Presented for Presented for the upcoming the upcoming Knowledge Knowledge Enrichment Enrichment Forum for Public Administration Studies Forum for Public Administration Studies LANLAN--RIRI

JakartaJakarta, , 20132013

�� GemahGemah RipahRipah LohLoh JinawiJinawi Tata Tata TentremTentrem KertaKerta RaharjaRaharja((murahmurah kangkang sarwasarwa tinukutinuku, , tukhultukhul kangkang sarwasarwa tinandurtinandur));;

�� BhinnekaBhinneka Tunggal Tunggal IkaIka (unity in diversity)(unity in diversity);;

�� CakrawalaCakrawala Mandala Mandala DwipantaraDwipantara KertanegaraKertanegara (Raja (Raja SingasariSingasari) ) tahuntahun 1275 M 1275 M �������� SumpahSumpah PalapaPalapa MahapatihMahapatihGadjahGadjah MadaMada tahuntahun 1336 M 1336 M �������� Ki Ki HajarHajar DewantaraDewantara: “: “Een Een voor Allen maar Ook Allen voor Eenvoor Allen maar Ook Allen voor Een" " (s(satu atu untuk untuk ssemuaemua, , tetapi tetapi ssemua emua untuk untuk ssatu atu jjugauga, 1913), , 1913), ygyg kemudiankemudianmelahirkanmelahirkan istilahistilah Nusantara Nusantara tahuntahun 1920 1920 �������� SumpahSumpahPemudaPemuda tahuntahun 1928 1928 �������� ProklamasiProklamasi 1717--88--1945 1945 dandan UUD UUD 1945 1945 khususnyakhususnya AlineaAlinea IV.IV.

�� WawasanWawasan Nusantara: Nusantara: DeklarasiDeklarasi JuandaJuanda 1313--1212--1957 1957 ((Indonesia menganut Indonesia menganut prinsip prinsip negara kepulauan negara kepulauan atauatauArchipelagic Archipelagic StateState) ) �� RPJPN 2007 (Indonesia RPJPN 2007 (Indonesia ygygmandirimandiri, , majumaju, , adiladil, , dandan makmurmakmur).).

Mimpi ygMulai Terkoyak - 1

Potensi Disintegrasi Rakyat vs Negara Kemarahan Massa

Alam-pun Turut Murka Hedonisme Kawula MudaKonflik Elit Politik

Mimpi ygMulai Terkoyak -2

Perang Antar Suku di Papua & NTT/B Dayak vs Madura

Kekerasan thd Warga KeturunanKonflik Antar Pemeluk Agama

Padahal … Kita telah bersumpah

bahwa Kita Adalah SATUSATU !!

Pendulum Theory

Whenever a person goes through a traumatic social experience, that person will make judgmentsthat overcompensate in the opposite direction. The person’s judgments will swing like apendulum, from one side to the other, before finally settling on a more moderate stance. This is anatural defense mechanism, innate in us all. It is inevitable and even necessary for our recoveryfrom traumatic social experiences, provided we swing back eventually.

http://www.mikelee.org/the-pendulum-theory.html

Pendulum Indonesia�� Ada Ada padapada tahaptahap manamana bandulbandul/pendulum /pendulum dinamikadinamika

kebangsaankebangsaan Indonesia Indonesia saatsaat iniini: : awalawal, , tengahtengah, , atauatau akhirakhir??

�� ApakahApakah posisiposisi bandulbandul taditadi menunjukkanmenunjukkan kegagalankegagalanIndonesia (Indonesia (state failure state failure or or nation failurenation failure)?)?

�� ApaApa pilihanpilihan kitakita: : membiarkanmembiarkan bandulbandul kembalikembali padapadaritmeritme simetrisnyasimetrisnya ((procrastinationprocrastination), ), atauatau membuatmembuatintervensiintervensi padapada saatsaat bandulbandul mengayunmengayun acakacak ((nationnation--state buildingstate building)?)?

�� SiapaSiapa ygyg bertanggungjawabbertanggungjawab untukuntuk membuatmembuat bandulbandulmenjadimenjadi ritmisritmis kembalikembali: : nation nation atauatau statestate??

�� BagaimanaBagaimana strategistrategi nation & state building nation & state building Indonesia Indonesia kekedepandepan??

Indonesia: A Failed State?

�� State failure can be defined as the failure of public State failure can be defined as the failure of public institutions to deliver positive political goods to citizens institutions to deliver positive political goods to citizens on a scale likely to undermine the legitimacy and the on a scale likely to undermine the legitimacy and the existence of the state existence of the state itself (itself (Armin von Armin von BogdandyBogdandy, , et.,alet.,al, , 2005. Indicators:2005. Indicators:•• disharmony disharmony between communities, between communities, •• Inability to Inability to control borders and the entirety of the territory, control borders and the entirety of the territory, •• a a growth growth of criminal of criminal violence, violence, •• corrupt corrupt institutions, and institutions, and •• a a decaying infrastructure.decaying infrastructure.

•• Failed statesFailed states: : Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Congo, Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone & Sudan. Liberia, Sierra Leone & Sudan. Collapsed stateCollapsed state: : Somalia. Somalia. Weak states Weak states (approaching failure): (approaching failure): INDONESIAINDONESIA, , Colombia, Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe (Robert I. (Robert I. RotbergRotberg, 2003, 2003).).

Category of Failed State Index 2012 •• Very High Alert:Very High Alert: Somalia & Congo.Somalia & Congo.

•• High Alert: High Alert: Sudan, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Pakistan, & other 8 states.Sudan, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Pakistan, & other 8 states.

•• Alert: Alert: Burundi, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Timor Burundi, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Timor LesteLeste, Bangladesh, & other 14 , Bangladesh, & other 14 states.states.

•• Very High Warning:Very High Warning: Iran, Cambodia, Laos, Angola, Libya, Iran, Cambodia, Laos, Angola, Libya, INDONESIAINDONESIA(scored 80.6, compared to Somalia 114.9, and Finland 20.0) & other 28 (scored 80.6, compared to Somalia 114.9, and Finland 20.0) & other 28 states.states.

•• High WarningHigh Warning: : Senegal, China, India, Senegal, China, India, RusiaRusia, Thailand, & other 36 states., Thailand, & other 36 states.

•• Warning: Warning: Malaysia, South Africa, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, & other 12 Malaysia, South Africa, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, & other 12 states.states.

•• Less Stable: Less Stable: Kuwait, Mongolia, Kuwait, Mongolia, KroasiaKroasia, Montenegro, & other 9 states., Montenegro, & other 9 states.

•• Stable: Stable: Qatar, Argentina, Italia, Japan, Spain, & other 9 states.Qatar, Argentina, Italia, Japan, Spain, & other 9 states.

•• Very Stable: Very Stable: South Korea, Singapore, UK, USA, & other 6 states.South Korea, Singapore, UK, USA, & other 6 states.

•• Sustainable: Sustainable: Australia, Netherland, Canada, Denmark, & other 8 states.Australia, Netherland, Canada, Denmark, & other 8 states.

•• Very Sustainable: Very Sustainable: Finland.Finland.

2 Category of State Failures

�� Cases Cases which do not alter the underlying willingness of the which do not alter the underlying willingness of the population to population to accept rules, decisions and measures adopted by accept rules, decisions and measures adopted by a a common government common government (k(kasus yg asus yg tidak mengubah tidak mengubah hasrathasratpenduduk penduduk untuk menerima aturan, keputusan untuk menerima aturan, keputusan & & tindakan tindakan pemerintahpemerintah));;

�� Cases Cases which do alter this which do alter this disposition disposition ((kasuskasus ygyg mengubahmengubah sikapsikapmasyarakatmasyarakat thdthd pemerintahpemerintah).).

This can be called This can be called nation failure !!nation failure !!

• a process in which the requirements of normal politics, the social substratum essential for the acceptance of majority and redistribution decisions, disappear;

• the cultural projection of a nation is no longer convincing to many; there is no consensus on the cultural traditions, customs, symbols, rituals, and the historical experience – there is no “usable past”;

• when individual and mutually exclusive nationalisms replace the former common identity.

Armin von Bogdandy, et.al., State-Building, Nation-Building, and Constitutional Politics in Post-ConflictSituations: Conceptual Clarifications and an Appraisal of Different Approaches, Max Planck Yearbook ofUnited Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 579-613, Netherlands.

3 Critical Issues of State-Building

• Security – where the state failed to protect people

and property,

• Effectiveness – the failure to provide basic services

and economic opportunity to all citizens, and

• Legitimacy – the failure to provide responsive and

accountable government, protection of basic rights

and, representation and inclusiveness for all citizens.

Susan Merill, (Ed.), Nation-state Building 101 Workshop Draft Report, CNA and U.S. ArmyPeacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, October 2008.

How to do Nation-state Building?

• Re-writing of history;

• Glorification of the past (myths, monuments, etc);

• Standardization of language;

• Invention of tradition (costumes, festivals, literature,

music, art, etc);

• National identity creation (education, media, money,

army, etc);

• National ethnology.

Lecture 4 - Nation-state building in the 19th century, http://www.powershow.com/view/9013e-OTY1Y/Lecture_4_Nationstate_building_in_the_19th_century_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by Benedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict AndersonBenedict Anderson

Indonesia, the one and the only country

that we love forever …

ReferensiArmin von Bogdandy, Stefan Häußler, Felix Hanschmann, Raphael Utz,

State-Building, Nation-Building, and Constitutional Politics in Post-Conflict Situations: Conceptual Clarifications and an Appraisal of Different Approaches, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 579-613, Netherlands.

Robert I. Rotberg, “Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators”, in: R.I. Rotberg (ed.), State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, 2003.

Susan Merill (Ed.), Nation-state Building 101 Workshop Draft Report, CNA and U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, October 2008.

Tri Widodo W. Utomo, Perspektif Negara Bangsa Dalam Konteks OtonomiDaerah, Bahan Ceramah Diklatpim III, Pusat Kajian ManajemenKebijakan LAN, 2012.

Lecture 4, Nation-state building in the 19th century, http://www.powershow.com/view/9013e-OTY1Y/Lecture_4_Nationstate_building_in_the_19th_century_powerpoint_ppt_presentation