Name:&____________________________& & & & & Class&Period:&________&&

Fall&of&Rome&Stations&!

Station&1:&Roman&Politics&!

• What!are!some!potential!problems!with!the!Roman!political!system!that!we!can!assume!from!both!

pieces!of!evidence?!!

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• How!might!the!Roman!political!system!contribute!to!the!decline!of!the!Roman!Empire?!

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&Station&2:&Map&of&the&Roman&Empire&!

• What!problems!can!we!predict!based!on!the!amount!of!land!controlled!by!Rome?!

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• How!might!the!large!area!under!Roman!control!contribute!to!the!decline!of!the!Roman!Empire?!

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Station&3:&Statistics&&

• What!problems!come!with!having!a!large!military?!Where!is!Rome!getting!all!of!these!soldiers?!!

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• Look!at!the!changing!numbers!of!the!military.!What!does!this!tell!us!about!what’s!happening!

across!the!Roman!Empire?!Can!we!tell!when!the!empire!begins!to!decline?!

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• What!is!the!significance!of!having!so!much!of!your!population!working!in!agriculture?!

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• Explain!the!statistic!regarding!silver!coins!(you!may!want!to!use!the!chart!to!help!you).!!

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Station&4:&Immigration&!

• How!did!immigration!potentially!lead!to!the!decline!of!the!Roman!Empire?!

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Station&5:&Architecture&(Legacy)&!

• What!legacies!did!the!Romans!leave!behind?!

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&Station&6:&Language&(Legacy)&&

• What!legacies!did!the!Romans!leave!behind?&!

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&Station&7:&Calendar/Numbers&(Legacy)&&

• What!legacies!did!the!Romans!leave!behind?&!

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Station&8:&Law&(Legacy)&&

• What!legacies!did!the!Romans!leave!behind?&&&&&Thesis&Statement&What%was%the%most%important%reason%for%the%decline%of%the%Roman%Empire?%%

Brainstorm!

%%%%%%%X!Statement:!__________________________________________________________________________________________________________!

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However,!______________________________________________________________________________________________________________!

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Therefore,!_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________!

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THE FATE OF ROMAN EMPERORS By Heraclius Category: Classical Mediterranean and Europe: Roman Politics

I decided to find out the fate of Roman/Byzantine Emperors. There is a signficant number ofEmperors who died in mysterious circumstances or whos fate is not known, so its entirelypossible this list is not complete or totally accurate.

I. Roman Emperor who died of natural causes/disease etc

Emperor and Year of Death Cause of DeathAugustus AD 14 Natural CausesTiberius AD 37 Natural CausesVespasian AD 79 Natural CausesTitus AD 81 FeverNerva AD 98 Natural Causes / AgeTrajan AD 117 DropsyHadrian AD 138 Natural CausesAntoninus Pius AD1 61 FeverLucius Verus AD 169 Food Poisoning Marcus Aurelius AD 180 Died on campaign Septimius Severus AD 211 Natural Causes Claudius II Gothicus AD 270 PlagueConstantius I Chlorus AD 306 Natural CausesGalerius AD 311 Natural Causes

Diocletian AD 313 Natural Causes inretirement

Constantine I the great AD 337 Natural CausesValentinian I AD 375 Burst Blood Vessel Theodosius I the great AD 395 Natural CausesArcadius AD 408 Natural CausesConstantius III AD 421 Natural CausesHonorius AD 423 Natural CausesMarcian AD 457 Possibly GangreneAnicius Olybrius AD 472 Natural CausesLeo I AD 474 DysenteryLeo II AD 474 Unknown DiseaseZeno AD 491 Natural CausesAnastasius AD 518 Natural CausesJustin I AD 527 Natural CausesJustinian I the great AD 565 Natural CausesJustin II AD 578 Natural CausesTiberius II Constantinus AD 582 Unkonwn IllnessConstantine III AD 641 TuberculosisConstantine IV AD 685 Dysentery

Leo III the Isaurian AD 741 Naural CausesConstantine V AD 775 Died on CampaignLeo IV AD 780 Natural CausesTheophilus AD 842 Natural Causes

Theophilus AD 842 Natural CausesLeo VI AD 912 Natural CausesAlexander III AD 913 Natural CausesConstantine VII Porphyrogenitos "The Purple-born" AD 959

Natural Causes

John I Tzimisces AD 976 Natural CausesBasil II Bulgaroktonus “The Bulgar slayer” AD 1025 Natural CausesConstantine VIII AD 1028 Natural CausesMichael IV AD 1041 Natural CausesConstantine IX AD 1055 Natural CausesMichael VI Stratioticus AD 1057 Natural CausesConstantine X Ducas AD 1067 Natural CausesAlexius I Comnenus AD 1118 Natural CausesManual I Comnenus Megas AD 1180 FeverMichael VIII Palaeologus AD 1282 Natural CausesAndronicus III AD 1341 Natural CausesJohn V Palaeologus AD 1391 Natural CausesManual II Palaeologus AD 1425 Natural CausesJohn VIII Palaeologus AD 1448 Natural CausesTOTAL: 55 Roman/Byzantine Emperors died of Natural cause/Diseases

II. Emperors who died by Assassination/murder/executionEmperor and Year ofDeath Cause of Death

Gaius Caligula AD 41 Conspiracy led by Praetorian guard officersClaudius AD 54 Poisoned, probably by AgrippinaGalba AD 69 Murdered by OthoVitellius AD 69 Murdered by troops of VespasianDomitian AD 96 Stabbed to death by a stewardCommodus AD 192 Strangled by a wrestlerDidius Julianus AD 193 Decapitated on the orders of Septimius SeverusGeta AD 211 Murdered y CaracallaCaracalla AD 217 Assassinated by an attendantMacrinus AD 218 ExecutedDiadumenian AD 218 Executed by decapitationElagabulus AD 222 AssassinatedAlexander Severus AD235

Murdered in a legionary mutiny

Maximinius Thrax AD238

Murdered by the Praetorians

Pupienus Maximus AD238

Murdered by the Praetorians

Balbinus AD 238 Murdered by the PraetoriansPhillip the Arab AD 249 Murdered by DeciusGallus AD 253 Murdered in a Legionary MutinyVolusianus AD 253 Murdered in a Legionary MutinyAemilianus AD 253 Murdered in a Legionary MutinyGallienus AD 268 Murdered at some point during the battle of NaissusAurelian AD 272 Murdered by the PraetoriansTacitus AD 276 Assassinated, probably by his own soldiersFlorianus AD 276 Assasinated by his own soldiersProbus AD 282 Murdered by his own soldiersCarinus AD 285 Assassinated by a tribuneConstans I AD 350 Murdered by Magnentius

Constans I AD 350 Murdered by MagnentiusGratians AD 383 Murdered by rebellious generalsValentinan III AD 455 Assassinated by followers of Flavius AetiusPetronius Maximus AD455

Kiled either by rioters or a roman soldier

Anthemius AD 472 Executed by RicimirJulius Nepos AD 480 Murdered by his own soldiersMaurice I AD 602 Murdered during a mutiny by mercenariesPhocas "the Tyrant" AD610

Executed by Heraclius personally and beheaded

Constans II AD 668 Assassinated by his chamberlainLeontis AD 705 Executed by Justinian IITiberius III AD 05 Executed by orders of Justinian IIJustinian II"Rhinotmetus" AD 711

Executed during a rebellion

Leo V "the Armenian"AD 820

Assassinated

Michael III AD 867 Assassinated by Basil the MacedonianNicephoros II PhocasAD 969

Assassinated by John Tzimisces

Romanus III AD 1034 Assassinated, possibly by his wife via poisonAlexius II ComnenusAD 1183

Murdered or strangled with a bow string on the ordersof Andronicus comnenos

TOTAL: 43 Emperors died from Assassination/murder/execution

I was actually quite stunned that fewer Emperors were murdered than died naturally.However there were also emperors who were...

III. Deposed/blinded/exiled/mutilated/imprisoned/tortured or abdicatedEmperor and Year of Event EventDiocletian AD 305 Voluntary abdication Maximian AD 305-308 Forced Abdication (two times)Licinius AD 324 Abdicated and later executed by order of

ConstantineMajorian AD 461 Forced abdication by RicimirGlyerius AD 474 Forced Abdication by Julius NeposRomulus Augustulus AD 476 Deposed by OdoacerHeracleonas AD 641 Deposed and murtilatedJustinian II RhinotmetusAD 695

Deposed, mutilated, and exiled

Leontius AD 696 Deposed, Imprisoned and mutilated by TiberiusIII

Tiberius III AD 705 Deposed by Justinian IIPhilippicus Bardanes AD713

Deposed and blinded by two of his generals

Anastasius II AD 715 Deposed by Theodosius IIITheodosius III AD 717 Deposed AbdicatedConstantine VI AD 797 Deposed nad blinded dying from his woundsStauracius AD 811 Deposed by Michael RhangabesMichael I Rhangabes AD813

Deposed

Romanus I AD 944 Deposed by his sonsMichael V Calaphates AD1042

Deposed in a revolt and blinded

Michael VI Stratioticus AD1057

Deposed by rebels

Isaac I Comnenus AD 1059 Abdicated due to illnessRomanus IV Diogenes AD1071

Deposed and blinded

Michael VII Ducas AD 1078 Abdicated during a revoltNicephorus III AD 1081 Deposed by Alexius ComnenosAndronicus I Comennus AD1185

Deposed and tortured

Isaac II Angelus AD 1195 Deposed, blinded and imprisoned by AlexiusAngelus

Alexius III AD 1203 DeposedAlexius IV Angelus AD 1024 Deposed by Alexius MurtzouphlosAlexius Murtzouphlos AD1024

Fled (deposed) and later blinded

Andronicus II PalaeologusAD 1328

Abdicated

John VI Cantacuzenus AD1353

Abdicated

John V Palaelogus AD 1376-90

Deposed by Andronicus and then John

Andronicus IV PalaeologusAD 1379

Partially blinded by John V and later deposed andtotally blinded

Total: 33 Emperors

I didn't include claimants to the throne or wannabe Emperors. The list does not includeaccidental death and other less important fates. Again, any Emperor who died undercircumstances that arent entirely clear has been excluded. Also its gets very confusing on whoto include in these lists when it comes to joint Emperorship and temporary Emperors etc.

The$Roman$Senate$$

Time$Period$ Number$of$Senators$Early$Roman$Kingdom$ 100$Beginning$of$the$Republic$(509$BCE)$ 300$End$of$the$Republic$(44$BCE)$ 900$Reign$of$Augustus$(27$BCE$–$14$CE)$ 600$$

Station'3:'Statistics'!

Roman'Military'!

Emperor! Tiberius!(24!CE)! Hadrian!(130!CE)! S.!Severus!(211!CE)!

Diocletian!(300!CE)!

Total!Roman!Army!

255,000! 383,000! 442,000! 390,000!

!!

Roman'Population'!

Time! 1!CE! 150!CE! 300!CE!Total!population!of!empire!

45!million! 65!million! 55!million!

(Extra!facts)! Estimated!citizens!during!this!period:!4.5!million!

Estimated!slaves!during!this!period:!2N10!million!

!

!Estimated!population!of!Rome!at!its!height:!1!million!!Estimated!population!of!Rome!by!the!6th!century:!30N100,000!!!

Roman'Economy'!Portion!of!population!working!in!agriculture:!80%!!Imperial!budget!spent!on!the!military!(in!150!CE)!:!80%!!!Amount!of!silver!in!a!supposedly!100%!silver!coin!(270!CE):!0.02%!!!

!

Station'8:'Immigration'''Excerpt:)The$Fall$of$the$Roman$Empire:$A$New$History$of$Rome$and$Barbarians$by)Peter)Heather))

“Roman)government)allowed)uncontrolled)hostile)immigration)to)dissolve)the)fabric)of)their)civilization.))Illegal)and)legal)Immigrants)grew)more)powerful)while)exercising)their)own)character)of)their)cultures.))They)did)not)adopt)Roman)ways.))Second,)vast)blocks)of)once)Roman)lands)became)foreign)held)and)even)the)Roman)population,)once)outnumbered,)was)no)match)for)hostile)immigrants.”)

Station'4:'Architecture''

!The!Coliseum!was!the!center!of!entertainment!in!the!city!of!Rome.!Within!its!walls!were!gladiator!matches,!public!executions,!religious!celebrations,!and!battle!reenactments.!Roman!political!leaders!knew!that!to!keep!their!power!they!had!to!keep!the!people!happy,!so!they!gave!them!panem&et&circenses&(“bread!and!circuses”).!!

!The!Romans!were!the!first!successfully!engineer!both!the!arch!and!the!dome!(picture!above!inside!the!Pantheon).!Many!of!these!were!constructed!out!of!concrete,!which!the!Romans!were!the!first!to!utilize!in!large!amounts.!!

!The!Romans!engineered!massive!aqueducts!to!carry!water!throughout!the!empire.!Along!with!their!incredible!network!of!roads!these!aqueducts!are!a!testament!to!the!connectivity!the!Romans!achieved!across!their!empire.!

Roman'Numeral'Chart'

'The'Romans'were'active'in'trade'and'commerce,'and'from'the'time'of'learning'to'write'they'needed'a'simple'way'to'indicate'numbers.''

Station'7:'Law''The$earliest$documentation$of$ancient$Roman$law$is$called$the$Twelve$Tables,$which$was$written$in$the$6th$century$BCE.$Of$the$fragments$we$have$remaining,$below$are$a$few$points$of$interest:$$Table$I$ When$a$person$is$accused$of$something,$

both$accused$and$accuser$must$be$present$at$a$hearing$or$trial$on$the$matter.$$

Table$III$ Debtors$are$given$30$days$to$pay$off$a$debt.$After$the$30$days$a$creditor$is$free$to$seize$the$debtor$and$make$him$or$her$a$prisoner.$

Table$IV$ A$man’s$will$that$he$leaves$upon$his$death$is$absolute$and$will$be$honored.$

Table$VIII$ A$person$shown$to$have$lied$in$court$will$be$put$to$death.$

Table$IX$ Judges$who$have$taken$bribes$or$people$who$have$committed$treason$will$be$put$to$death.$

$$$$$Marcus$Tullius$Cicero$was$one$of$the$most$famous$orators$and$senators$in$Roman$history.$He$also$wrote$many$legal$works,$including$one$called$De#Legibus$which$stated$that$both$justice$and$law$derive$their$origin$from$what$nature$has$given$to$man,$from$what$the$human$mind$embraces,$from$the$function$of$man,$and$from$what$serves$to$unite$humanity.$Essentially,$Cicero$is$talking$about$natural$rights$that$belong$to$all$men,$regardless$of$their$station.$$