national seminar on soil health and water management for sustainable sericulture organised by...

8/17/2019 National Seminar on SOIL HEALTH AND WATER MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE Organised by Regio…

1/162

Organised 6y

" " (A unit of

CSR TI,

Mysore) . ' t : .

" REGIONAL

SERICULTURAL RESEARCH

STATION

(®

.

Central

Silk Board, Govt. of India,

Kodathi,

Bangalore 560 035 ~

in association with

NASSI, AME

EEF,

Bangalore

Co-sponsored

by:

SMOI, Canara Bank, NABARD Ministry of Water Resource


2/162


3/162

National Seminar on

SOIL HEALTH AND WATER MANAGEMENT A'

FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE "0,",0'-'

U rj-J'

27tt1 and 28

111

September 2006 V

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LEAD PAPERS

&

ABSTRACTS

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Orga1lizi

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Comflliftee:

Co-sponsored by:

Dr.ll.Basker, lAS, CEO & Member Secre/w :v, CSB, Banga/ore

Prof

.R.Dwarakinath,

Form er

Vc.,

VAS,

Bal1

ga/ore

Prof.S.Jayaraj, Former Vc. ,

TNA

U. Coimba/ore

Prof.M.Mahadcvappa, Form er

VC

. UAS, DhQlwad

Prof.G. K.Vecresh , Fonn

er Vc., VAS, Banga /ore

Dr.C.S.Ramasesha, C o m m i s s i o I J e l

M i l l i s t I

uI

Water Resollrces,

New

De/hi

Prof.K.Shivashallkar,

Professor (Re/d.),UAS, Banga/ore

Dr.R.K.Datta ,

Direc/or (Re/d.),CSB, Mysore

Dr.B.Saratcbandra ,

Direc/or(Tech), CSB, Ban

g%re

Dr.S.B.Dandin,

Direc

/or,

CSR& Tl, My

sor

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Dr. T.M.Vecraiab ,

JD, RSRS. (Orgalli:::i llg Secretary), Ballga/ore

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CANARABANK MINISTRY OF

WATER RESOURCES

NATIONAL BANK FOR

AGRlCULTURE AND RURAL

NABARD DEVELOPMENT

M i4','aa

SILK MARK

ORGANISATION OF INDIA

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Published

by:

Dr. T.M.Veeraiah,

Orgallizillg Secre

ta

ry a/ld Joint Direc/or, RSRS, Ballga/ure

Scientific/Editorial Committee:

Prill ted at:

Prof. S Jayaraj , Former Vc., TNA U

Dr. T.M.Veeraiah, JD

Mr. Jaisbankar, DD

Mr.

J>

Ja yarama Raju , SRO .1 If

Mr. N. .

agadecs. .;.

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5/162

ESSION I : SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Page

1-

36

Lead Paper 1

Lead Paper 2

SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE

la

ya raj. S . Dalldin. S. B

.

Vccraiah. T

M..

Qadri.

S.M.H

alld Krishlla Ra

o../.

V

ASSESSMENT O

.F

LAND RESOURCES FOR MULBERRY CULTIVATION

IN KRISHNAGIRl AND DIIARMAPURl D1STlUCTS OF TAMIL NADU

Vadil'e

/u

.S . Thayalall .

S.

. Ram

e.l'

h. M alld Nafarajall. A

ORAL PRESENTATION

SHMlO-J

SHM

/ O-2

SHM/O-3

SHM/O-4

SlIM

0-5

SliM

0-6

SHM

0-7

SHM 0-8

STUDIES ON IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL HEALTH AND MULBERRY ROOT

SYSTEM

FOR

SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURAL PRODUCTION

.Jayaraj.S . Dalldill.S. B ., Veeraiah. T. M.. Qadri.

SMJ

alld

Krishna Rao

,J

.V

CORRELATION STUDIES

BETWEEN SOIL

TEXTURE AND

DISTRIBUTION OF MULBERRY ROOTS IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS OFSOIL

IN S. INDIA

.Ja

ya

raj.S..

Qadri.

S.

M.

I f

. Vecraiah. T M

..

KrisllllaRao ,

.J.

v.. Masilamalli.S .

Srinivasa Rao, T VS , Rajadurai. S . Subramalliall . K and DUlldin,S.B

PHYSIC AL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MULBERRY SOILS IN

TAMIL

NADU: A

CONSTRAINT

ANALYSIS AND

SUGGESTED

STRATEGIES

Qadri

,S.M .

H.

la

ya

raj.S

.,

Samllfhirave/II.P.. MlIllltllakshmi,M

.

Ral'iklll11ar.

1

.

Masi/amalli.S . Dhahira Bcc

vi

.

N.

Sh erief.H . Se/l'Grajll.N. . Thinlllavllkkara.l'II .T. Mary

Flora .

CA .

Guha.A

..

R emallfh/...1Jmar.AnilkllmarandDandin .S B

INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON THE WATER RELATION

AND GAS EXCHANGE TRAITS OF MULBERRY

Kodandaramaiah. 1. , lhansi Lakshmi. K

.

Sahitha. M.G

and

Mala V Rajall

INFLUENCE OF DlFFERENT MULCHES ON CHEMICALPROPERTlES OF

SOIL AND LEAF YIELD OF RAINFED M ~ MULBERRY

Bhaskar; R.

N.

, Shasllidlwr.

KR .

Challdrash ekar;

S.

Chillnaswamy. K.P. Andalligowda.

Radimani

.

D.K

and Savitha, B.G

MANAGEMENT

OF

ALKALINE SOILS

OF MULBERIW

CULTIVATION

UN

DER RAINFED CONDITIONS OFCHAMARAJANAGAR (KARNATAKA)

THROUGH ORGANIC AMENDMENTS

Sundareswaran , P . Gunasekhar. V. Magadum.SB and Dandill.

SB

MANAGING SALINE AND ALKALINE SOILS TO UTILIZE WATER WASTE

USER LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT

OF

SEIUCULTURE

Rajat Mohan. Pratap Narayan. Kamallaiswa/. Chakrabarti.

S

and Khan. MA

SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

THROUGH ORGANIC

FARMING

SYSTEMS

Singh, PK . Chakrabarti. S and

Tom

eI: SS


6/162

SHM/0-9

SHMJ 0 10

SHM/O ll

SHM/O 12

SHM 0-13

SHMJ

0 14

SHM/O-IS

SHM 0-16

SUM 0-17

SHMJ

0-18

SHM 0-19

i i

SUSTENANCE OF SOIL HEALTH THROUGH INTEGRATED

TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE IN MULBERRY CULTIVATION

Thippeswamy. T . Das.

PK

and Subbaswamy, M. R

STUDIES ON INFILTRATION AND MECHANICAL FRACTIONS OF SOIL

FOR IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN

MULBERRY

THROUGH INM

PRACTICES

Srinivasa Rao, T V.S., Rajeswara Rao. N . LavClflyalatha. K. , Lakfhminarayana. B.,

Krishna Rao,

1. V.

and Jayaraj, S

STUDIES ON MECHANICAL FRACTIONS

OF

SOILS

AND

THEIR

INFLUENCE

ON

ROOTING OF MULBERRY

IN SALEM

AND

DHARMAPURI DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU

Masilamani, S, Jayaraj, S Dhahira Bee

vi

, N. , Gulla,A ., Qadri.

SM.H.

. and Dandin.

SB

ESTIMATES OF ORGANIC MATTERAND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOIL

PHYSICOCHEMICAL

PARAMETERS AND ROOT GROWTH OF

MULBERRY

SMasi/amulli.

SJayaraj. SM .H.Qadri, N.Dhahira Bce l'i . Allirban Gllhu . and

SB.Dandin

OBSERVATIONS

ON SOIL MECHANICAL FRACTIONS, ROOT

DISTRIBUTION AND LEAClIING LOSS OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN

IN

MULBERRY SOILS IN THENl AND DINDUGAL DISTRICTS, TAMIL NADU

Shyam Sundar. P . Jayaraj . S .

Sh

erief Y.

H..

MaiJima Shanthi .Qadri. SM.H . Mani.

S .

Jam es Pi/ellai,

G

and Dandin .

S.

B

INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

ON MULBERRY ROOT

DEVELOPMENT IN

UDUMALPET AREA,

COIMBATORE DT., TAMILNADU

Se/vara}, N G. , Ani/f..

.

unla'; T R . Punilhavalhy. G. Qadri.

SM.H

and Jayaraj . S

INTEGRATED APPROACH OF ORGANIC FARMING AND

WATER

MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH IN MULBERRY GARDENS

Srinivasulu Reddy. P . Kisllor

e.

S. Krishna Ra

o. 1.

V and Dandin.

S.

B

IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH ORGANIC FARMING

FOR MULBERRY CULTIVATION AND SEED CROP REARING

Phi/omelia.

KL.

, Pratheesh

Kumar.

PM. . Jayappa, T and Kamble. CX

PERCEPTION LEVELS OF SOIL HEALTH AMONG SEED FARMERS

Ramanjaneyulu, Y.

v.

.

Doddanarasaiah . Bhargava,SK. Kambl

e.

CX . Sindagi.S.S alld

Ish war

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOIL MULCHES ON MULBERRY LEAF YIELD

AND LEAF MOISTURE CONTENT

Jaiswal.

K.

Gael, R

. Kumar; Rand

Gangwar;

SK

STATUS OF SOIL HEALTH AND ITS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR

RAlNFED

SERICULTURE

IN

KORAPUT DlSTlUCT OF ORISSA

Dikshit, B.K . Pllrohit. K.M and Sarkar. A.


7/162


8/162

RWHlO-2

RWH

/O-3

RWH/0-4

RWH/O-5

RWH/0-6

RWB/O-7

RWH/O-8

RWH/O-9

IMPACT

OF

UAS

SERI

SUVARNA

TECHNOLOGY (TRENCHING,

BIOMASSING AND MULCHING) IN SOIL FERTILITY BUILDING AND

RAINWATER HARVESTING UNDER RAINFED MULBERRY

Chinnaswamy, K.P , Gajamma.

GN

,

Arunkumar.

YS

.,

S

ee

nappa. K

and

Bhagyaraj. D.l

WATER USE STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES

FOR

SUSTAINED WATER

MANAGEMENT IN MULBERRY CULTIVATION

Ramo Kant and Chakrabarti. S

REPLENISHMENT OF GROUND WATER TABLE

BY

ARTIFICIAL

RECHARGE

AND ITS IMPACT ON

COCOON PRODUCTlVITY

IN

DRY BELT

OF

KOLAR DISTRICT

Christiana

S.

T. . Veeraiah TM. Allgadi B.S alld Shivashankar. K

CONCEPT OF

PRACTICING

POLYTHENE

SHEET - A

RESCUE

TO

RAINWATER HARVEST

FOR

SEED

CROP

MULBERRY CULTIVATION

Dutla R.N. Kamble C.K and Jayappa.T

RESPONSE

OF

TASAR FOOD PLANT, TERMINALIA ARJUNA

TO

RAIN

WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

Shankar Rao

K. v.

.Mahobia

GP

and Saxena

NN

WATER

MANAGEMENT:

SOME

STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINING

LIVELIHOOD

IN SERICULTURE

Venkatesh Kumar R and More.

NK.S

COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

OF

IRRIGATION METHODS

FOn

SUSTAINABLE QUALITY MULBERRY LEAF

PRODUCTION

Murthuza Khan. Somashckar H

.

Ramalo'ishna Naika. Fatima

S.

and Bhaskar R. N

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

OF

MULTIPLE

DATA FOR

MAPPING

OF

GROUND

WATER

POTENTIAL IN

DROUGHT AFFECTED TlPTUR TALUK, TUMKUR

DISTRICT

, KARNATAKA

HUlIse .

TM

., Md.Najeeb. K and K.Rajarajan

SESSION III: RECYCLING OF SERI-FARM RESIDUE FOR PROLIFIC

LEAD PAPER

COMPOSTING Page 45 -

65

RECYCLING OF

SERICULTURAL FARM RESIDUE FOR

SUSTAINABLE MULBERRY PRODUCTION

Dandin. S.B., Das, PK and Bhogesha. K

ORAL PRESENTATION

RSRlO-1

RSRJO-2

iv

:

PRODUCTION

OF

VERMICOMPOST

IN INTEGRATED MULBERRY

/ CULTIVATION APPROACH

Veeraiah.

™

nd Subrahmanyam, M.R

USE OF

FORTIFIED VERMICOMPOST FOR IMPROVEMENT

OF

SOIL

,I

HEALTH AND

FERTILITY OF

MULBERRY GARDEN

Bhogesha. K., Das. PK., Chowdary.

NB

and Vedavysa, K


9/162

RSRlO-3

RSRlO-4

RSRlO-5

RSRlO-6

RSRJO-7

RSIVO-8

RSR/O-9

VERMTCULTURE FOR

SUSTAINABILITY

OF SERICULTURAL

INCOME

/

AND SOIL FERTILITY - A STUDY IN TilE SEMI ARID

CONDITIONS

OF

CHITTOOR

DISTRICT IN

ANDHRA

PRADESH.

Daepa. p . Vallkala Reddy. V and Sujalhamma. P

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF VERMI-COMPOST USING COW DUNG

AND

FYM

FROM

A DAIRY FARM

Vellkalesh. GK. 0 . Samulhirave/II. P and Qadri. SM.H

ROLE

OF

RECYCLED SEIU-FARM WASTE COMPOST ON GROWTH,

YIELD AND

QUALITY OF MULBERRY

UNDER RAINFED CONDITION

Selua. G C . Balla/jee. N.D . SenguPla . T alld Saralc/wlldra . B

COMPOSTlNG METHODOLOGY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON

TilE

QUALITY AND ECONOMICS

Subl'ahll/allyalll. M. R . AlI(llIlha Ruman. K. Sud/wkw; P alld J('eraiah. 7:M

COMPOSTING OF SERI-FARM RESIDUE

BY

USING DECOMPOSER

MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM

ell/allfhkIlIllCII

: Ran·kllmar;.I . Vijayaklllllat; R . Ja

.l'

uraj. S. Ma.l'i/all/ani .

S .

Qadri.

S.M.H . Cholldmy. N.B ond Mlilliral/mam Redd\'

EFFECTIVE RECYCLING OF SILKWORM LITTER FOR GENERATION

OF

BIOGAS

AND

NIITRIENT ENIUCHED COMPOST

8rilliv(l.\·

11

Ruu. T I'S . Harihara R({jll . A . Lal'Clllya /(lI/w. K . C/wlldl'(Iseklwl'(J Reddy.

D

.

Krishlla Rao. .J. V (lnd Iaya l'

oj.

S

EN IU CHMENT OF SOIL THROUGH

VERMICOMPOSTING

Shamd

Pai

I'OSTER PRESENTATION

RSWP-1

RSRJP-2

RSR/P-3

'"

RSRJP-4

/'

RSRlP-5

/

RSWP-6

WINDROW

METHOD

OF

COMPOSTlNG

- AN APPROPRIATE

TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE SCALE FARMING SYSTEM

Vc( raiah. T.M and

S(lhrahmall)'GIIl

.M.R

IMPACT

OF USE OF VERMICOMPOST

ON

MULBERRY LEAF

AND

COCOON YTELD IN CHAMARA.lANAGARAGROCLlMATIC CONDITIONS

IN KARNATAKA

GllrL/raj.

RoO

Magadlllll . S.B (Ind Dundin.S.B

RECYCLING OF SU U ORGANIC WASTE THROUCH

VERMICOMPOSTING

IN SUBTROPICS

II/y(l/. A.C . Chukrobarli . S alld Rqjal Mohall

INTRODUCTION AND

POPULARIZATION

OF VERMICOMPOSTING

TECHNOLOGY IN TilE EASTERN GHAT TRIBAL AREAS OF ORISSA

Sa/lIl.

Ro Brallllla, K.CoO Rao. K. Saxenu . N.N alld SUl'k(JJ: A

INFLUENCE OF

VERMIWASH

ON

MULBERRY

PROD

UC

TIVITY

AND

SILKWORM REARING

Sudhakar. P , Subrahmanyam. M.R and

Vceraiah

.TM

QUANTIFICATION AND USE

PATTERN

OF SERI-FARM WASTE

IN

IRRIGATED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN SIDLAGIIATTA - KOLAR

DISTRICT

Jagadish. N

o

Chinnaswamy. K.P . Fatima. S ond Rashmi. K


10/162

RSRIP-7

RSRlP-8

RSRlP-9

ROLE OF TRANSITION PHASE IN RECYCLING OF SERICULTURE WASTE

Dutta, R.N., Kamble,

ex,

Jayappa. T and Philomena. K.L

A SAGA

OF

VERMICOMPOSTING IN MULBERRY GARDENS

OF

WEST

GODAVARI, ANDHRA PRADESH

Malakonda Reddy, B., Damodara Naidu. w.. Anand, B.V.V and Sharma, V. L.N

UTILIZATION OF MUGA SILKWORM PUPAE FOR COMPOSTING

Geetishree Saikia

SESSION IV: INTEGRATED NUTRIENT, PEST

AND

FARMING SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURE Page 67-132

LEAD PAPER : INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

AND

PEST MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE

SERICULTURE

Jaya raj,

S

ORAL PRESENTATION

INM/O-J

INM10-2

INM/O-3

INMJO-4

INM/O-S

INMJO-6

INMJO-7

INMJO-8

INMJO-9

IMPACT OF SOIL TYPES IN RELATION TO COCOON PRODUCTIVITY

WITH

SERICULTURISTS OF KATOL TALUKA UNDER RAIN FED

CONDITIONS

Kalantri. L.B

.

Hajare, TN., . adhal' A.D

and

Unda/e, l.P

IMPACT OF SOIL-TEST BASED FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SOIL

HEALTH AND

FOR

QUALITY MULBERRY YIELDS

Vedavyasa,K., Subbaswamy,M. R . Munirathnam Reddy,M alld Thippeswamy. T

FERTI-DRIP IRRIGATION TO OPTIMIZE TilE FERTILIZER USE IN

MULBERRY

Shivakumar.H Rand Shivashankar.K

EFFECT OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON

UPTAKE OF PHOSPHORUS, QUALITY

AND

YIELD OF MULBERRY

MUllirathnam Reddy,M., Subbaswamy.M. R and Vedavyasa,K

PERFORMANCE

OF

GREEN MANURE LEGUMES IN

IRRIGATED

MULBERRY GARDEN

Jaishankar. Veeraiah, TM., Shanthala. Rand Jaya raj. S

NITROGEN

FIXING BACTERIA

IN

THE RHIZOSPHERE SOIL

OF

MULBERRY GARDEN

AS

INFLUENCED

BY

APPLICATION OF ORGANIC

MANURES

Krishna Naik. L, Ramakrishna Naika, Narayana reddy, R alld Andani Gowda

INFLUENCE

OF

BIOFERTILISERS ON GROWTH

OF

MULBERRY

Baqual,

M.

F and Das, P K

EFFECT OF

BlOiNOCULANTS AND ORGANIC MANURES ON SOIL

MICROFLORA AND FERTILITY STATUS OF

SJ6

MULBERRY GARDEN

Murali.

C. Sreeramulu, KR

.

Narayanaswamy.

TK, Shankar, M.A

and Sreekantaiah. M

EFFECT

OF INTEGRATED

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

ON

RHIZOSPHERE MICRO FLORA AND SUSTAINED SOIL HEALTH AND

FERTILITY OF MULBERRY

Das, P K , Nandi, S , Katiyar. R.S and Bhogesha , K


11/162

------------------------------------------------------------------

- - -

INMIO-lO

INM/

O-IJ

INMlO-12

INMlO-13

INM/O-14

INM/O-lS

INM

/O-

16

INM/O-17

INM/O-18

INM/O-J9

INMJO-20

INM/O-21

INMlO-22

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN

MULBERRY

Prakash. H. R alld Shil'a.l'ilallkw: }\

INTEGRATEDAPPROACll OF

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

IN

MULBERHY

UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITION

Shi\' Nalh. Sudhakw: P. Chattcl,ice. S . Gho sh

.IX .

Ghosh. A alld Sarkw; A

MANAGEMENT OF MULBERIW UNDER

LOW INPUT

CONDITIONS TO

HASTEN SOILS HEALTH AND QUALITY LEAF

PRODUCTION

Javaram. H. . Ur.l'. M.K.P . }\aliya : R.S . Bhugcsha. }\ alld Dundill. S.B

ENRICHED

PRESSMUD AS A SOURCE OF

ORGANIC

MANURE

TO

SUSTAIN PRODUCTIVITY

OF

Ml

JLBERRY GROWN IN AN ALPHISOL

IN

EASTERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA

Sara/akllll/ari. Narayalla Reddy. R . Ramukrisllllil N(IIka alld Alldalli GOll'cJa

IMPACT

OF

INM

PRACTICES

ON

SOIL HEALTH

AND

MULBERRY

LEAF

AND

COCOON

PRODUCTIVITY

Sa/1lwhira\ 'chlP'. HCIlalllh

KIII1IW;

L . Qadri.S. Ai. II and .Iayaroj.

S

THE

IMPACT

OF INM-IPM

ON SERICULTURAL I'RODU

CTIVITY

IN

DINDIGULAND THENI DISTRICTS, TAMIl, NADU

Sherie/ YI . . Allilklllllar.TR . Jayaraj. S alld Qildri. S.M.ff

COMBINATION OF LEISA PRACTICE

S

FOR S{]STAINABLE

SER1CUL.:rURE

Ka/{illla lli. C.S and

RGl

,illd"allath Redd)'

EFFECT OF

FOLIAR

NUTlUENTS

ON

THE GROWTH, QUALITY

AND

YIELD

OF

MULBERRY

ChikkaJwam.1'

. B.K. . Paramallik. R.C . Gopilla/h. 5.M and Shil'ashallkm; of

INJ<

-

LVENCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC

MANURES

ON

GROWTH AND

ROOTING

OF

M5 AND VI MULBERRY SAPLINGS

Ashoka . Malljllllalh Guwda. SlIdhakara.S.N alld Bhaskw; R.N

EFFECT OF N AND KlSO, FERTILIZATION ON S36 MULBERRY AND ITS

INFLUENCE

ON DISEASE

INCIDENCE

AND SURVIVAL RATE

OF

SILKWORM

Raje Gowda. Sha/1kQ/:M.A ., Narayanaswamy.

TK

and Hadil1lalli.D.K

COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS OF SUSTAINABLE QUALITY MULBERRY

LEAF PRODUCTION UNDER VARIED SOURCES

AND

LEVELS

O f

NITROGEN

Rapi KUfllw:A

..

Shubha,K.. Mul1uzo Khan . BhaskOl; R,N. . N a m y a n a . \ w a / 1 l . l IK

GRAINAGE PARAMETERS OF SILKWORM

AS

INFLUENCED

BY

FEEDING

SCHEDULES OF MULBERRY LEAVES RAISED THROUGH

NITROGEN

SUPPLEMENTATION

Sudll{Jkara ,S.N . Narayalla.nvamy. TK alld Ashoka, .I

BIOASSAY

RESPONSE

OF

SOME

GOOD ROOTING

MULBERRY

VARIETIES RAISED AS

TREES UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS

IN

KASHMIR

Bahh

, S .

Dal'Zi. GM

alld Khall.M.A

V l1


12/162

INMlO-23

INMlO-24

INMlO-2S

INM/O 26

INM/O 27

INM/O-28

INMlO-29

INMlO-30

IN M /O 31

INM /O 32

INM/O 33

INM/O-34

PROSPECTS OF

ORGANIC FARMING AND

SUSTAINABILITY

IN

TROPICAL TASAR

Muhohia,GP,

Shallkar Rao, K V

and

Suryanarayanu, N

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE

S Jayaraj

PROMOTION OF BIO-CONTROLAGENTS FOR MANAGEMENT OF UZI

FLY

EXORISTA BOMBye S

(LOUIS)

ShekhGl;M.A ., Vinod Kumar, Salhyaprasad,K

GIld

Kariappa,B.K

FILED EVALUATION OF IPM AGAINST LEAF ROLLER, D1APHANIA

PUIYERULENTALIS H.

(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDlAE)

Sathyaprasad.K., Shekhar. M.A

.

Villod Kllmar alld Kariappa,B.K

EFFECT OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

IN

THE CONTROL

OF

MULBERRY MEALY BUGS

Govindaiah , M. C. Gayathri and Nagavelli,V

IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT MODULES IN

MULBERRY CROP SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE

Rajadurai.S.. Veeraialt .TM. Narendra KlIl1wr,J.B . llarihurarajll.A and Jayaraj, S

EFFICACY OF CERTAIN BOTANICAL AND ORGANIC FORMULATIONS

IN

CONTROLLING THE ROOT-ROT DISEASE

IN

MULBERRY

P Venkataramana , B Narasimha Murthy, Krishna Ran. J. V and Dalldill.

S.

B

STUDIES ON IMPROVING FERTILIZER NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY,

IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF TUKRA

Rm'I'kllmar,J.. Henwll/hkllmal:

L.

. Vijayalwmar,R., MuthlilakslImi,M,

,

Samuthira\·"'".l'. .

Jayaraj,s. Gild Qadri,SM.H

SERICULTURE CENTRIC INTEGRATED FARMING - SOME ISSUES

Shh

'asliankar.K.. Ragltunatha

,G

alld Vellkata Rao, B.V

INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT FOR

S\

JSTAll'OABLE

SERJCULTURE- A CASE STUDY IN KOLAR DISTRICT

Ve

eraiah. TM . Rajadllrai.S

. Ralllumo/lGllU

Ra().? Harihararajll ,A. alld

./ayal'(Jj. S

SERICULTURE BASED FARMING SYSTEMS

BhaskGl:S . Shivashankar,K. Narayuna,Vlt '

amy.KC

alld Vrjayakrislllla.N

USE

OF

SILKWORM

LITTER

AS

CATTLE

FEED

IN

DAIRY PRODUCTION

IN IRRIGATED SERl-ECOSYSTEM:

STATUS AND

ECONOMIC BENEFITS

.Iagudish. N.. Chillllaswumy. KP , Fa/illla.

S,

Rashmi,K and Gcctha Dcvi,T

POSTER PRESENTATION

INM/P-l

INMlP-2

EFFECT

OF

VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOIL POTASSIUM

ON

THE UPTAKE

OF PHOSPHORUS, QUALITY AND YIELD OF MULBERRY

SlIbba.nval7ly.M.R . Vedavyasa.K.. Reddy.M.M alld DUlldill.SB

IMPACT OF GREEN MANURING CROPS ON WEED SUPPRESSION AND

MULBERRY

LEAF YIELD IMPROVEMENT FOR

SUSTAINABLE

SERJCULTURE

Rajadllrai.

S.

, Veeraiah,

TM .

Jaishallkar. Harihararajll.A

and

./ayaraj.S


13/162


14/162

INMlP-lS

INM/P-16

INMlP-17

INMlP-

18

INMlP-19

INMlP-20

INM/P-21

INMlP-22

INMlP-23

INM/P-24

INMlP-25

INMiP-26

INMlP-27

x

COMPARATIVE

STUDIES

ON

NITROGEN-FIXING

BACTERIA

AZOSI'IRILLUM AND AZOTOBACTER ON MULBERRY LEAF

PRODUCTION

Hemanthll.1lnJar.L., Ra l'ikumar.J. , Vljayal.:1IfIlar.R., Mlllhlllakshmi,M. , Samlltlliravelll,P.

./ayaraj.S alld Qadri, SM.H

ORGANIC MANURING

FOR

SUSTAINING MULBERRY LEAF

PRODUCTION IN

THE

EASTERN DRY ZONE

OF

KARNATAKA

Saralakumari, Narayana Reddy, R., Ramakrishlla Naika alld Alldalli Gowda

EFFECT

OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON QUALITY

AND

PRODUCTIVITY OF

MULBERRY

Vljaya Naidll. B., Reddy,M.P, Rau. D.M.R

..

Re

ddy,

D.C alld Krishlla Rau.

./. V

IMPACT OF

INM-IPM MODULE AND SERICULTURE

TECHNOLOGIES

FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MULBERRY LEAF AND COCOON YIELDS -

FARMERS' PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

Kasi Reddy, B.,

SrinivasCi

Rao, TVS . Reddy.D.C and Krishlla Rao. .J. V

IMPACT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL HEALTH

RClvikllmcJ/

; J. , fJenwnlhklllllw:L. , Vijayakufllm: R

.

Ja)'Clraj.Sol/d Qadri. S.M.H

IMPACT OF INM-IPM MODULE

ON

MULBERRY ECO-SYSTEM

AND

COCOON PRODUCTION

Ral'ikumar. J ., Hefllalllhkllmw:L. , Vijayaktill/(//; R., Jayaraj.S al/d Qadri. S.M.f1

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS

SOURCES

AND SOLUBILIZING

MICROORGANISMS ON GROWTH AND YIELD

OF

MULBERRY

Raje GOIl'da. Shankar. M.A alld fJadimal/i. D.K

STUDIES ON

THE

EFFECT

OF

CERTAIN

COMMERCIALFOLIAR

SPRAYS

ON

MULBERIW

Chikkaswamy. B. K

EFECT OF FOLIAR

SPRAY

OF

NAVARAS ON

GROWT

H AND

LEAF

PRODUCTION

OF MULBERRY

ChikkaswafllY, B. K

EFFECT OFBIOINOCULANTS AND ORGANIC MANURES ON THE YIELD

AND QUALITY

OF

SI6

MULBERRY

Murali. C .

SrccrC//IlIIIIl.

KR . NaIVyalla.l'wall/Y,

TK..

Shankal: MA C//ld Amal7lalha. N

IMPACT OF

ORGANICS, BIOINOCULANTS

ON

NITROGEN

AND

PHOSPHORUS

UPTAKE IN

S3f1

MULBERRY GARDEN

Murali.

C,

SrccrQlllu/lI. K.R .

N ( m ~ v a l l a s w a m y T.K

. Shankar, MA alld AII/antallta. N

I'ERFORMANCE

OF LATE AGE

SILKWORM

REARING

AS

INFLUENCED

BY

FEEDING SCHEDULES

OF

MULBERRY

LEAF

RAISED

TlIROUGH

NITROGEN

SUPPLEMENTATION

SlIdhakara. S N.. NarayanaswafllY, T K and Ashoka .I

IMPACT

OF

VAlUED SOURCES AND LEVELS

OF

NITROGEN ON

SILK

COCOON PRODUCTION: AN

ECONOMIC

ANALYSIS

Rav;

Klimat:

A . SIII/bha, K.. MlIrltt:a Kllall, Bhaskar. R.N.. NarayaIlGs\\Iamy. TK


15/162

INMlP-28

INMlP-29

INM/P-30

INM/P-31

INMlP-32

INMlP-33

INM/P-34

INM/P-35

INM/P-36

INMlP-37

INM/P-38

INM/P-39

INM/ J>-40

DISSEMINATION OF DRY LAND FARMING TECHNIQUES

IN

M ULBEIWY

THROUGH

FARMER

l'ARTICIPATORY PROGRAMME

Jayarall/,

H.,

Srika

ll t.l'lVamy, K"

Bhof ,c.I'ha,

K alld

Naf ,araj, B

EFFECT

OF

SOIL MOISTURE CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES AND

FERTILITY STATUS IN MULBERRY

IMPROVEMENT

UNDER RAINFED

CONDITION

SrikulltwwG/IIy. A'"

Mala V Rajall and

Vijaya prakasli

USE

OF LIQUID BI()FERTlLlZER

FOR

MULBERRY PRODUCTION

AND

SUSTAINABLE SOIL HEALTH.

SlIkall/(/ laha "

Dus

,

PK

., Kari.1'(// : R.S IIlId Redd l

',

AUf

IMPACT OF

INM I

IPM

I

IFSM PACKAGES

IN

INCREA

S ING

PRODUCTIVITY AND SEIUCULTURE INCOME

R l l j e ~ ' \ I ' u r u

Rao.N., Roo,

TI

:s.s.

Krislilla

Rao.}.) and .la.l'a/'(/j,S

FERTI-DRIP IRIUGATION IN

MULBERRY

WITII

REFERENCE TO

LEAF

YIELD AND COCOON I)RODUCTION

Shil'aklll/l(//:H.R

alld

S/tiI'ashallkm:K

CHANGES IN

SOIL PROPERTIES

DUE TO TilE APPLICATION

OF

DISTILLERY SPENTWASII IN AN IRRIGATED MULBERRY GARDEN

Madhu,we/holla,G. Srini 'u.\·olll/wrhy.CA ., Bhoskl1l:S

alld

Narayallasl\'tllll_l',K.C

YIELD AND QUALITY

OF

MULBERRY AS

TNFLl

JENCED BY TilE

APPLICATION

OF DISTILLERY SPENTWASH

AfaJllIIsudlwllu

.G

Blwskw :S.

Na/'ayallaslI'am) , j.,·.C

alld

S/'illil'aslllII/lrrliy,Cll

SILKWORM

PRODUCTIVITY

(P l

JRE MYSORE)

AS

INFL UENCED

BY

THE

APPLICATION OF DISTILLERY SPENTWASH

Afadhllsudhalla.

G

Bhaskw:S. Nara.l'alla,\·\\'Uml

', K. C alld

Srill i l 'o.wlIIll11h.l', C.A

INFLUENCE

OF DIFFERENT I,EVELS OFN AND K

WITII

Zn ON GRO\VTH

PARAMETERS

OFV-I MULBERRYVARlETYAND

COCOON

YIELD

Sr(,l'rama.N., Narayolla.nI'G11I.1',

TK., Allirlia

Pcrel: , Sliasliidl/(II:K.R alld SI/(/lIk(//:

A1.A

TUKRA MEALY BUG (II1ACONELLICOCCUS IIIRS UTUS GREEN) OF

MULBERRY

(M01WSAI.RA

L.)-TACKI.lI'IGTHIWUGIl ECO- FlUE

' ()LY

STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE

Nurc'lIc/ra

K/IIllw

:.I.B

.

I'c:craiah,

TAt alld

)a.l'(1raj,S

IMPACT

OF

INM-IPM

PACKAGE ON

PEST

AND

WEED

]\lANAGEMENT

AND

MULBERRY

LEAF YIELD IN lIDUMALPET AREA, COIMBATORE

DISTRICT

Selval'qj,N.

G, Allilklllllal:

T R . . Pllllirhul'u/Ii.l'

.G Qadl i.S.U

.H

alld

)a_1"lIraj,S

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NEEM

FORMUI

,ATlONS AGAINST \\ lASP

MOTH

CATERPILLAR,

AMATA PASSALIS

)Oi.l'IVO/,I\.., GallgwUt:

s.1\. .

K11I1I1I1 : Rand Goel. R

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN TWO ERI

SILKWORM

HOST

PLANTS IN SOUTH INDIA

Alllrurlwll lurti

gall,D., SuhramalliClII.

1\.

.

Mali es

hk/llll

W;

T,

Dirt/I ialll..l..

Sokllli\'( /.N..

)ayaraj.s.

and Qae/ri,S. M H

Xl


16/162

INM/P-4J

INM/P 42

INM /

P-43

INM/P-44

AUTHOR INDEX

MANAGEMENT

OF SOIL HEALTH AND PESTS OF

A CHAWKI GARDEN

FOR REARING

TASAR

SILKWORM

Dikshil.B.K. . Mallrya.K.R GIld Khana.R.P

ON

SUITABILITY

OF FODDER GRASSES AND

FODDER

LEGUMES

FOR

SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURAL

FARMING

SYSTEM

R a j a d r ~ r a i , S . ,

Ramamohana Rao,

P.

Veeraialr. TM alld Ja

yaraj,S

INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURE

FOR ADDITIONAL

INCOME

Hemanthkumar;L., Ravikumar; J.,

Vlja

yakumar.R. , Mulfwiakshmi,M. , Samtllhiravelu,

P.

.

Jayaraj, S. and Qadri, S.M.H

REARING PERFORMANCE OF

ERI

SILKWoRM

PHILOSAMIA RlCINI

HUTT, [N BLACK SOILS OF VIDARBIIA - A NEWLY EXPLORED AREA

IN MAHARASHTRA.

Jadhav, A.D. , Kalantri , L.B ., Hajare', T.N., Undale, J.P. and Sathe2,T. V

LIST

OF

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

xii


17/162

SESSION I

SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT

Chairman

Co-Chairpersons

Dr.

S. Vadivelu

Principal Scientist

&

Head

NBSS &LUP

Regional Centre, ICAR, Bangalore

Dr. U. D. Bongale

Divisional Chief,

KSSRDI, Bangalore

Dr.

P.

K. Das

Senior Research Officer

CSRTI, Mysore

Oral Session

SHM/O-l

-

SHM/O-20

Poster session

SHM/P- - SHMIP-8


18/162


19/162

/ 1

{J.\ t rLlC t .\

Lead

Paper

1

SOIL HEAL1H

MANAGEMENT

FOR

SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURE

Jayaraj, S'., Dandin, S.

B2

, Yceraiah, T. M-'. ,

Qadri,

S.M.JP and

Krishna

Rao,J. Y ~

'Sustainable Farm & Rural

Development Centre, S. J.R. foundation, Chennai

2Ce

ntr

al Serieultural Research

& Training

Institute, Mysore

JRegional Sericultural Research Station,

Kodathi

/

Salem

/ Anantapur

Abstract

Soil is the basis for sustainab le ~ l r m i n g , and

it

is often over-exploited and abused.

Mulberry is one of

the

few crops, which

cons

umes very high quantities of chemical fertilizers ,

especia ll y nitrogcn,

leading

to marked reduction in crop

productivity

and quality, and also

environmental degradation. In

many

l1lulbelry soi l ' the organic carbon content is unimaginahly

very

low

and the co

lon y-f'orming

units (CFUs)

of'

beneficial microbes, particularly

actinomycetes,

and beneficial micro-fauna are mostly destroyed. Hence , soil health

care

management assumes very grcat significancc.

The urgent need for improving soils physical,

chemical

and hiological properties for

sustainable sericulture is emphasized. The nonmIl and problem soils under mulberry cultivation

are highlighted in (erms of' thcir productivity. The

physical

properties, hithcrto not studied

adequately, arc

stressed

with thc

ohjective of'developing

better mulberry root systcm so as to

enable

the

plant to take up thc moisture and nutrients from the sub-soil

zone

bctter. Water

ancl

nutrient use efficiellcy by the mulberry plant has to be considerably enhanced.

]. Introduction

Optima I util ization of natural resources such as soi I, water,

biodiversity

and atmosphere

is basic to promote sustainability

in

any I'amling activity. Improvement

in

soil chemical,

physical and biological properties is possible through organic fmming. and IntegTated Nutrient

Management (fNM) systcms in mulberry crop production, and not through chc::mical f'amling.

The important chemical properties arc the ll1acrol1utrients (N, P, K), secondary nutrients (Ca,

S), micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn , etc .), pJ1,

OC,

etc. Soil chcmical

propertie

s are also influenced

by qual ity of irrigat ion water like plI ,

hardne

ss, etc. F1 ul)rioc content is also alarm ing

in

certain areas.

Biological

properties

include

thc

below ground biodiversity

especially

beneficial

microorganisms (CFUs

of

bacteria , fungi and actinol11ycctcs) Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB,

VAM, Trichoclem1a,

Pleurotus

, etc.),

and.

oil fauna (microcrustacea , collel11hola, earthwonns,

etc.) in the soil.

2. Soil Classification System

The following are the typcs of soils commonly

met

with:

i) Loose, deep well-drained soi ls

ii) Shallow so il s over rock

iii)

lntennediate

loamy soils


20/162

Naliollal

Seminar

Oil

Sail /-/('01111

and

Waler Managemelll for Suslainohlc Sel'icullurc

iv) lmpervious sub-soi ls

v) Soils with moisture retaining upper horizons

vi) Soils with wet lower hori.zons

vii) Organic rich soils (peat soils of varying type and origin)

3. Problem soils: Physical and chemical problems

An optimum physical and chemical environment

of

soils is essential for better growth of

plants, consequently for bettcr yields.

Based on these propcrties, the problem soi ls are identificd as below, which would limit

productivity and quality of mulberry:

i) Low soil fertility

ii) Slow penneable soils (Heavy clay 1loam)

iii) Excessively pemlcable so ils (Sandy)

iv) Subsoil hardening

v) Surface crusting

vi) Shallow soils

vii) Salinc Soils

viii) Sodic Soils

ix) Saline - Sodic Soils

x) Acid Soils

4.

Soil

Physical

Properties

Improvements in soil physical properties are measured in

ten11S

of bulk density, texturc

(mechanical fraction), aggregates or crumbs, pcrmeability to water and air, infiltration ratc.

water-holding capacity, wilting coefficient, hard pan, surfacc crusting, clcctric conductivity,

exchange of ions, etc.

4.1. Bulk

density

is weight of oven-dry soi l 1 unit vo lume, and is the resultant of the

relationship bctween specific gravity and porosity of the soil. Specific gravity of most soil

particles is within the narrow limits of2.6-2.7. Hence, bulk density is closely correlated with

porosity, and, in tum, with thc infiltration capacity and degree of soil aeration.

If

a soi l has

0.

2%

of

total N, it has no meaning unless the weight/unit volume

of

the soil

in

its natural state

is known.

4.2. Particle size analysis is to evaluate the soil texture

. Destruction or dispersion ofsoi l aggregates into discrete units by chemical / mechanical

means and separation of particles according to size limits by sieving and

sed

imentation is

adopted. Nonnally,

30%

hydrogen peroxide treatment till effervescence ceases is followed.

Soil aggregates are not readily dispersed, as the soi l contains organic matter, iron oxides and

carbonate coating.

Extreme size ran

ge

is seen in particle size analysis: Stones and rocks (> 0.25 m); pebbles

(0.5-2 cm), coarse sand (2-5

mm)

to sub-micron clays

«

1

1m).

Particles smaller than 2 mm

size are divided into: fine sand < 2 mm - 50 1m; silt < 50 - 2 1m; and clay < 21m .


21/162

A >.\

·rr(/ c· /,\

4.3. Soil texture is decided by the relative percent or coarse and fine soil particil:s .

Stones, gravel and sand provide physical supp0l1

to

plants, and play only minor role

in

water

retention and plant nutrients. Fine soil made up of silt and clay particles

«

0.05 111m diameter),

on the other hand

playa

major ro le in water holding capacity, soil aeration and supply or

available nutrients. The following

is

the classification

of

soi ls based

on

silt and clay percent,

and

li gh

t loam is ideal for mulberry cu lti vation. The other types

of

soils have

to

be corrected.

SOIL CLASS

SILT

&

CLAY %

SAND < 7

LOAMY SAND

7-15

SANDY LOAM

16-25

LIGIJTLOAM

26-40

llE

AVY

LOAM

>

40

4.4.

Porosity

or

soils is the ratio between

vo lu me of

inter-spaces and volume of

the

solid

soil body. Pore volume nonnally varies from 30

to 70%.

Coarse textured soils have less total

pore space becau e of the smaller s u r l ~ l c e area of their particl

es.

fine textured soils have

greater total pore space due \0 larger surface area of their particles.

(cc.

surface area

of

ground

nut

and ragi seeds per litre) .

However, some compacted fine textured soi Is have lower amount of pore space than do

coarsc sandy soils .

(cc.

drip-line and un-irrigated line). Soils

of

low porosity resist thc

infiltration

of

water and penetration of root. (e.g., heavy clay soil) . Water content of such

soils w

ill

always be at field capacity in drip irriga ti on system. It reduces soil air content

affecti ng growth of roots and plants.

% Pore Space = Specific Gravity of Soi l - Bulk Density x 100

Specific Gravity of So

il

r

Specilic Gravity of Soil

= 2.60

approximately, and

Bulk Density (BD) :::

1.38

approximately,

th

e porosity

of

the

so

il

=

(2

.60 - 1.38)

x

100

=

46.9

%.

2.60

The e

n-or

will be less than 5%;

for

farner Participatory Research and comparative studies,

this method

is

quite adeq uate. More accurate va

lu

es can be obtained

by

pycnometric

determination of specific gravity of

th

e soil sample, w

hi

ch

wo

uld req uire costly equipments .

4.5. Water holding capacity (WIlC) ofso ils depends

on

so

il

tex ture, nature

of

mineral

co lloid

s,

content

of

soil organic matter, and structural characteri stics

of

the soil profile. Plants

growing

in

soils with low WHC are exposed to drought / moisture stress considerably. Plants

growing

in

so

il

s of high

WH

C may sufTer

from in

adequate aeration causcd by water-logging.

WHC is

detemlined after the saturated

soi

l

is

allowed to drain for 24

hr,

whcn soil attains

' field capacity' .


22/162

National Seminar on Soil Health (lnd Water Management Jor Sustainable Sericulture

4.6. Field

Capacity of

surface soil layer can be determined directly in the field by

saturating the soil and analysing soil samples 24

br

later. This should be done after a prolonged

rain-free period

or

after many days

of

previous irrigation.

Weight

of

drained 100

cc sample=

Wt.

of

oven-dry soil

=

Content

of

water (157-122 g)

:::

Field Capacity

of

the soil =

4.7. Air

Content of

Soils

Weight

of

drained 100

cc

sample=

Weight

of

oven-dry soil =

Content

of

water (157-122 g)

=

Field Capacity

of

the soil =

4.8.

Electrical Conductivity

(EC),

157 g

122 g

35 g

35% by volume

157 g

122 g

35 g

35%

is to determine concentration

of

salts. It is especially important in heavily fertilizer

applied soils (as in mulberry), which may accumulate salts in high quantities detrimental to

plants.

4.9. Exchange Properties

of

Soils: Clay and humus have ability to retain and exchange

ions

in

soils like those

of

AI, Ca,

Mg

, K, Na, and NH4; this ability

of

mineral and organic

colloids is termed "exchange capacity" of soils. Colloidal fraction acts as storehouse in which

nutrient ions are preserved and made available to plants, and are not readily leached.

"T

he magnitude

of

exchange capacity determines the soil fertility. It regulates rate

of

application

of

fertilizers. On fine textured soils with high organic matter, possessing

an

exchange capacity

of

about 20 m.e.

per

100 g,

it is

possible to apply high doses

of

highly

concentrated, readily soluble fertilizers. But

on

sandy soils poor

in

humus, with a base exchange

capacity

of

about 5 m.e. per 100 g, it would be unwise to apply heavy doses".

4.10. Soil Aggregates: An aggregate is a group of primary soil particles that cohere to

each other more strongly than to other surrounding soil particles. The disintegrating forces

are: cultivation practices; erosion (wind and water); and wetting of soils. Dry aggregates and

wet aggregates are measured by sieving and sedimentation techniques.

The

dispersing action

ofNa+

on clay and organic matter reduces soil aggregation, permeability to air and water,

and root growth.

Large pores in soil fav-our high infiltration rates, good tilth, and adequate aeration for

plant growth. Abundance oflarge pores is seen immediately after cultivation. Their continued

existence

in

soil depends on stability

of

aggregates.

Erodibility

of

soils decreases as aggregate stability increases.

4.11. Slow

permeable

soils: Heavy clay

I

loam is se in

many

places. Low InfLltration

rates are due to high clay content

of

the soil

The

amount

of

water percolating into the soil is

reduced; leading to increased run-off, erosion

of

surface soil and nutrient loss.

The

high

4


23/162

Abstracts

capillary

porosity

as well as impeded drainage would increase some soil elements to the level

of toxicity to plants. Nutrient flXation (like P)

in

the clay complex is very common making

nutrients unavailable.

4.12. Measurement of Permeability of Soils to Water:

A steel cylinder

of

] 00 sq. em cross-sectional area and about 25 em height is inserted

into soil to 10 em depth. 1 litre

of

water is poured into the cylinder and the time required for

the water to pass into the soil

is recorded. In permeable soils the period of infiltration is < 2

min. and in compacted soils it may be >

1

hr. Data should be collected

in

large number

of

replicates taken on the same day.

High permeability

of

surface layers leads to seepage loss

of

water and nutrients below

root zone. Low permeability might lead to high evaporation and run-offloss

of

both. Surface

soil crusting was noticed

in

certain parts ofAndhra Pradesh and soil hardpan in many places

in S.lndia.

4.13. Management

Qf

Slow Permeable Soils

~

Provision

of

drainage facilities either through open or closed sub-surface drains.

~ FOIming contour

&

compartmental bunding to increase the infiltration rates of soils.

~

Application

of

huge quantities

of

river sand

or

red soil

of

coarser texture to reduce

heaviness

of

soil.

~ Application of liberal doses

of

organic manures like FYM, Compost, Green manure,

Compostcd coir pith, sewage waste, press mud, etc.

~ Adopting ridges

&

furrows, raised beds, and broad bed and furrow systems.

4.14. Excessively Permeable Soils

~ High amount

of sand>

70%.

~ The soils are inert and unable to retain nutrients and water.

~ Devoid

of

finer particles and organic matter; the aggregates arc weakly formed .

~ The non-capillalY pores are dominating with very poor soil structure.

~ Fertilizer nutrients are lost in seepage / drainage water.

~ Compacting the field with tar drum filled with 400 kg

of

sand or stones 8-10 times at

optimum moisture.

~ Intercropping with green manure crops like sunnhemp, sesbania, daincha, horsegram,

Tephrosia, etc.

4.15. Sub-Soil Hardening / Hard Pan

~ Compaction

of

clay in the sub-soil horizon, coupled with cementing action of oxides

of Fe, Al and CaC03, which increases bulk density to more than 1.8 mega-gram / m-3.

~ Cultivation

of

crops using heavy implements up to certain depth constantly leads to

hard pan.

~ Higher exchangeable sodium content.

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6

» Lowered infiltration and percolation rates, nutrient movement and free air transport.

» Prevents root proliferation and limits volume

of

soils available for nutrient uptake

resulting in depleted and less fertile surface soil.

» The contribution of sub-soil fertility to crop growth is hampered.

4.16. Management of Soil Hard Pan

»

Ploughing the soil with chisel plough at 0.5 m interval cris-cross at 0.5 m depth once

in 3 years.

» Application

of

organics to improve soil aggregation and structure to prevent further

movement

of

clay to the lower layers.

» Deep ploughing

of

the field during summer season to open up the sub-soils.

»

Cultivating deep-rooted crops like redgram or Indigofera or Tephrosia so

as to

encourage natural breaking

of

the hard pan.

4.17. Surface

Crusting

» Presence

of

colloidal oxides

of

Fe and AI in Alfisols (red soils)

»

Binds soil particles under wet regimes.

» On drying, it forms a hard mass on the soil surface.

The

following effects

are

seen:

a. Prevents seed germination (like intercrops/green manure cover crops)

b. Retards root growth.

c. Results in poor infiltration.

d. Accelerates surface run-off.

e. Creates poor aeration in the rhizosphere.

f.

Affects nodule formation in leguminous crops .

4.18. Mana ement

of

Surface Crustin

» Ploughing the field when soil moisture is optimum.

» Lime application at 2 t / ha uniformly and ploughing for blending the amendment with

the surface soil.

»

FYM at

lOt /

ha or composted coir pith at 12.5 t / ha or other organic manure.

»

Scraping the surface soil by tooth harrow. (Penukunta Gorru model)

» Resistant crops like cowpea can be grown.

4.19. Sba)Jow Soils

» Presence

of

the parent rock immediately below the soil surface at about 15-20 cm

depth. (Common in Deccan Plateau)

»

Restricts the root elongation and spreading.

»

Exhaustion of the soil within 2-3 seasons.

» Frequent renewal of soil fertility is a must.


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Abstracl.l

5. Chemical Problems:

Salt

Affected Soils:

);>

Parent Material: Soils formed from rocks having high proportion

of

bases become

saline/sodic

in

nature (basalt, sand stone)

);> Low Rainfall : Insufticicnt to leach the bases from soil; accumulation

of

salts in soil.

More common in semi-arid and arid Deccan Plateau regions .

);> High Evaporation: More capillary movement of water from sub-surface to surface.

Water evaporates leaving the salt to accumulate on soil surface.

);> Poor Drainage: Water-logged salinity / sodicity

in

low lying areas in high clay soils .

Improper drainage leads to accumulation of salts on the surface and entry

of

sodium

in to c

la

y complex.

);> Poor Quality Irrigation Waters : Continuous use

of

poor

quality

saline / sodie water for

cultivation accumulates sa

lt

s / sodium in the soils.

);> High Water Table : Alluvial plains & other areas due to improper drainage.

);>

Base Forming Fertilizers (Ammonium chloride)

5.1. Saline Soils

);> High soluble salts affect adversely plant growth.

);> Salt level more than

4.0

dSm-l. Mostly chlorides and sulphates.

);> These are

neutral

salts and hence pH may not go above 8.5 .

);> Salinization: accumulation

of

soluble salts in the surface soil.

5.2. Effects of Soil Salinity

);>

White encrustation on soil surface.

);> Alteration

of

osmotic potential of the soil solution.

);>

Water intake and nutricnt uptake by plants

is

restricted .

);> Reduced microbial activity; slow decomposition of organic matter.

);> Impaired supply ofN and S.

);> Water from plant cells moves to soil, & hence plants are dehydrated .

);> Finally death

of

plants is secn.

5.3. Management

of

Saline Soils

);>

Planting on sloppy ridges decreases accumulation

of

salts around root zone.

);>

Mulching soil prevents evaporation, which reduces accumulation

of

salts due to

capillary rise

of

water at the surface

of

soils.

);> Providing drainage reduces salt accumulation.

5.4. Sodic / Alkaline Soils

);> High proportion

of

sodium at exchange complex; usually more than 15%.

);> High proportion

of

carbonates

&

bicarbonates; hence the pH is always more than 8.5.

);> Precipitated CaC03 is present; insoluble in nature .

);> Dispersing action

of

Na+

on

clay and organic matter reduces soil aggregation,

permeability to air & water, and root growth.

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National Seminar

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Soil Health and

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er Management

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Suslainable Sericulture

5.5.

Effect

of

oil Sodicity

};>

Carbonate, bicarbonate and

OH

(hydroxyl) ion injuries on plants.

};>

High Na in clay becomes dispersed in clay under wet regimes .

};>

Sodium carbonate with water releases Na+,

HC03

& OH- ions, which are harmful

to

growing plants in these soils:

};>

2

Na

+ +

C02

+ +

H20

'

2 Na+ + HC03- + OH-

};>

Dispersed nature

of

clay leads to soapy feeling

of

soils, stagnation

of

water, poor

infiltration / percolation, and poor aeration.

};>

These soils become hard mass during dry periods. Soil Crusting

};>

High pH is un-favourable for growth

of

soil microorganisms.;

};>

Low microbial activity causes slow decomposition

of

organic matter.

};>

Nutrient deficiency is caused, specifically

Nand

S.

};>

High pH leads to non-availability

of

Fe and Zn

to

plants.

};>

P availability is less due to conversion

of

P into insoluble calcium and magnesium

phosphates.

White Alkali:

Soils with high amount of soluble salts having EC more than

4.0

dsm-I

and white encrustations are seen on the surface.

Brown alkali:

Sodic soils with high proportion of nitrate salts.

Black alkali:

Dispersed clay with decomposed organic mater (humus) give black colour.

Degraded Alkali:

Surface horizon acidic and there is no precipitate CaC03 . However,

the sub-surface horizon may have

pH

more than 8.S. In the absence

ofCaC03

and soluble

salts,

the sodic clay with water degrades and hydrogen clay is formed in the surface.

8

5.6.

Reclamation:

5.6.1.

Physical

};>

Improve physical condition

of

soil through improvement

in

infiltration and aeration .

};>

Deep ploughing to break the hardpan developed due to

Na

and improving free

movement

of

water

&

soil aeration.

};> Providing drainage to improve aeration and to avoid further accumulation

of

salts at

root zone.

};>

Sand filling

of

heavy clay soil; increase capillary action

of

water.

5.6.2.

Biological

};>

FYM, compost, pressmud, green manures, oilcakes, etc. improve biological and

physical conditions of these soils.

};>

Decomposition of organic matter releases organic acids, which mitigate the ill effects

of

high

pH of

soils.

5.6.3.

Chemical Reclamation

This aims at removal

of

sodium from exchange complex by introducing calcium.


27/162

Ahstracts

Materials

Gypsum (calcium sulphate), calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, etc. are used for

reclamation, which directly supply calcium. Among them gypsum is most commonly used .

To reduce one unit

of

pH, about one tonne

of

gypsum would be required. Ca and S are needed

for quality.

Reclamation

of

sodic soils requires good quality water to leach Na salts that are released

during reclamation process. In the absence

of

good quality water these soils can be managed

by following physical and biological methods.

6.

Root

Turnover

Root turnover is an important component of local and global carbon balance, and

measuring root development and turnover with soil depth is quitc vital. This has

to

bc related

to changing soil properties including nitrogen mineralization, soil moisture and temperature.

Root activity and positioning in the soil can be predicted based on resource use efficiency.

The barrier laycr that essentially stops the downward growth

of

plant roots may be rock,

sand, gravel, heavy clay,

or

a cemented layer (e.g. caliche).

To compensate for surface soil loss :

~ Incrcasing the organic matter content of an eroded soil, which often improves its

tillage characteristics, as well as its water and nutrient holding capacity.

~ Generous use of soil amendmcnts, organic materials and neecssary fertilizers can

help spced the conversion

of

poor quality subsoil into high quality

lOp

soil.

~ Tn sandy soil, organic material occupies some

of

the space between the sand grains,

thus binding these together and increasing watcr-holding capacity. In a finely textured

or clay soil, organic material on and around soil particles creates aggregates of the

fine soil particles , allowing water to move more rapidly around these larger particles.

~ This grouping of the soil particles into aggregates or peds makes soil mellow and

easier to work.

6.1. Soil

properties

& Root System

While there are species-specific rooting characteristics, significant innuences on rooting

habit are silvieultural and environmental, i.e. silvicultural practice and soil conditions. These

environmental constraints are classified into four groups :

(i) Mechanical resistance: high bulk density; layers

of

bedrock, excessively stony soils

Dr

fine sands, iron pans and many clays that may become compacted.

(ii) Fertility: Infertilc soils produce root systems with long, poorly branched surface roots,

whereas fertile ones produce more vigorous well-branched roots that may descend

deeper into the soil. While roots are unable to actively grow towards a source

of

nutrients, they will proliferate when in contact with areas that are especially rich in

nitrogen and phosphorus.

(iii)Aeration: When the oxygen falls below

10

-

15

% in a soil, root growth is inhibitcd

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National Seminar on Soli Health and Water Management

for

Sustainable Sericulture

and it stops completely

at 3-5%.

Such conditions occur when airspaces in the soil are

replaced

by

more soil (compaction), water or gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen

sulphide

or

methane.

(iv)Moisture:

Waterlogged soils result in poor gas exchange which depletes the soil

of

oxygen

and

leads to anaerobic conditions and subsequent root death. Soils with

permanently high water tables typically cause trees to develop very shallow, widespread

rooting systems.

Drought conditions also cause some trees to produce a shallow root system to maximise

rainfall interception near the soil surface. If there is a deeper subsurface supply of water,

roots may well exploit it, providing that the soil conditions are suitable at that depth for root

penetration and respiration. The mineral and organic composition of a soil will determine the

relative quantity

of

water that can

be

held within it. Soils with a large clay content are renowned

for their ability to shrink. and crack whereas the structure of free draining sands and gravels

will be comparatively unaffected by prolonged drying.

When water is removed from between soil particles by roots

or

a falling water table, a

vacuum is created. This may result in the shrinkage

of

some clay soils, but is usually associated

with an increase in the air content between the particles.

Such differences in particle size, air and water content

play

a significant role in

determining the soil's susceptibility to root penetration.

Soils with a moisture retaining clay content can reduce the need for roots to extend far

in search

of

water. Conversely, a loose, well drained soil may promote a more extensive and

potentially deeper root system.

6.2. Root Depth:

Typically between 90 and 99 %

of

a tree's total root length occurs in the upper 1 m

of

soil. Soil properties are most variable vertically and thus have the greatest impact

on

rooting

depth.

The

nutrients and moisture content influence the need for roots to descend to greater

depths, while physical properties and aeration may restrict the ability to grow deeper.

6.3

. Lateral Root Spread:

During wind throw, many of a tree's lateral roots will snap. The diameter of the root

plate is therefore not a true measure

of

the total lateral spread. However, root studies in

forests and orchards involving excavations and soil coring have shown that the lateral growth

of

some tree roots can extend well beyond the canopy perimeter.

That

the maximum extent

of

the tree roots is reached before the canopy has completed

expanding,

and

thus the ratio

of

root

may

change as trees

become

older.

Asymmetrical root systems are not uncommon and may result from variations in the

soil environment

or topographical features such as slopes .

10


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Abs tracts

7. Research on Soil Improvement

and

Developing Better Mulberry Root System

As a part

of

the CSB-supported Farmer Participatory INM - IPM and IFSM projects

in

S. lndia, research on soil improvement and developing bettcr mulberry root system was initiatcd

in: eight directs in Tamil Nadu state, two districts

in

Kamataka, and

one

district

in

Andhra

Pradesh through three RSRSs and eight REC's

in

the three states.

Baseline data were collected on soil chemical properties (N .P.K. micro nutricnts , plI ,

EC and OC) , physical properties (soil particle size and distribution, bulk density, soil

permeability to water, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, etc), and biological

properties (earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, colony forming uinits (CFU 's) of bacteria,

fungi and Actinomycetes.

On the basis

of

the preliminary data obtained on soi l and irrigation water, the following

constraints were noticed in varying degrees in diffcrent districts, where mulberry sericulture

is

intensively adopted:

a. Low fertility

of

the soil

b. Nutrient loss below the root system

c. Soil salinity

d. Soil alkalinity / sodicity

e. Impermeability of the soil to water

f. High permeability

of

the soil

g. Subsoil hard pan

h. Poor watcr stable soil aggregation

Brackish irrigation

water

The mulberry leaves were looking more pale green due to the above soil and irrigation

water problems . The silkworm was not getting the maximum quantity

of

nutrients in spite

of

the application

of

heavy doses

of

chemical fertilizers.

It is

quite possible to amend the soil

and provide favourable conditions for developing the root system, which

is

current very

shallow with a view to enhance the utilization

of

soil, water and nutrients to promote sustainable

production

of

quality mulberry leaves. It

is

expected that the batch size from \ nit area

of

mulberry crop can be considerably increased without increasing the area under the crop. The

weight

of the cocoons and shell would be considerably improved and similarly the silk

properties

The earlier literature was perused and it was observed that there was no study on

improving the soil productivity overcoming the above maladies to improve the mulberry

productivity and quality.

Studies made on similar horticultural crops indicate that pruning

of

fibrous surface

feeder roots at a particular length away from the base of the plant would enable the root

system to penetrate to some-death, though the pattern of root system

is

largely a species

specific

With the above objectives, a study was initiated in various districts

in

S. India with the

11


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National Seminar on Soil Health and

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er Management

for Su

stainable Sericulture

following treatments:

1.

T

J

-

Cutting trenches one foot away from the base

of

mulberry plant to a depth

of

one

foot and breadth

of

one foot, and filling the trench with the green leaves

of

Pongamia,

neem,

subabul, rain tree, Morinda

(Nuna),

Ipomea, Cassia, Delonix

alata

(Vadanarayanan), etc. (without sticks), farmyard manure or compost and covering

with thin layer

of

soil (2-3

")

and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya and water.

Turning the compost after

3SAO

days and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya

and water. Irrigation on the trench for 6 months; Cutting trench on the other side

of

mulberry row after six months and irrigation, so that sufficient aeration and nutrients

will

be

available to mulberry plants from both the sides.

2.

T2- Iron plough, 1 foot away from the mulberry row, two times to the depth

of

8-9

inches. Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space as usual.

3.

T

J

-

Hand spade (90 degrees to the handle) to the depth

of

S to

6

inches. Sowing

daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium

in

the available space.

4.

T4

- Shovel with flattened blade to the depth

of

S to 6 inches. Sowing daincha secds

treated with Rhizobium in the available space.

S.

Ts

- Crow bar with 4 inches breadth sharp blade on side to the depth

of

8 inches.

Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space.

6.

T6 - Biological methods - sowing red gram seeds one foot away from mulberry row

with a spacing

of 1.S

feet from seed to seed after treating with Rhizobium, Trichoderma

and Pseudomonas within 3-4 days after pruning and another row Hibiscus cannabinus

(pulichai or gongru) on foot away from the red gram row before the next row

of

the

mulberry. Allowing the plants to grow for 6-8 months and pulling out to disturb the

sub-soil to allow aeration and penetration

of

mulberry roots.

7. T

7

•

Control (none

of

the above treatments - fa

nner

's practice).

NPK

as usual in the first crop; Reduction in N fertilizer

by 2S% in

the remaining four

crops in the first year, and

by SO% from second year onwards.

12

Observations to be recorded:

~ Mulberry shoot yield in S sq. m. micro-plots in S places in the 1 cent area

of

the plot

in each crop.

~ Improvement in soil physical, chemical and biological properties once a year.

~ Root penetration, spread, weight, length, volume, thickness, colour, incidence

of

root

knot or root rot, etc. once in alternate mulberry crop after pruning.

~ Mobility

of

nutrients to sub-soi1layers

(6,

12 & 18") at monthly interval from the

second mulberry crop, and in ground water.

~ Weed suppression.

);;>

Biodiversity

of

beneficial micro-fauna and flora once a year in different soil layers (6,

12&18").


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Abslracls

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful

to

the Chief Executive Officer

&

Member Secretary, Central

Silk Board for the help and support provided

to

initiate soil improvement research for

sustainable sericultural productivity in the country.

We

wish to thank our colleagues in

th

e

CSB system and State Departments

of

Sericulture and farmers for their cooperation .

Selected References

Dandin, S.B . (2003). New Approaches for organic inputs for sustainable sericul

ture. Workshop on Organic Farming and Rainwater Harvesting/or Sustain

able Sericultur

e.

RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalore.

Jayaraj , S. (2003). Organic fanning in mulberry sericulture: Non-chemical methods

of pest management. Workshop on Olganic Farming and Rainwater Har

vesting/or Sustainable Sericultur

e. RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalorc.

Klute, A. (cd) (1986)

Methods a/Soil i s .

Part

1.

Physical and Mineralogical

Methods.

Veeraiah, T. M (2003) Role

of

green manure crops for soil health and fertility.

Workshop on Organic Farming and Rainwater Harvesting/or Sustainable

Sericultur

e.

RSRS, Kodathi , Bangalore.

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Nafional Seminar on Soil Health and Wafer Management for SUSfainable Sericulturc

'Lead Paper 2

ASSESSMENT OF LAND RESOURCES F

OR

MULBERRY CULTI

VA

TION IN

KRI

SBNAG

IRI AND

DH

ARMA

P

URI

DI

STRICTS OF TAMIL

NADU

Va

divelu,S., Thayalan,S., Ram esh, M and Natarajan, A

National Bureau

of

Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore

Extended Summary

Sericulture is a labour intensive agro industry with huge potentials for expansion in our

country in the future. At present, India produces about

15

per cent

of

the raw silk from all the

four types

of

silk, namely mulberry, muga, tasar and eri. Among the sill varieties, only mulberry

is grown extensively, particularly

in

the southern states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and

Tamil Nadu, which accounts for about

82

per cent

of

the total area in the country. Because

of

the increasing domestic and global demand, the area under mulberry cultivation is increasing

steadily

in

the southern states and particularly in the southern districts of Karnataka and

adjoining areas in Tamil Nadu . Since Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts lie adjacent

to

the

mulberry belt

of

Karnataka and there is huge potential for Mulberry cultivation in these

areas, an assessment

of

the existing soil and other land resources

of

the two districts was

carried out

to

find out the suitability

of

the area for mulberry cultivation .

The National Bureau

of

Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Regional Centre, Bangalore

is the repository

of

information pertaining

to

the land resources

of

all the southern states of

our country. For finding out the suitability ofKrishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts for mulberry

cultivation the land resource database generated during the period from 1987

to

1993 under

the Soil Resource Mapping work was used. The database along with soil maps

of th

e two

districts at

1:

250000 scale provides information pertaining to the distribution

of

different

soils, site characteristics like slope, drainage etc., climatic parameters like rainfall, humidity

and sunshine hours, land use details and other particulars

of

the area.

To assess the suitability, the requirements of the mulberry crop is essential and the same

was collected and compiled from different sources. As per thi s, deep to very deep, fertile ,

well drained and well aerated, loamy to clayey soils with good water holding capacity is ide

al

for the crop. Apart from this, good sunshine (9

to 13

hours), temperatures ranging from 20

to

30°C and 65 to 80 per cent relative humidity favours the growth

of

this crop.

The suitability evaluation, carried out by adopting the FAO guidelines, showed that in

the entire Dharmapuri district only 6 per cent of the area is highly suitable for mulberry

cultivation without any soil or climatic limitations. Moderately suitable lands for the crop

occur in about 31 per cent of the area and marginally suitable lands occur in about 30 per cent

of the area. About 31 per cent of the land area in the district is found to be not suitable for

mulberry cultivation.

In

Krishnagiri district, about

11

per cent

of

the area is highly suitable,

44 per cent moderately suitable and

17

per cent marginally suitable for mulberry cultivation.

About 30 per cent

of

the area is found to be not suitable for this crop in Krishnagiri district.

Shallow depth, higher slope percent, severe erosion and low moisture storage are the major

soil limitations for growing mulberry in the districts of Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri.

14


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Abstracts

SlIM/O-l

STUDIES ON lMPROVEMENT

OF

SOILHEALTR AND MULBERRY ROOT

SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SERICULTURALPRODUCTlON

Jayaraj.Sl., Dandin,S. B2, Vccraiah,T. M3,

Qadri

, S.M.H3

and

Krishna Rao, J.V3

I

Sustainable Farm and Rural Development Centre, S J R Foundation, Chennai

2Cenlral Sericultural Research

&

Training Institute, Mysore

JRegional Sericultural Research Station, Kodathi I Salcm I Anantapur

As a part of the CSB supported INM - IPM and IFSM projccts, research on soil

improvement and developing better mulberry root system was initiated in eight districts in

Tamil Nadu state through the RSRS, Salem and RECs, Bosur, Krishnagiri, Gobi, Udumalpet

and Samayanallur, two districts in Kamataka through the RSRS, Kodathi and RECs, Madivala

and Kanakapura, and one district in Andhra Pradesh through the RSRS, Anantapur and REC,

Madakasira.

Baseline data on soil chemical properties

(N

, P, K, micronutrients, pH, EC and OC),

physical properties (soil particle size and distribution, bulk density, soil permeabi lity

to

water,

water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, etc .) and biological properties (carthworms,

colony forming uinits (CFU 's)

of

bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) wcre ob erved.

On the basis of the preliminary data obtained on soil and irrigation water, the following

constraints were noticed in varying degrees

in

different districts, where mulberry sericulture

is intensively adopted :

a. Low ferti lity of the soil

b.

Nutrient loss below the root system

c. Soil salinity

d. Soil alkalinity I sodicity

e. Impermeability

of

th e soil to water and air

f. High permeability

of

the soil

g. Subsoil hard pan

h.

Brackish irrigatiol'l water

The mulberry leaves were looking more pale green due to the above soil and irrigation

water problems.

The

silkworm was obviously not getting the maximum quantity

of

nutrients

in

spite

of

the app lication

of

heavy doses

of

chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen . It is

quite possible to amend the soil and provide favourable conditions for developing the root

system, which is currently very shallow and duck-footed with a view to enhance the utilization

of

soil, water and nutrients to promote sustainable production

of

quality mulberry leaves. It

is expected that the batch size from unit area

of

mulberry crop can be considerably increased

without increasing the area under the crop. The weight

of

the cocoons and shell would be

considerably improved and similarly the silk properties. The perusal

of

ear

li

er literature

indicated that there was no study on improving the soil productivity overcoming the above

maladies to improve

the mulberry

productivity and quality. Studies made on similar

horticultural crops indicate that pruning

of

fibrous surface feeder roots at a particular length

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15


34/162

National Seminar on Soil Health and Water Management

for

Sustainable Sericulture

away from the base

of

the plant

would

enable the root system

to

penetrate to some depth,

though the pattern of root system is largely a species-specific character. With the above

objectives, a study was initiated in various districts in S. India with the following treatments:

Tl

- Cutting trenches one foot away from the base

of

mulberry plant to a depth of one

foot and breadth of one foot, and filling the trench with the green leaves

of

Pong amia, neem,

subabul, rain tree,

Morinda tinctoria

(Nuna),

Ipomea carnea, Cassia unguistifolia

, D e I O f ~ i x

alala

(Vadanarayanan), etc., (without sticks), farmyard manure and covering with thin layer

ofsoil (2-3") and sprinkling cow dung slurry or pancha gavya and water. Turning the compost

after

3S-40

days and sprinkling cow dung slurry / pancha gavya and water. irrigation on the

trench for 6 months; Cutting trench on the other side

of

mulberry

r ~ w

after six months and

irrigation, so that there will be sufficient soil aeration for roots and beneficial microbes, and

nutrients will be available to mulberry plants from both the sides.

T2 - Iron plough, one foot away from the mulberry row, two times to the depth of 8-9

inches. Sowing daincha (Sesbania aculeate) seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available

space as usual.

T3 - Hand spade (90 degrees

to

the handle

&

sharpened blade)

to

the depth

of

5 to 6

inches. Sowing daincha seeds treated with

Rhizobium

in the available space.

T4 - Showel with flattened & sharpened blade

to

the depth

of

5 to 6 inches . Sowing

daincha seeds treated with

Rhizobium

in the available space.

TS

- Crow bar with 4 inches breadth sharp blade on side to the depth

of

8 inches.

Sowing daincha seeds treated with Rhizobium in the available space.

T6 - Biological methods - sowing redgrarn / wild indigo

(Tephrosia purpurea)

seeds

one foot away from mulberry row with a spacing of 1.5 feet from seed to seed after treating

with

Rhizobium, Trichoderma

and

Pseudomonas

within 3-4 days after pruning and another

row

of

Hibiscus cannabinus (pulichai or gongru) one foot away from the redgram row before

the next row

of

the mulberry. Allowing the plants to grow for 6-8 months and pulling out

to

disturb the sub-soil to allow soil aeration and penetration

of

mulberry roots.

T7 - Control (none

of

the above treatments - fanners' practice). NPK will be applied as

usual in the first crop. There will be reduction in N fertilizer by 25% in the remaining four

crops in the first year, and by 50% from second year onwards. Mulberry shoot yield in 5

sq.m. micro-plots in 5 places in the one cent area

of

the plot in each crop will be observed.

Improvement in soil physical, chemical and biological properties will be recorded once a

year, and root penetration, spread, weight, length, volume, thickness and colour, and incidence

of

root knot or root rot, etc., once in alternate mulberry crop after pruning. The mobility

of

nutrients

to

sub-soil layers (6, 12 & 18") will be observed at monthly interval from the second

mulberry crop, and in ground water. Besides, weed suppression and biodiversity

of

beneficial

micro-fauna and flora will be noted in every crop in different soil layers (6, 12 & 18").

16


35/162

Abstracts

SHM/O-2

CORRELATION STUDIES BETWEEN SOIL TEXTURE AND DISTRffiUTJON OF

MULBERRY ROOTS IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS

OF

SOIL IN SOUTH INDIA

Jayaraj,S I.,

Qadri

, S.M.H

2.,

Veeraiah, T.M 3., KrishnaRao,

J. V4.,

Masilamani,

S2.,

Srinivasa Rao

,T.V.S4.,

RajaDurai,SJ., Subramanian,

KI

and Dandin,S.Bs

I S.Jayaraj Research Foundation, Chennai

2·4

Regional Sericultural Research Stations, SalemlKodathiiAnanthapur

5 Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Mysore

As a part

of

Integrated Nutrient Management (lNM) research programmes, the soil

of

mulberry gardens

of

59 participating fanners (Tamil Nadu 39, Kamataka

I I

and Andhra

Pradesh 9) were studied with a view to improve the nutrient use efficiency in relation to the

root depth, root distribution and soil texture . In each holding, soil samples were collected at

0-3",3-6",6-12" and 0-12", as the roots were found restricted to less than one foot. The

mechanical fractions were analysed following standard procedures modified to suit the fanners

participatory programmes, and classified into two broad categories, viz., pebbles

+

coarse

sand + fine sand as one category, and silt + clay as another. The number

of

roots prevalent at

each depth was counted and classified on the basis

of

thickness as fibrous (less than 2.0 mm),

medium thick (2.0-8.0 mm) and thick roots (8.0-15 .0 mm) and there were only

few

roots

measuring more than

15

.0 mm thickness.

Simple correlations were worked out in all possible combinations among the co llected

data at all depths. The results indicated significant and positive influence

of

silt

+

clay

%

on

the number of roots of different thickness in certain soil depths. Pebbles + sand fractions had

a trend

of

negative correlation, though non-significant, with the number

of

roots in all the

depths of soil. The implications of the observations are discussed in relation to the utilization

of

soil moisture and nutrients by the mulberry plant.

SHM/O-3

PHYSICAL AND

CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF MULBERRY SOILS IN TAMIL

NADU: A CONSTRAINT ANALYSI

national seminar on soil health and water management for sustainable sericulture organised by...

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