nacto guide overvie presentations/fdot d7 … · fhwa memorandum: subject: bicycle and pedestrian...

NACTO Guide Overview:Urban Bikeway Design Guide

Urban Street Design Guide

Transit Street Design Guide

What are we going to cover?

2011, 2nd ed 2012 2013 2016

What is NACTO?

Founded in 1996

“Urban think tank” – transportation issues

City transportation departments

Why create the guides?

Design guidance inadequate for urban condition (AASHTO, Greenbook, MUTCD etc.)

Used as its basis real‐world designs and expertise

Responding to smart growth, increasing desire to enhance cities as livable places

Guidance, not standards, to be used in conjunction – consistent with MUTCD, ADA compliance, ETC.

NACTO members• Atlanta• Austin• Baltimore• Boston• Charlotte• Chicago• Denver• Detroit• Houston• Los Angeles

• Minneapolis• New York• Philadelphia• Phoenix• Pittsburgh• Portland• San Diego• San Francisco• San Jose• Seattle• Washington D.C.

22 Affiliate members, 4 International members

Where does USDOT stand?

Aug 2013 – FHWA memorandum of support for taking a flexible approach to bicycle and pedestrian facility design.

Affirms AASHTO bicycle and pedestrian design guides as primary national resources

FHWA supports the use of these resources to further develop non‐motorized transportation networks, particularly in urban areas

Updated guidance in 2014 to include the Urban Street Design Guide

Urban Street Design Guide listed in the FAST Act (US Code Title 23 §109. Standards)

US Code Title 23 §109. Standards(c) Design Criteria for National Highway System.—

(2) Development of criteria.—The Secretary, in cooperation with State transportation departments, may develop criteria to implement paragraph (1). In developing criteria under this paragraph, the Secretary shall consider—

(E) the publication entitled "Urban Street Design Guide" of the National Association of City Transportation Officials

What the FAST Act has to say…

FHWA memorandum: Subject: Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Design Flexibility

“The vast majority of treatments illustrated in the NACTO Guide are either allowed or not precluded by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).

In addition, non‐compliant traffic control devices may be piloted through the MUTCD experimentation process. That process is described in Section 1A.10 of the MUTCD and a table on the FHWA's bicycle and pedestrian design guidance Web page is regularly updated (FHWA Bicycle and Pedestrian Design Guidance), and explains what bicycle facilities, signs, and markings are allowed in accordance with the MUTCD.

Other elements of the NACTO Guide's new and revised provisions will be considered in the rulemaking cycle for the next edition of the MUTCD.”

Q: Can I use the bicycle symbol on a Street Name sign?

A: No. Sections 2D.43 and 9B.20 of the MUTCD do not provide for the allowable use of either the standard bicycle symbol or the helmeted bicycle symbol on street name signs. A possible source of confusion could be from The Urban Bikeway Design Guide authored by the National Association of City Transportation Officials. Feature 10 inside Pages 214 and 215 in the second edition of the Urban Bikeway Guide states, "To minimize sign clutter, a bicycle symbol may be placed on a standard street name sign, along with distinctive coloration.129" Note 129 on Page 307 further states, "A pictograph (see Definition in Section 1A.13) may be used on a D3-1 sign. If a pictograph is used on a D3-1 sign, the height and width of the pictograph shall not exceed the upper-case letter height of the principal legend of the sign. The pictograph should be positioned to the left of the street name. Federal Highway Administration, (2009) Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. 2D.42 (sic)."

The terms, "symbol", "logo", and "pictograph" as provided in the MUTCD are not interchangeable and each term has a distinct and clear definition provided in Section 1A.13. Paragraph 10 of Section 2D.43 provides for the allowable use of a pictograph on a Street Name sign. Agencies are reminded to perform due diligence on the Notes in the Urban Bikeway Design Guide and are also reminded that the Urban Bikeway Design Guide does not supersede the MUTCD.

Urban Bikeway Design Guide

The National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Bikeway Design Guide is also a primary source for Seattle’s new bike designs. This document was created out of an extensive worldwide literature search from design guidelines and real‐life experience; as well as the input of a panel of urban bikeway planning professionals from NACTO member cities, traffic engineers, planners, and academics. (Seattle DOT)

What are these resources?

•Design guides • Idea generators•Both?

Using the Guides…

Situations typically complex… requiring individual responses to context, engineering judgement

Levels of guidance: Critical features: strong consensus of absolute necessity

Recommended features: strong consensus that elements may add value

Optional features: elements may vary by city, and situation


Authors and Supporters

City DOTs – Atlanta to Washington DC

International design team – Kittleson, Alta, Peter Furth, Netherlands, Copenhagen, etc.

People for Bikes

SRAM Cycling Fund


Hard Copy

On‐line Guide

Urban Bikeway Design Guide International best practices

NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide: State of the Practice Solutions

Urban Bikeway Design Guide National best practices


Chicago, IL

Washington, DC

Madison, WI

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics



Bike Lanes

Cycle Tracks

Intersections

Signals

Signs and Markings


Intersections

Bike Boxes

Intersection Crossing Markings

Two‐Stage Turn Queue Boxes

Median Refuge Island

Through Bike Lanes

Combined Bike Lane/Turn Lane

Cycle Track Intersection Approach

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Two‐Stage Turn Queue Boxes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Two‐Stage Turn Queue Boxes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Two‐Stage Turn Queue Boxes


Conventional Bike Lanes

Buffered Bicycle Lanes

Contra‐Flow Bike Lanes

Left‐side Bike Lanes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Buffered Bicycle Lanes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Contra‐flow Bicycle Lanes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Left‐side Bicycle Lanes

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Cycle Tracks

One‐way Protected

Raised Cycle Track

Two‐Way Cycle tracks

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics One‐way Cycle Tracks

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Raised Cycle Tracks

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Two‐way Cycle Tracks

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Cycle Tracks

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/separated_bikelane_pdg/page00.cfm

FHWA Guidance

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Intersections

Bike Boxes

Intersection Crossing MarkingsTwo‐State Turn Queue Boxes

Median Refuge Island

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Intersections

Through Bike Lane Combined Bike Lane/Turn Lane

Cycle Track Intersection Approach

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Signals

Bike signal heads

Signal detection and actuation

Active Warning Beacon for Bike Route at UnsignalizedIntersection (RRFB)

Hybrid signal for Bike Route Crossing Major Street (HAWK)

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Signs and Markings

Bike Route Wayfinding

Colored Bike Facilities

Shared Lane Markings

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Bike Route Wayfinding

3 types of wayfinding signs• Confirmation – indicate a designated bikeway, motorist awareness

• Turn signs – indicate change of direction

• Decision signs – mark the junction, information about destinations

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Bike Route Wayfinding


• City Resources• Design Guides• International Resources

Urban Bikeway Design Guide Topics Master Reference Matrix

Urban Street Design Guide Topics

Streets

Street Design Elements

Interim Design Strategies

Intersections

Intersection Design Elements

Design Controls

Resources

Urban Street Design Guide Topics Streets Design Principles

3 Phases of Transformation

1. Existing

2. Interim Redesign 3. Reconstruction

Urban Street Design Guide Topics Streets

Streets/Street Design in ContextCommercial Strip

Residential Boulevard Downtown Street


Streets Street Design in Context Examples

Downtown 1 and 2 way streets

Downtown thoroughfare

Neighborhood Main Street

Neighborhood Street

Yield Street

Boulevard

Residential Boulevard

Transit Corridor

Green Alley

Commercial Alley

Residential Shared Street

Commercial Shared Street

Streets/Downtown 1‐way Street

1. Wide travel lanes can result in higher speeds and are an ineffective use of valuable street space



2. Apply a red bus‐only lane

3. Raised cycle track or parking buffered cycle track

4. Consider widening sidewalks (if full reconstruction)



1. Typically heavily congested. Main route for multiple modes



2. Bus bulbs3. Raised cycle track or

create definition using striping, cycle tracks and narrow travel lanes

4. Special attention to cycle tracks at intersections

5. Managing freight –restricting delivery or encouraging off‐peak delivery


Street Design Elements

Lane width

Sidewalks

Sidewalk zones

Sidewalk extensions

Curb Extensions

Gateway

Pinchpoint

Chicane

Bus Bulbs

Vertical Speed Control Elements

Speed Hump

Speed Table

Speed cushion

Transit Streets

Dedicated curbside/Offset bus lane

Dedicated median bus lanes

Contra‐flow bus lanes

Bus stops

Storm water management

Bioswales

Flow‐through planters

Pervious strips

Pervious pavement

“Toolbox”Urban Street Design Guide Topics

Street Design ElementsGateway

1. Curb extensions, often applied at the mouth of an intersection• Intended to mark the transition to a slower speed

street• Length of curb extension should be equal to

width of crosswalk• 1‐2 feet narrower than the parking lane• Curb extensions wherever on‐street parking is

present 2. Include storm water management features

• Include corner street furniture

• Interim:• Design using striping and signage


Street Design ElementsVertical Speed Control

Speed table Speed cushion Speed hump


Street Design ElementsVertical Speed Control

Coordination between emergency services and transportation departments.

Strategies:• Seek approval for treatments on emergency

routes• Use emergency vehicle‐friendly traffic calming

techniques on emergency response routes• Estimate emergency response times where

vertical speed control mechanisms are used• Test measures, and impacts, make permanent

if appropriate


Street Design ElementsTransit Streets

Support every step of passengers trip

Walking to/from: safe and inviting

Transit: dedicated lanes, signal timing to ensure minimal wait times

Transit stops as elements of the streetscape –enhance the public realm (quality bus shelters, wayfinding, real‐time information systems)


Street Design ElementsTransit Streets

Dedicated Curbside/offset bus lanes

Dedicated median bus lanes

Contra‐flow bus lanes

Far side Bus stops


Street Design ElementsStorm water management

• Sustainable stormwater management• Reduces combined sewer outflows• Makes rainfall an asset to improve urban

ecology, microclimate and aesthetic quality of the urban realm

• Reduces burden on municipal waste systems

May require maintenance agreement for upkeep

Design must respond to site: soil conditions, native plants, site slopes etc.



Flow‐through planters Bio‐swales



Pervious strips Pervious pavement


Interim Design Strategies

Moving the curb

From pilot to permanent

Parklets

Temporary street closures

Interim public plazas


Interim Design StrategiesMoving the curb

Interim sidewalk widening Traffic calming



Bike corral Bike sharing



Parklet

• Buffer from adjacent parking• Vertical elements• Minimum 6’ width• Adjacent to curb• High traffic area• Incorporate seating• Guidance on construction

• Application• Benefits and Considerations


Interim Design StrategiesFrom pilot to permanent



Temporary street closures Play streets

Block parties

Street fairs

Open streets



Interim public plazas Dedicated partner

Underutilized street segment

Need – safety

Funds may be available at later time

Opportunities: make intersections safer, slow traffic speeds, activate public space

Recommendations: low‐cost materials, ADA Compliance, public awareness/marketing, moveable furniture


Intersections Intersection Design Principles


Intersections

Major intersections

Intersection of major and minor streets

Raised intersections

Mini roundabout

Complex intersections

Complex intersection analysis

Redesign


Intersection Design ElementsIntersection of major and minor streets

3. Raised crossings, curb extensions4. Minimize turning speeds from major to minor streets by using design strategies5. Signal timing (if used) to create gaps in traffic6. Stripe crosswalks at unsignalizedcrossings and evaluate the possibility of enhanced crossings


IntersectionsComplex intersection analysis

Can present opportunities public space

Can be chance to simplify intersection, make safer Reduce signal delays

Improve visibility



• Context• Geometry, signals, signs & markings

• Vehicle volumes• Pedestrian activity• Transit & bicycle activity• Signalization


Design Controls

Design speed

Speed reduction mechanisms

Design vehicle

Design hour

Design year

Performance measures

Functional classification


Design ControlsDesign speed

Conventional highway Design:Operating speed = Design Speed = Posted Speed

Proactive Urban Street Design:Target Speed = Design Speed = Posted Speed


Design ControlsDesign for target speed: 85th percentile of observed target speed should be 10 to 30mph on most urban streets Maximum target speed urban arterials, 35mph urban collector/local street, 30mph shared streets/alley, 5‐10mph

Design speed at or below target speed of streetDesign speed/target speed by implementing strategies – narrow lanes, speed pillows, curb extensions, etc.


Design Controls

Design vehicle – frequent user, dictates the minimum turn radii

Adopt a design vehicle standard and a control vehicle standard – standard and how will accommodate maximum

Truck routes – design in coordination with bicycle, transit and pedestrian routes, key hazards, lane uses


Design Controls Design hour

More than ADT

Each mode


Design Controls Design year

Traffic growth projections

Induced demand

Alternate methods Comparative Projection

Growth Projection

Mode Targets

Induced Demand Projection


Design Controls

Functional classification Limiting

Design needs to reflect community needs


Design Controls

Performance measures Vary by mode (examples)

• Pedestrian: active storefronts, human scale design

• Bicycle: direct access, safety

• Vehicles: minimal delay

• Transit: speed, reliability, frequency

• Freight: ease of goods movement

Full list available in Reference section, page 184


Transit Street Design Guide Topics

Transit Streets

Stations & Stops

Station & Stop Elements

Transit Lanes & Transitways

Intersections

Transit System Strategies

Resources

Transit Street Design Guide

• Steering Committeeo 40 cities and 18 transit agencies

• ITEoComplete Streets Council review

• APTA oSustainable Urban Design Standards

• Independent Technical Review

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Why transit streets matter

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Better service = fewer buses needed or faster service


Transit Streets

Stations & Stops



Intersections


Resources

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsTransit Street Principles

Plans

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Transit Street Context

Provide service at all scalesNeighborhood‐ provide all week demand and ridership; may be hard to manage transit reliability

Corridor – prioritize transit throughput and pedestrian safety can support higher transit capacity

Downtown‐ shared space making separation of transit from general traffic necessary

Boarding bulbs, careful curbside management…

Opportunity to assign travel lane to transit

Exclusive transit ways, transit signal progressions, near‐level platforms, all door boarding

Opportunities:

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Neighborhood Street with Bike Lane

1. Convert stops to in‐lane stops

2. Design boarding islands with pedestrian refuges

3. Signal timing4. Position bicyclists using

intersection crossing markings

Transit Street Design Guide Topics One‐Way transit corridor

1.Place transit and bike lanes on opposite sides of the street

2.Consider turning movement restrictions to minimize auto/transit conflicts

3.Manage curbside loading


Transit Streets

Stations & Stops



Intersections


Resources

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsStations & Stops Principles


Stop Design Factors

Stop Configurations

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsStop placement and lane configuration


Universal Design Elements• Tactile Cues• Lighting• Color• Audible Cues, including for real‐time arrival information

SW Moody Ave, Portland (credit: Teresa Boyle)

ADAAG, PROAG references


Accessible paths and slopes

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsStop Configurations Shared Cycle Track Stop

1. Detectable warning strips2. Accessible boarding area for

wheelchair lifts3. Cycletrack wide enough for

maintenance equipment4. Shelter location to minimize

conflicts with bicyclists5. Cyclist visibility at

intersections

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsStation & Stop Elements Stop Design Elements Small Transit Shelter Large Transit Shelter Seating Fare Vending Passenger Information & Wayfinding Transit Curbs Bus Pads Green Infrastructure Bike Parking Passenger Queue Management

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsStation & Stop Elements/Bike Parking

Critical1.Provide a clear zone around bicycle parking to avoid impeding traffic, including near transit vehicle doors, on adjacent sidewalks, and through long‐term storage facilities.2.If multiple bicycle racks are installed, place them at least 3 feet apart to allow convenient, uncluttered access.

Recommended3.Short‐term bike parking should be located within 50 feet of stop or station entrance, as well as major destinations.

OptionalAt feeders and terminals, long‐term bicycle storage, including bike lockers or cages, provides enhanced security and protection from weather, enabling first‐ and last‐mile trips.

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsTransit Lanes and Transitways

Transit lanes delineate space within the roadbed as exclusive, either full- or part-time, and can generate transit benefits with relatively low implementation costs.

Transitways physically separate a portion of the street for transit’s exclusive use, providing high-quality running way at all times.

Transit Street Design Guide TopicsTransit Lanes and Transitways

Transit lanes: Offset Transit Lanes Curbside Transit Lanes Rail Line, Side-Running Center Transit Lane Peak-Only Bus Lane Shared Bus-Bike Lane Contraflow Transit Lane

Transitways: Center Transitway Side Transitway

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Offset transit lane

1. Designate BUS ONLY Lanes with signing and markings (MUTCD 3D‐01)

2. Bus traffic separated from other traffic by solid white lines

3. Install transit bulbs to enable in‐lane stops

4. Consider additional buffer

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Center Transitway

1. Dedicated transit lanes require median boarding islands in the roadway at each stop.

2. BUS ONLY/LRT ONLY pavement markings (MUTCD 3D‐01) emphasize the lane and deter drivers from using it.

3. Since pedestrians must cross to the center of the street to access stations, safe crossings are critical. See the Urban Street Design Guide for more guidance on crosswalks and crossings.

Dedicated transit lanes require median boarding islands in the roadway at each stop.

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Center Transitway

4. To avoid conflicts with center‐running transit vehicles, left turns must be either prohibited or accommodated using left‐turn lanes and dedicated signal phases

5. Transit signal heads should be used at intersections to give transit vehicles priority and avoid driver confusion with general traffic signals.

Dedicated transit lanes require median boarding islands in the roadway at each stop.

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Intersections

Signals and operations• Transit Signal Progression

• Active Transit Signal Priority• Short Signal Cycles• Turn Restrictions

Intersection Design for Transit• Shared Transit/Right turn lane• Right‐turn Pocket• Dropped Transit Lane• Queue jump lane• Transit‐approach lane/Short Transit Lane• Virtual Transit Lane• Bicycle Rail Crossings

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Intersection Design for Transit

Queue jump lane1. Buses must have access to a lane and ability to reach the front of the queue2. Separate signals3. Near‐side stops require right turns from curbside to be prohibited4. Length of shared head start/right‐turn pocket should be long enough to allow storage of vehicles and allow buses to reach queue jump

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Network & System Principles

Transit Street Design Guide Topics Transit System Strategies Principles


Route simplification Benefits: Reducing the number of

turns through complex intersections eliminates delay

Recommendations: Long routes should be designed to mitigate the cumulative impacts of delay

Routing multiple lines to converge on a single corridor can increase frequency and justify higher quality transit



From Stops to Stations

Benefits: longer station spacing reduces dwell time and route efficiency

Recommendations: consolidate existing stops; set stop spacing based on goals for the route:

800 feet apart for local routes, ¼ to ½ mile for rapid lines

Invest in stations, level or near‐level boarding, all door boarding

Network Strategies


Mobility & Access Counting People

Transit Travel Time

Access to the City

Private Motor Vehicles

Curbside Management

Safety

Public Space & Social Life

Health, Sustainability & Environment

Economic Productivity Business Sales

Development and Redevelopment

Cost Saving and Transit ProductivityAccess to the City: Number of destinations

Performance Measures ‐Measure the whole street

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