist-

ance.„ 18. 8.30a.m. Ship Halloween,- of London. Hope Cove Life-boat rescued . . . . 19„ 20. 11.30 a.m. S.S. yacht Vixen, of Beaumaris. Porthdinllaen Life-boat assisted to

save vessel.„ 24. 2 p.m. Fishing-boats, of Qourdon. Gourdon Life-boat remained afloat.„ 24. 10.22p.m. Cutter yacht Berwick, of Ferryside. Carmarthen Bay Life-boat brought

ashore 5 persons.„ 25. 6.30 a.m. Barque Esperance, of St. Halo. Tyrella Life-boat saved 10„ 26. 9.35 p.m. Steamer Sibble, of Whitehaven. Swansea Life-boat saved . . . . 4„ 27. 3.30p.m. Schooner City of Perth, of Creetown. Balcary Life-boat rendered

assistance.„ 31. 3 p.m. Two persons storm stayed on Horse Island. Ardrossan Life-boat saved 2„ 31 to Feb. 5. Steamer Beresford, of West Hartlepool. Winterton No. 2 and Palling

No. 2 Life-boats assisted to save vessel and 22Feb. 2. 12 noon. Five fishing-boats. Newbiggin Life-boat rendered assistance.

„ 8. 6 a.m. Steam crane barge, of Swansea. Swansea Life-boat remained by vessel.„ 15. 10.30 a.m. Fishing-boats of Boulmer. Boulmer Life-boat remained afloat„ 23. 6.45 a.m. Three-masted schooner R. & M. J. Charnley, of Lancaster. Ramsgate

Life-boat assisted to save vessel and 5Mar. 4. 9.3(^p.m. S.S. Waesland, of Antwerp. North Deal Life-boat remained by vessel.

„ 5. 12.30a.m. Do. Walmer Life-boat remained by vessel.„ f 8. 5.30 p.m. Steam-tug Erin, of Wexford. Wexford No. 1 Life-boat rendered assist-

ance.„ 11. 10.40 p.m. Schooner Isabella Stuart, of Ardrossan. Kamsey Life-boat saved vessel

and 4„ 12. 7.30 a.m. Schooner Enterprise, of Dublin. Penmon Life-boat landed crew, 3.„ 12. 10 a.m. Schooner Fanny, of Liverpool. Arklow Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 13. 7.5 p.m. Schooner Gipsy Queen, of Padstow. Lizard No. 2 Life-boat rescued . 5

454 THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. [FEBBUABY 1, 1888.

Lives1887. eared.

Mar. 23. 4.30 a.m. Barquentine Kate, of Greenock. Plymouth Life-boat saved . . . . 7„ 23. 5 a.m. Schooner Fairy Glen, of Padstow. Bamsgate Life-boat saved . . . 5„ 31. 7 p.m. Schooner Janet Worthington, of Euncorn. Thurso Life-boat saved . . 5„ 31. 7p.m. Schooner Lady Louisa Pennant, of Beaumaris. Thurso Life-boat rescued 3„ 31. 8.30 p.m. Ketch Greet, of Wick. Thurso Life-boat saved 2

Apr. 1. 10 a.m. Fishing-boat Geargina, of Arbroath. North Sunderland Life-boat ren-dered assistance.

„ 4. 4.30 p.m. Schooner Eleanor and Jane, of Aberystwyth. Holyhead Life-boat ren-dered assistance.

„ 9. 10 p.m. Steamer Svend, of Copenhagen. Aldborough Life-boat put a pilot onboard.

May 1. midnight. Barque Norden Havet, of Porsgrund. Southwold No. 2 Life-boat rescued 3„ 15. 2.30 ajn. Three-masted schooner Golden Island, of Fleetwood. North Deal Life-

boat saved 7„ 19. 2 a.m. Sloop Darling, of Bangor. New Brighton No. 1 Life-boat rendered

assistance.„ 20. 1.30 a.m. Ketch Laura, of Harwich. Thorpe Life-boat saved vessel and . . . 5„ 20. 5.30 a.m. Schooner John and Robert, of Nefyn. Porthdinllaen Life-boat saved . 4„ 20. 6.30 a.m. Schooner Industry, of Aberystwith. Newquay (Cardiganshire) Life-

boat rescued 4June 9. midnight. S.S. Castleford, of Liverpool. St. Mary's, Scilly Islands, Life-boat saved 25

„ 24. 3.30 a.m. Schooner Lizzie, of Fleetwood. Bamsgate Life-boat assisted to savevessel and ' 4

„ 28. 8a.m. Schooner Esther Ann, of Belfast. Blackpool Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 30. 8.55 p.m. S.S. Guatemala. Broadstairs Life-boat remained by vessel.

Aug. 7. 9.20 a.m. Boat of the schooner Sen Aigen and a pilot-boat. Buckie Life-boat saved 3. „ 13.11a.m. Barge Paragon, of Milton, Faversham. Mablethorpe Life-boat saved . 4

„ 17. 2.50 p.m. Begatta Committee barge. Newport (Pembrokeshire) Life-boat landed 8Sept. 2. 2 p.m. Brig Avenir, of Krageroe. Southeud No. 1 Life-boat assisted to save

vessel and 7„ 3. 9 a.m. Schooner Carl Sosinius, of Hangesund. New Brighton No. 1 Life-boat

rendered assistance.„ 7. 6 a.m. Sloop Robert, of Hull. Bedcar Life-boat saved 2„ 7. 2.40 p.m. Yacht Haidee, of Liverpool. Orme's Head Life-boat brought vessel's

boat ashore.„ 19. 4 a.m. Dandy Vanguard, of Great Yarmouth. Caister No. 2 Life-boat saved

vessel and 11„ 20. 8 a.m. Dandy Aurora, of Hull. Donna Nook Life-boat remained by vessel.„ 29. 7 a.m. Fishing-boat. Cullercoats Life-boat remained in attendance.

Oct. 10. 6.45 p.m. Schooner Venus, of Teignmouth. Southend No. 2 Life-boat remainedby vessel.

„ 10. 7 p.m. Schooner Venus, of Teignmouth. Clacton Life-boat remained hy vessel.„ 15. 7.30 p.m. Three-masted schooner Queen of the Isles, of Wick. Gorleaton No. 1

Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 25. 9a.m. Yawl Striver, of Great Yarmouth. Gorleston No. 1 Life-boat saved .. G„ 25. 9.30a.m. Sloop Unity, of Boston. Skegness Life-boat rendered assistance.

Nov. 1. 7.30 a.m. Schooner Samuel Dixon, of Wexford. Wicklow Life-bout saved . . 4„ 1. 9.15a.m. Brigantine .Jfarem, of Fanoe. Weymouth Life-boat rescued . . . 7„ 1. 10.30a.m. Schooner Kattie Darling, of Chester. Ramsey Life-boat saved . . . 3„ 1. 10.30 a.m. Brigantine Prothesa, of Teignmouth. Do. Do. . . . 7„ 3. 8 a.m. Brig C. Neumann Gaedebehn, of Rostock. Walmer Life-boat remained

by vessel.„ 5. 8.30 p.m. Ketch Emily Wynne, of Wexford. Skerries Life-boat brought ashore . 4„ 8. 6.10a.m. Ship EarlofBeaconsfield, of London. Hornsea//ife-boat rescued . . 27„ 22. 8.30 a.m. About thirty fishing boats. Newbiggin Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 22. 10 a.m. Four fishing boats. Sunderland No. 3 Life-boat rendered assistance.„ 22. 10 a.m. Fishing boats of Filey. Filey Life-boat rendered assistance.

FEBRUARY 1, 1888.] THE LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 455

Lives1887. saved.

Nov. 25. noon. Barque Forest Queen, of Belfast. Balcary Life-boat rescued . . . 1 2„ 26-29 S.S. Falcon, of Sunderland. Palling No. 2 and Winterton No. 2 Life-

boats rendered assistance.Dec. 2-5. S.S. Capri, of Liverpool. Walton-on-the-Naze Life-boat saved . . . 22

„ 7. 4.30 p.m. Barque Faleo, of Stockholm. Kildonan Life-boat brought ashore . . 7„ 13. 8.38 a.m. Brigantine Emerald, of Liverpool. Holyhead Life-boat rendered assist-

ance.„ 13. 8.38 a.m. Schooner Ann, of Liverpool. Holyhead Life-boat saved vessel and . . 4,, 13. 9a.m. Schooner Itesolute, of Aberystwyth. Fishgxiard No.'2 Life-boat brought

ashore 4„ 13. 9 a.m. Schooner Clyde, of Belfast. Peel Life-boat remained by vessel.„ 13. 9 a.m. Schooner Harbinger, of Belfast. Do. Do.,, 16. evening. Schooner John Davit, of Carnarvon. Littlehaven Life-boat brought

ashore 4„ 16. evening. Schooner Maggie Brocklebarik, of Barrow. Do. Do. 4„ 17. 10.15a.m. Ketch Favourite, of Sunderland. Fraserburgh Life-boat saved . . . 2„ 17. 12 noon. Schooner Enterprise, of Leven. Do. Do. . . . 5„ 17. 3 p.m. Barge Sultan, of Eochester. Southend (Essex) No. 2 Life-boat re-

mained by vessel.„ 18. Barque Hjemlos, of Grimstadt. Rhoscolyn Life-boat rescued. . . . 8„ 24. 12 noon. S.S. Union, of Flensburg. Bridlington Life-boat assisted to save vessel

and 7„ 28. 5 p.m. Ketch Eva Lena, of Liverpool. Penmon Life-boat remained by vessel.

Total lives saved by the Life-boats in 1887, in addition to10 vessels 368

Bewards were also granted by the Institution in the same periodfor saving1 by means of Fishing1 and other Boats 204

Total lives saved in 1887 572

NOTICE.

The next number of the LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL, containing the Annual Report, &c.,will be published on the 1st May next.

ROYAL NATIONAL LITE-BOAT INSTITUTION.SCPPOBTED SOLELY BY VOLCMTAKY OOHTBIBUTIOH8.

fgajtitg t|jt $sten.HBH ROYAL HwmnDM THB PKIKOEBS OF WALJJS.

«- w , f His ROYAL HISHXEBS THE Fumes OF WALES, K.G.iK-^sra — { ̂ .n,̂ H.R.H- IHB DOXE o,, EmmiuBGH, K.G.

GKACR THB DBKK or NojtTiioKBKKijkro, K.G.

(rairmtm — Sir EDWABD BIRKBEOK, BART., M.P., V.P. Jpepig-C^Kirman — Colonel Frrz-RoY CLAYTON, V.P.

APPEAL.THE COMMITTEE or MANAGEMENT have to state that during the past year (1887) the

ROYAL NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION expended £64,757 on various Life-boat Establishmentson the Coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. During the same period it contributed to thesaving of 672 persons from various Shipwrecks on our Coasts. Every winter that comes and goeshas its black record of wrecks, and its terrible list of lost lives, the average loss of lives fromShipwreck annually, on the shores of the United Kingdom, being 700,

GENBBAL SUMMABY OP THE WORK OF THE INSTITUTION DUBDJO 1887.Number of Lives rescued by Life-boats, in addition to £. t. d.

10 Vessels saved by them 368Number of Lives saved by Shore-boats, &c. 201 ...Amount of Howards granted during the Year 8,345 2 6Honorary Rewards:—Silver Medals and Clasps . . . 10 ...

Binocular Glasses 45 ... *.Votes of Thanks on Vellum. . . 22 ... ...

Total . . . . 77 572 £3,345 2 6

The Committee desire to acknowledge, with gratitude, the liberal support which theyhave received from the British Public during past years,—a support which has enabled themto establish their present great Life-saving Fleet of 291 boats on the shores of the UnitedKingdom. Deeply sensible, however, of the great responsibility that rests on them to maintainthe Life-boats in a thoroughly efficient state, and their crews practised in the management oftheir boats, which can only be effected by a large and permanent Annual Income, they earnestlyappeal to all classes of their countrymen to continue to aid them in upholding and perpetuatingso great and truly national a Work.

The number of Lives saved either by the Life-boats of the Society, or by special exertions,for which it has granted rewards since its formation, is 33,243: for which services 97 Mold Medals,996 Silver Medals or Silver Clasps, 139 Binocular Glasses, 16 Telescopes, and £96,760 havebeen given as Rewards.

Annual Subscriptions and Donations are earnestly solicited, and will be thankfully receivedby the Secretary, CHABLES DLBDIN, Esq., at the Institution, 14 JOHN STREET, A DELPHI, London;by the Bankers of the Institution, Messrs. COUTTS and Co., 59 Strand; Messrs. HERMES,FABQUHAB, and Co., 16 St. James's Street; Messrs. HOABE, 37 Fleet Street, London; and by allthe other Bankers in the United Kingdom.—February, 1888.