APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD

PROCESSING AND PACKINGYAMUNA KURIAN

MVSc Scholar

DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY

College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PookodeMAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RENUKA NAYAR

Nanotechnology

• Atomic and molecular level study

• Structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension

• Developing or modifying materials or devices within that size

• Novel properties

• Components should remain at nanometer scale

• Involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter atthis length scale

-National Nanotechnology Initiative

History

RICHARD FEYNMAN (1918-1988)

Photo courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Weber

Father of nanotechnology

“There is plenty of room at the bottom” 1959

Norio Taniguchi

Eric Drexler

Harry Kroto

Photo courtesy AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, Weber

Nanoscale

Nano in nature

Fat Globule Diameter: 0.1-100μm (500x) Fat Globule Diameter: 0.1-100μmCasein Micelles: 20-400nm (50000x)

From H. Mulder and P. Walstra, The Milk Fat Globule, Pudoc, Wageningen, 1974

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE

AGRICULTURE

ELECTRONICS

POLYMER INDUSTRY

FOOD INDUSTRY

Improvement in food processing sector by nanotechnology application

Improved organoleptic

characteristics

High bioavailability

High absorption

rate

Masking taste and flavour

Targeted and controlled

release

Nanotechnology in food processing

•Nanoencapsulation

•Nano emulsion

Nanoencapsulation

•Nanocapsules

•Liposomes

•Colloidosomes

•Nanocochleates

•Nanofibers

•Nanotubes

Cont.....• Nano encapsulation can make significant savings for

formulators, as it can reduce the amount of active ingredients

needed (Huang et al., 2009).

• Improvement of site specific drug delivery can be achieved by

encapsulating nano – poly D,L – lactic Acid(PLA) with drugs

( Leroux et al., 2006)

Courtesy:http://what-when-how.com/wp-content

Schematic representation of oil filled nanocapsule

Nanocapsules

• Organic, inorganic orbiological

• Have a shell and a core

• Cavity empty or filledwith polar or nonpolarsolvent

• Size <200nm

Source:http://icbpharma.pl

Nanoliposomes

Nanoliposomes containing Eucalyptus citriodora as antibiotic with specific antimicrobial activity(Lin et al.,2014)

Cont....

•Multi-layered leak resistant liposomes as a way to

encapsulate anti-bacterials like nisin

•Encapsulated nanoemulsions are better than free

nisin (Weiss et al., 2011)

• Colloidosomes are used to contain fat blockers,medicine and vitamins

(Xia et al.,2006)

• Proposed to form water-soluble nanoparticles withentrapped β-carotene of controlled functionality

(Markarios, 2009)

Nanocochleates

•Nanocoils which wrap around nutrients and stabilize them

•Made out of soy based phospholipid

Product marketed - as a tool for

protecting ω-3 fatty acids - with

claims upon enhanced stability

(BioGeode™, by BioDelivery Sciences

International, Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA).

Cont.

Nanofibers

• Electrospinning

• Food packaging

• Scaffold for bacterial cultures

• Imitation/Artificial foods

The use of intercalated clay or the inclusion of nanofibreswithin the walls of otherwise porous plastic bottles

Courtesy: http://www.cdrnd.co.uk

Nanotubes

• To immobilize enzymes

• Build analogues to musclefibres

• Encapsulate nutrients ornutraceuticals

A field emission scanning electron micrograph of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) penetrating the pleura of the lung. Image courtesy of Robert Mercer, and Diane Schwegler-Berry.Triple-walled armchair carbon nanotube rendered in

POVRay.source: Eric Weiser http://creativecommons.org

Cont....

• Nanotubes of α-lactalbumin - cavity diametre of 8 nm -

bind - vitamins or enzymes (Srinivas et al.,2010)

• Nanotubes of α-lactalbumin - mask undesirable

flavour/aroma compounds (Graveland et al., 2006).

Nanoemulsions• Nanomicelle

• Nanostructured multiple emulsions

- o/w/o

- w/o/w

Nanomicelle

(Courtesy: NanoBioNet)

• Canola oil based nano sized micellar system -delivery of materials such as vitamins, minerals or phytochemicals (Chen et al., 2006)

• Nano sized emulsion-based ice cream -lower fat content -Nestle and Unilever (Renton, 2006)

(Weiss, 2006)

Emulsions containing oil droplets surrounded by multilayer interfaces - better stability than

conventional oil-in-water emulsions – can develop smart delivery systems by engineering - shellaround the droplet

Schematic representation for formation of a number of nanolayers around particles

Nanoscience in food packaging

2008 2014

$4.13billion $7.3 billion

www.innoresearch .net

Advantages of Nano-based packing

Nano packing

Improved mechanical and barrier properties

Antimicrobial effect

Traceability and biosensing

Applications of nanocomposites in packaging

(Bradley, 2007)

Polymer nanocomposites

Nano coatings Surface biocides

Bioplastics Biosensors

POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES• Clay and silicates (Duncan , 2011)

• Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (Fernandez et al., 2011 )

• Starch- clay nanocomposites (Avella et al., 2011)

• Carbon nanotubes(Zhao et al., 2007)

• Chitosan nanocomposites (Li et al., 2005)

• Cellulose based nanofibers (Azeredo et al., 2010)

Nanocoating• Nanocoating inside package

outside package

sandwiched as a layer in laminated multilayer

packaging films

• Polymer + nanocoating High barrier property.

• Edible coatings and films - on a wide variety of foods -serve as moisture, lipid and gas barriers ( Cagri et al., 2004)

Nanosilica coated nylon

http://juwinpnb.gobizkorea.com/

Nano surface biocides• Nanoparticle with antimicrobial property

• Used in reusable container

refrigerators and freezers

• High ratio of surface area to mass

• Chemicals commonly used are nano silver, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide

Cont…Mechanism

Ultrasonically dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles over EVOH films showed

photoactivated biocidal property against microbes

(Kim et al.,2003)

Directly interacting with microbial cells

Producing secondary products

Cont..

• Nano zinc oxide coated films - effective against Salmonella

enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes - for liquid egg packaging

(Jim et al., 2008)

• Oxygen scavenger films developed by adding Titania

nanoparticles to different polymers (Xiao et al., 2004)

Nanobioplastics

• Biodegradable or compostable

• Obtained from renewable source

• Improved water resistance for cellulose bioplastics –by adding nanocardanol particle

(Kiuchi, 2006)

• Biodegradable and compostable bioplastics packaging (CSIRO 2006) from organic corn

starch (Plantic Technologies Ltd, Altona, Australia)

http://www.materialsviews.com

Nanobiosensors

• Nanosensors can detect certain chemicals, microbes and toxins

• Provides real time status about food (Liao et al., 2005)

• Carbon coated copper nanoparticle – used as moisture sensor

(Luechinger et al.,2007)

Possible risks

Courtesy: The Energy and Resources Institute 2010

• Can enter into body through

ingestion, inhalation or dermal

contact

• Able to disrupt cellular,

enzymatic and other organ

related functions posing health

hazards

• Can become non biodegradable

waste

http://Nanomission.gov.in

Nanotechnology in India – an overview

• Nanoscience and Technology Mission (NSTM) in 2007, allotted

Rs. 1000 crores for a period of five years under DST.

• In the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) continuation of the

Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission) in its

Phase-II at a total cost of Rs. 650 crore.

Source: Constructed from DST

(dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ser-nsti.htm)

Future perspectives

• Research and development Application level

• Made into cost effective products that can be commercialized

• Research on health effects

• Regulations

References 1. Avella M, De Vlieger JJ, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG. 2005.

Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem93:467–74.

2. Azeredo HMC, Mattoso LHC, Wood D, Williams TG, Avena-Bustillos RJ, McHugh TH.2009. Nanocomposite edible films from mango puree reinforced with cellulosenanofibers. J Food Sci 74(5):N31–N35.

3. Cagri, A., Z. Ustunol and E.T. Ryser., (2004), Antimicrobial edible films and coatings, J. Food Prot., 67, pp. 833–48.

4.Chen, L. Y., Remondetto, G. E., and Subirade, M., (2006), Food protein based materials as nutraceutical delivery systems, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17, pp. 272 – 283. 10.

5. CSIRO. (2006). Farm factories: harvesting bioplastics. http://www.solve.csiro.au/0806/article6.htm Accessed 20 June 2009

6. Fernandez, A., Torres-Giner, S., & Lagaron, J. M. (2009). Novel route to stabilization of bioactive antioxidants by encapsulation in electrospun fibersof zein prolamine. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(5), 1427–1432.

7. Graveland-Bikker, J.F.; de Kruif, C.G. Unique milk protein-based nanotubes: food and nanotechnology meet,Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2006, 17, 196–203. 8.Huang Q, Given P, and Qian M, (2009), Micro/Nano Encapsulation of Active Food Ingredients. Oxford University Press, Eds...

9.Jim D. Nanotechnology its impact on food safety. Journal of Environmental Health, 2008. January/February, 47-50.

10. Leroux,J.C, Allemann E, Gutny R. Biodegradable nanoparticles – from sustained release formulations to improved site specific drug delivery. J. Control. Rel.39, 19.

11. Li, Y., YHT, C. U., & Luo, D. (2005). Multiplexed detection of pathogen DNA with DNA-based fluorescence nanobarcodes.Nature Biotechnology, 23, 885–889.

12. Lin. L,Cui,H.,zhang,h.,liu,l. Nanoliposomes containing Eucalyptus citriodora as antibiotic with specific antimicrobial activity.j.chem. comm.2015,13,2653-2655

6. Fathi M, Mirlohi M, Varshosaz J, Madani G. 2013a. Novel caffeic acid nanocarrier: production, characterization, and release modeling. J Nanomater 2013: p 9. Article ID 434632. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/434632.

Cont.

12. Miss Baker’s Biology Class Wiki – Makarios Available from:http://missbakersbiologyclasswiki.wikispaces.com/MakariosAccessed24 March 2009

13. Renton, A., (2006), Welcome to the world of nanofoods. Guardian Unlimited UK Availableat:http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/futureoffood/story/

14. Weiss, J.2006Functional Materials in Food Nanotechnology,j.food sci.71,9

15. Zhao, X., Hilliard, L. R., Mechrey, S. J., Wang, Y., Bague, R.P., Jin, S., et al. A rapid bioassay for single bacterial cellquantitation using bioconjugatednanoparticles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101,2004, 15027 – 15032

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