PLANT&PHOTOSYNTHESISSTUDYGUIDE PlantEvolution

1) List5characteristicscommontoallplants

2) Completethecladogram.

3) Whatarethethreeadaptationsthathaveallowedplantstoliveonland?

4) Whatarenon-vascularplantscalled?

5) Describewhynon-vascularplantsareshortandgrownearwater.

6) Whatarethedominatephasesoftheseplants’lifecycles(gametophyteorsporophyte?)

1. Multicellular eukaryotes 2. Have cell walls made of cellulose 3. Autotrophic, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll 4. Reproduce sexually 5. Alternation of generations (life cycle)

Adaptation#1

Awaxycuticletopreventwaterloss

andstomataregulatewaterand

gasexchange

Adaptation#3Vasculartissues

(xylemandphloem)forabsorbingand

transportingmaterialswithin

theplant

Adaptation#2Protectivecoveringonreproductivecells(sporangia-sporesandseeds-embryo)toprevent

waterloss

Bryophytes aka mosses

Reproduce by spores

Hardened vascular tissue

Seeds

Flowers

Nonvascular plants

Gymnosperms Seedless vascular plants

Angiosperms

Bryophytes do not contain any xylem or phloem, so they must minimize the distance needed to transport water and nutrients via passive diffusion from cell to cell. They live near water because they don’t have roots to absorb water in the soil, so they rely on freely available liquid water.

Common Ancestor

Moss

Gametophyte

Angiosperm

Sporophyte

Fern

Gametophyte=Sporophyte

Name:

Algal ancestors

7) Describethetwotypesofvasculartissue.(Whatproductsdotheycarryandinwhichdirection?)

8) Howdoesaplantusepollen?

9) Whyisitmoreadvantageousforaplanttouseanimalpollinatorsratherthanthewind?

10) Whathappenstotheovuleandovaryafteraplantisfertilized?(Whatdothesestructuresbecome?Whatistheirrole?)

Xylem Xylem carries water, ions and minerals. Xylem sap moves by transpiration and root pressure. It is “pulled” by the tension from the soil to the air in one direction (upwards).

Phloem Moves sugar (food) and transported in live cells. Phloem sap moves from source (area of sugar production, builds pressure) to sink (area of sugar use, reduces pressure). Transport happens in multiple directions.

Pollen contains the male gametophytes in angiosperms. It contains sperm cells which will fertilize the ovules in the ovary (female gametophyte)

Pollination via animals is more efficient and direct than the wind. An animal will deliver the pollen to another plant’s stigma. Wind pollination is more random and hit or miss.

Ovule:Ovulesaretheplant’sunfertilizedeggcells.Theywillbecometheseedswhentheplantisfertilizedandtheembryodevelops.

Ovary:Theovarycontainsthefemalegametophytes.Oncefertilized,theovarywilldevelopintothefruit(endospermprovidesnutrientstothegrowingembryo).

11) Structureandfunctionoftheflower(angiosperm):Matchthepartsandwritethefunctionofeachflowerpartnexttoitsname:

__I__Pollen11 1.makespollen

__G__Stigma5 2.anunfertilizedegg

__J__Sepals7 3.holdsthestigmaup

__A__Petals6 4.chambercontainingovules(eggs)

__B__Stamen8 5.producesstickysubstancetotrappollen

__D__Anther1 6.attractpollinators

__C__Filament9 7.open,close,protecttheflower

__H__Style3 8.themalereproductivestructure

__F__Ovary4 9.holdstheantherup

__K__Ovule2 10.thefemalereproductivestructure

__E__Carpel10 11.containssperm

Part Function

PlantTissue 12) Describethe3tissuetypesandtheirrelativefunctions:

Roots13) Whatarethethreemajor

functionsofaroot?

14) Whatistheimportanceoftheapicalmeristem?Theroothairs?

Stems15) List3functionsofstems:

1. Anchorplantintheground2. Absorbwaterfromsoil3. Absorbdissolvednutrientsfromsoil

1. Produceleaves,branchesandflowers

2. Holdleavesuptosunlight

3. Transportsubstancesbetweenrootsandleaves

DermalTissueOutermostlayeror“skin”oftheplant.Includesthecuticlesandupper/lowerepidermis.Functionstopreventwaterloss,protectgroundtissue,andsiteofgasexchange(viastomata).

VascularTissueCirculatorysystemofaplant;containsxylemfortransportingwaterandphloemfortransportingsugarsaroundtheplant.

GroundTissueMakesupbulkoftheplant(betweendermalandvasculartissues).Includesthepalisadeandspongymesophyll.Functionsinphotosynthesisandsitesofgasstorage.

Roothairs:tinycellularprojectionsthatincreasesurfaceareaforabsorption.

Apicalmeristem:areaoffastcelldivisionasnewcellsareaddedtothegrowingroot.

Leaves16) Labelthepartsofaleafandbrieflydescribetheirfunction. Transpiration

17) Describethedifferencebetweenadhesionandcohesion.

18) Whatiswaterpotential?Whatareitstwoparts?Inwhichdirectiondoeswatermove?

19) Describehowwatertravelsupatree.(underlinethewords:rootpressure,cohesion,adhesion,xylem,transpiration,stomata,waterpotential)

Cohesion…Two like molecules attracted together (water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds)

Adhesion…. Two different molecules attracted together (water adhering to root wall)

Water first enters a tree from the roots. The soil has a high water potential compared to the roots, so water moves into the roots by root pressure. The movement of water continues upwards through the xylem. It stays as one column against gravity due to cohesion (hydrogen bonding of adjacent water molecules) and adhesion (water molecules to the root wall). Transpiration, or evaporation of water from the leaf stomata, “pulls” on the water column due to the tension of the water loss. Water molecules from down the column replace the ones lost to the air. There is a continuous movement of water from the soil all the way to the top of trees as water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential.

Palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll

Guard cells

Cuticle

Vascular bundle/vein

Stoma

Where photosynthesis primarily occurs

Filled with air spaces that store CO2 and O2 gas.

Opens/closes to regulate gas exchange

Waxy layer that helps prevent water loss

Transport of water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)

Small opening where gases enter and leave

The potential energy of water to move from one location to another. Water potential is composed of pressure potential and solute potential. Water moves from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.

ψ = ψρ (pressure potential) + ψs (solute potential)

20) Drawagraphshowinghowthefollowingvariablesaffecttranspirationrates.

21) Usethefollowingtermstodescribehowastomaopensandcloses:

22) Whatadvantagesdoplantshavewhentheirstomataareclosedduetoshortwatersupply?Whatarethedisadvantages?

23) Whataretherolesofvarioushormonesinplantgrowthanddevelopment?

Hormone FunctionAuxin Cellelongationinstems

Gibberellins Stimulateseedgerminationandgrowth

Abscisicacid Inhibitseedgerminationandgrowth

Ethylene Promotesripeningoffruit

Polygalacturonase Enzymethatbreaksdownplantcellwallsandsoftensfruit

K+ ions pumped OUT of guard cells; water moves from inside cell (hypotonic)) to outside the cell (hypertonic). Causes cell to become flaccid and closes the stoma.

AdvantagesPlantsconservewater(can’tevaporatefromtheirstoma=transpiration).Waterisneededforphotosynthesisandtomaintainturgorpressureinsidecell.

DisadvantagesPlantscannottakeinCO2forphotosynthesisorreleaseO2whenstomaareclosed.RateofPsslows.HigherriskofphotorespirationasO2intheplantincreaseandCO2isusedup.

K+ ions move into guard cells; water moves from outside cell (hypotonic) to inside the cell (hypertonic). Causes cell to swell (become turgid) and opens the stoma.

Dark

• themovementofK+ions• movementofwater• guardcellsopening/closing• stomaopening/closing

Class Data: • Control: -30 • Bright (constant) light: -48 • Dark: -33 • Wind: -46 • Humidity: +10

Increased transpiration = more mass loss

PlantLifeCycle24) Labelthecircles

aseither(n)or(2n).Labeltheboxesaseitherfertilizationormeiosis.

25) Whatismeantby

doublefertilization?26) Howareseeds

differentfromspores?27) Howistheseed

embryonourished?

2spermnuclei(bothhaploid)traveldownthepollentubeandmeettheovule.Onespermfertilizestheegg(n),creatingadiploid(2n)zygote.Theotherspermjoinswith2polarnucleiintheovary(bothhaploid)toformtheendosperm,whichistriploid(3n).Theendospermnourishesthedevelopingembryointheseed.

Seedsareproducedfromfertilization,containanembryoandendosperm,arediploid,anddevelopintothesporophyte.

Sporesareproducedfrommeiosis,arehaploid,anddevelopintothegametophyte.

meiosis

fertilization

nn

nn

n

2n2n

Theendospermprovidesfoodsuchasstarch,proteins,andothernutrientsforthegrowingplantuntilleavesareproducedandphotosynthesisbegins.

Photosynthesis

28) Whatarethetwo

reactionsthatmakeupphotosynthesis?

29) Wheredoeseachstage

occur?30) Whatarethereactants&productsofthe1ststage?31) Whatarethereactants&productsofthe2ndstage?32) Whatpigmentsare

involvedinlightenergytransformation?

33) Whatcolors(&wavelengths)ofvisible

lightdotheytransmit?34) Whatcolorsdothey

absorb?

Light-dependentreaction Calvincycle(light-independent)

Thylakoidmembrane

Stromaofchloroplast

H2O,ADP,NADP+,Pi,lightenergy

NADPH,ATP,O2

NADPH,ATP,CO2

C6H12O6,ADP,NADP+,Pi

Main:Chlorophylla 2nd:Chlorophyllb Accessory:Carotenoids

Green Green

Red,orange,yellow

Violet-blue,orange-red

Blue,orange

Purple-blue-green