convergence of nanotechnology and microbiology of nanotechnology and microbiology: ......
TRANSCRIPT
Convergence of Nanotechnology and Microbiology:
Emerging Opportunities for Disinfection and Integrated Urban Water Management
Pedro J.J. Alvarez2 November 2012
Importance of Clean Water
Waterborne illnesses major cause of death Emerging pollutants in water supplies Population growth globally increases demand
Nano = Dwarf (Greek) = 10-9
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.”-National Nanotechnology Initiative
4
Vision: Nano-Enabled Water Treatment & Reuse
“Nano” particles:• High surface areas• Hyper-catalytic functions• Tunable physical properties• Multifunctional membranes• Faster kinetics
Enable high-performance water treatment and remediation systems with(1) Less infrastructure, (2) Less materials/reagents
(selective targeting)(3) Lower costs & energy
clean water, enhance water
infrastructure, &enable integrated water management & reuse
Transformative Technologies to
Conceptual Improvements to Water Treatment Through Nanotechnology
5Qu X., J. Brame, Q. Li and P.J.J. Alvarez (2012). Acc. Chem. Res. doi:10.1021/ar300029v
6
Nano-Enabled Water Treatment @ Rice
• Sand filter coated with nano-magnetite to remove As (pilot in Mexico, reported by BBC, NY Times, Forbes and CBC).
• Fouling-resistant membranes that also inactivate virus (nAg, nano-TiO2)
• Pd/Au hypercatalysts to treat TCE (Pilot at Dupont site)
• Novel amino-fullerene photocatalysts to enhance UV and solar disinfection and advanced oxidation processes
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MS
-2 P
hage
Rem
oval
Rat
io (l
og(N
/N0)
)
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
HC4/UVUV alone
Photocatalytic MS-2 Virus Inactivation by Aminofullerene
J.Lee, Y.Mackeyev, M.Cho, D.Li, J.-H. Kim, L.J. Wilson, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2009). Environ. Sci. Technol. (in press)
O
OO
NH3
O
NH3
HC4Time (min)
Immobilization of amino-C60 onto silica beads facilitates separation, reuse and recycling
FFA
Con
c. (C
/C0 )
0 2 4 6 8 100.0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
Irradiation Time (hr)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
REPETITION TEST
No loss ofphoto-activity
Lee, Mackeyev, Cho, Wilson, Kim and Alvarez (2010). Environ. Sci. Technol.44: 9488–9495.
NO C60 AGGREGATION ON THE SILICA SURFACE
(HIGHER CATALYTIC AREA)
0.2 - 0.3 mmEASILY SEPARABLE
Fluidized Photocatalytic Reactor (Swaziland)
Air in
Water in
Clean Water
out
UV lamp orother light source
Photocatalyst attached to suspended
beads
Photocatalytic degradation of emerging pollutants (pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors) to polisheffluents from wastewater treatment plants
Lee J., S. Hong, Y. Mackeyev, C. Lee, L.J. Wilson, J-H Kim and P.J.J. Alvarez (2011). Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 10598–10604.
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Con
c. (C
/C0 )
Irradiation Time (min)
Ranitidine
CimetidinePropranolol
Sulfioxazole
Photocatalytic Pre-treatmentof Weathered Oil to Enhance Bioavailability and Bioremediation
Sunlight
H2O, O2
OH•, 1O2
Photocatalyst
WeatheredOil
(Recalcitrant)
HydroxylatedResidue
(Bioavailable)
OHOH
OH
CO2
Photocatalysis Increased Solubilization and Biodegradation of Weathered Oil
12
0
30
60
90
No PC P25 FG
TOC (m
g/L)
Dark
WithUV
*
*
*
* statistically significant (p <0.05)after 1-day exposure
0
100
200
300
400
0 50 100 150
BOD Con
sumed
(mg/L)
Time (h)
UV+PC
UV
Dark
37% more BOD removed
Responsible Nanotechnology
13
"With Great Power, Comes Great Responsibility”Uncle Ben to Peter Parker in Spider Man
Paul Hermann MullerThomas Midgley
14
http://ww
w.bigelow.org/bacteria/land.jpg
Microbial-nanoparticle Interactionsto Inform Risk Assessment
• Bacteria are at the foundation of all ecosystems, and carry out many ecosystem services
• Disposal/discharge can disrupt primary productivity, nutrient cycles, biodegradation, agriculture, etc.
• Antibacterial activity may be fast-screening indicator of toxicity to higher level organisms (microbial sentinels?)
Example- Silver Nanoparticles (nAg):Effect of Size, Coating, and Ag+
O2
nAg(0)
O2
Ag+ BacteriaToxic
Bioavailable? Toxic?
Cl‐, S2‐, Cysteine, CO3
2‐, HCO3‐,
SO42‐, PO4
3‐
Complexation?Precipitation?
Toxic?
Ag+
Bacteria
Ligands
Bioavailability and Toxicity of nAgAg+ is released only if nAg(0) is oxidized: 4Ag0 + O2 +4H+ ↔ 4Ag+ + 2H2O(Solubility of Ag0 ≈ 0)
OxidizedNPs
(Ag2O)
H+
H+
Ag+
No Ag+ release under Anaerobic Conditions(Faster release for air-exposed smaller NPs)
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ag+ d
isso
lutio
n (
g/L)
Time (h)
5 nm (Aerobic) 11 nm (Aerobic) 5 nm (Anaerobic) 11 nm (Anaerobic)
Xiu Z., Q. Zhang, H.L. Puppala, V.L. Colvin, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2012). Nanoletters. 12, 4271−4275.
No Toxicity Without Ag+ Release
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 2100
20
40
60
80
100
120
E.
col
i aliv
e (%
)
PEG-AgNPs concentration (mg/L)
Anaerobic exposure
Outside anaerobic chamber
AeratedFor 48 h
Xiu Z., Q. Zhang, H.L. Puppala, V.L. Colvin, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2012). Nanoletters. 12, 4271−4275.
Ag+ concentration (g/L)
0 100 200 300 400 500
E. c
oli k
illed
(%)
020406080
100120
PVP-nAg-25nmPVP-nAg-37nmPVP-nAg-86nmPEG-nAg-2nmPEG-nAg-5nmPEG-nAg-10nmAgNO3
nAg Toxicity Can Be Explained by Dose-Response of Released [Ag+]
Xiu Z., Q. Zhang, H.L. Puppala, V.L. Colvin, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2012). Nanoletters. 12, 4271−4275.
R2 = 0.95
“What does not kill you makes you stronger”Friedrich Nietzsche
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
60
80
100
120
140
*
**
Via
ble
E. c
oli (
%)
Ag+ concentration (g/L)
(a)
Stimulatory effect after 6 h exposure to low Ag+ concentration (Hormesis?)
Xiu Z., Q. Zhang, H.L. Puppala, V.L. Colvin, and P.J.J. Alvarez (2012). Nanoletters. 12, 4271−4275.
“Nanohype” - Berube
Trough ofDisillusionment
Slope ofEnlightenment
Plateau ofProductivity
Maturity
TechnologyTrigger
Peak ofInflated
Expectations
PositiveHype
Quo Vadis, Nano?Vi
sibi
lity
NegativeHype
Cost of Purification
Percent purity
Cos
t
High purity requirements increase separation cost due to higher energy, solvent, & process time requirements (consider tradeoffs)
Most production is done for research (small quantities of highly purified material)
Few commercial applications = low demand prices stay high
Need market-driven decrease in ENM price
Less pure amino-C60 cost less (20x) without significantly sacrificing reactivity
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 40 80 120
Rel
ativ
e C
once
ntra
tion
Time (min)
FFA-probe for 1O2
Purified
Unpurified-Soot
ConclusionsThe convergence of nanotechnology & microbiology has a great potential for meaningful disruptive innovation:
• DBP-free disinfection• Advanced (photo) oxidation• Fouling- and corrosion-
resistant surfaces• Multi-functional membranes• Responsive materials
Thanks!
Great Places I Was Educated At
Tim Vogel
CEE@Iowa (Jerry Schnoor, Rich Valentine, Gene Parkin)
Environmental Nanotechnology Team @ Rice
Vicki ColvinQilin Li Mason Tomson Mike Wong Mark Wiesner
Other CEE Colleagues @ Rice
Graduate Students and Postdocs
Ph.D. Mike Vermace; Craig Hunt; Marcio Busi da Silva; Nanh Lovanh; Alethia Vazquez; Roopa Kamath; Michal Rysz; Natalie Capiro; Delina Lyon; Rosa Dominguez, Dong Li; Diego Gomez, Jacques Mathieu
M.S.E. Gary Chesley; Sang-Chong Lieu; Pete Svebakken; Phil Kovacs; Rod Christensen; Marc Roehl; Ken Rotert; Brad Helland; Leslie Cronkhite; Annette Dietz; Bill Schnabel; Ed Ruppenkamp; Leslie Foster; Bryan Till; Nahide Gulensoy; Rebecca Gottbrath; Matt Wildman; Chad Laucamp; Todd Dejournet; Sascha Richter; Nanh Lovanh; Sara Kelley; Eric Sawvel; Jennifer Ginner; Sumeet Gandhi; Richard Keller; Jennifer Wojcik; Anitha Dasappa; Leslie Sherburne; Brett Sutton; Russ Sawvel; Andrea Kalafut; Roque Sanchez; Amy Monier; Isabel Raciny; Katherine Zodrow; Robert O’Callaham; Bill Mansfield
Postdocs Graciela Ruiz; Jose Fernandez; Byung-Taek Oh; D. Kim; Joshua Shrout; Laura Adams, Sufia Kafy; Lena Brunet; Jiawei Chen; Shaily Mahendra; Zongming Xiu; Yu Yang
Any Questions?Any Questions?