nanotechnology historical review · nanotechnology (lec.1+2) by: dr. mayyadah s. abed . 2014-2015 ....

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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering

3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)

By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed

2014-2015

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Historical Review

• Before unknown billionths years, the universe was created by the creator

Allah, even before the humans’ creation. The universe consists of the

materials, the materials consist of atoms. Then the atom was before the

human.

• But the human didn’t know that the materials consist from the atoms till before 200 years from now, means in 1803 A.C. Since then we have seen chemists come to understand the elements and their interactions, we have seen engineers make and use new materials to improve our lives.

• 1803: before two hundred years ago, atomic theory was first proposed by the English chemist John Dalton. According chemical analysis (he didn’t see the atom at that time)

• All matter is composed of individual particles called atoms.

• Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.

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• 1900: atomic nucleus was discovered by Rutherford.

• 1957: the Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology, said (There

is plenty of room at the bottom) when he describe the molecular machines

building with atomic precision.

• 1981: Nanotechnology revolution started when scanning tunneling microscope STM was discovered in by Gerd Binnig and Heinric Rohrer (at IBM Zürich).

• 1985: Bucky ball fullerene (C60) was discovered by Richard Smalley and his team.

There is plenty of room at the bottom

880 pm=0.88 nm Note: Pico meter (pm) = 10-12 m 1 nm=1000 pm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnig

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM

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• 1991: Carbon Nanotubes CNTs was discovered by Japanese Scientist Sumio

Iijima.

• Today, in the young field of nanotechnology, scientists and engineers are taking

control of atoms and molecules individually, manipulating them and putting them

to use with an extraordinary degree of precision.

Graphene sheet

140 pm= 1.4 Å

C atom

CNT Carbon Nanotube

Dia=1-100 nm

Length µm-mm

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Introduction to Nanotechnology The subject of nanotechnology is the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of the molecular, atomic particles, and world that is measured in nanometers 10-9.

Nanoscience: is the study (theory) of the properties of materials structures and devices which have at least one dimension with (1-100 nm), in all fields (chemistry, physics, materials, biology, environmental… etc.)

Nanotechnology: is (application of nanoscience). It is ability to convert the nanoscience theory to useful application by observe, measure, manipulate, assemble, control and manufacture matter at the nanometre scale depending on nanoscience.

In 2013, the US National Nanotechnology Initiaves NNI defines the Nanotechnology as “a science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about (1 to 100 nanometers). Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering”. [NNI, 2013]

• We should distinguish between nanoscience, and nanotechnology:

Nanoscience: is a convergence of physics, chemistry, materials science and biology, which deal with manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.

Nanotechnology: is the ability to observe measure, manipulate, assemble, control and manufacture matter at the nanometer scale.

Hi, 3rd grade I am dwarf

(Nano in Greek)

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Nanomaterials: are defined as those which have structured component with at least one dimension less than 100nm. Nanomaterials can be divided in to three groups: (each dimension in size 1-100 nm is considered zero dimension)

1. 0D (zero dimensions); which are the nanoparticles with nano scale (1-100 nm) in three dimensions (x, y, and z) like nanoparticles, and quantum dot.

2. 1D (one dimension); which are nanowire, nanofiber, nanotubes with nano

scale (1-100 nm) in two dimensions only like x,y or x,z etc .

nm y

nm z

nm x

nm z

nm y

nm x

Nanotubes

Nanowires

30 n

m

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3. 2D (two dimensions) which has one coordinate in nm scale like thin film.

Solar cell

Surface coating thickness in 1-100 nm

Classification of nanomaterials by size of their structural elements: 0D (zero-

dimensional) clusters; 1D (one-dimensional) nanotubes, fibers and rods; 2D (two-

dimensional) films and coats; 3D (three-dimensional) polycrystals.

http://eng.thesaurus.rusnano.com/wiki/article947

http://eng.thesaurus.rusnano.com/wiki/article1391

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Dimensions for different items:

Item Scale Description

Any atom

few angstrom

Å

(less than 1nm)

Approximately 10 hydrogen atom=1.2 nm

Atomic bond Hundreds Pico

meter 10-12 m

DNA 2 nm

1.2 nm

H atom

2 nm

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Protein 5-50 nm

Virus 75-100 nm

Wire width in

computer

100 nm

Dust particle width 800 nm

Bacteria 1,000-10,000

nm

White blood

cell

10,000 nm

Hair width 100,000 nm

Finger nail width 10,000,000 nm

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Why Nanomaterials??????

Two important factors cause the properties of nanomaterials to differ from bulk

materials:

1. Increased relative surface area 2. Quantum effect.

These factors can change or enhance the • Reactivity • Strength • Toughness • Electrical, optical, magnetic characteristics.

As particles decrease in size, a greater proportion of atoms are found at the surface compared to those inside.

Ex.1 (quantum effect)

Particle with diameter 30 nm has 5% of atoms at the surface

Particle with diameter 10 nm has 20% of atoms at the surface.

Particle with diameter 3 nm has 50% of atoms at the surface

30nm 10nm 3nm

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Ex.2 (surface area)

Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Cube Box

Length of cube side

mm

Volume of cube V

(mm3)

Surface Area of

Cube A (mm2)

Ratio of A/V

3 27 54 2

2 8 24 3

1 1 6 6

How? Calculate?

Ex.3 Silver coin with 26.96 gm., diameter 40 mm, and surface area 27.70 cm2. If

the coin divided to coins with 1 nm diameter; what is the surface area for all these

coins? How many times greater than the surface area of the large one?

Solution

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Ex 4 If the human hair width is 10000 nm, and carbon nanotube diameter is 30 nm,

how many nanotubes could be fitted in the same width of hair?

Ex 5: If the skyscraper height is 0.8 mile, how long in nanoscale?

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Nanotechnology Applications

Different sever needs for nanotechnology in different fields

1. Energy

2. Electronics

3. Medicine and drug

4. Biotechnology

5. Optical engineering

6. defense and security

7. Cosmetics

8. Nano fabrics

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Where can we find Nanothings?

Nanothings could be found in nature and synthetics (manmade).

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Nanotechnology in

Nature?

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Nanofabrication:

There are two main approaches:

Top down approach: the bulk materials is divided to smaller structure (nm

scale) by different technique like milling, chemical etching, lithography,

sputtering electron beam graving, …etc.

Bottom-up approach: this technique build or assemble the materials from

atoms (atoms by atoms) growing to bigger structure like chemical vapor

deposition, sol-gel techniques.

These approaches are included within the generals techniques

1. Mechanical method

2. Chemical Vapor Deposition CVD

3. Physical Vapor Deposition PVD

4. Sol-Gel.

These would be discussed in other section.

Health and environmental concerns

Researchers have found that when rats breathed in nanoparticles, the

particles settled in the brain and lungs, which led to significant increases in

biomarkers for inflammation and stress response.

Nanoparticles induce skin aging through oxidative stress in hairless mice.

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The scientists found lab mice consuming nano TiO2 showed DNA and

chromosome damage to a degree to be big killers of man, namely cancer, heart

disease, and aging.

Some forms of carbon nanotubes could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in

sufficient quantities to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be

handled very carefully.

A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung

disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.

Extremely small fibers, so called Nanofibers, can be as harmful for

the lungs as asbestos. Nanofibers are used in several areas and in different

products, in everything from aircraft wings to tennis rackets. In experiments the

scientists have seen how mice breathed Nanofibers of silver. Fibers larger than 5

micrometer were capsuled in the lungs where they caused inflammations (a

precursor for cancer).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver

nanotechnology historical review · nanotechnology (lec.1+2) by: dr. mayyadah s. abed . 2014-2015 ....

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