my presentation-datalink june 2010

8/9/2019 My Presentation-datalink June 2010

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREAND IMPLMENTATION

OVERVIEW

PRESENTATION BY:

EMMANUEL DARKWA

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY

COMPUTER ARCHITURE EXPLAINED

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

THE ROLE OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

THE IMPLEMENTATION ASPECT OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION

SUMMARY

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AN INTRODUCTION TOCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The term architecture in computer literature can be traced to the work

of Lyle R. Johnson, Muhammad Usman Khan and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.,members in 1959 of the Machine Organization department in IBMs mainresearch center. This occurred in an attempt to characterize thedescription of formats, instruction type, hardware parameters and speedenhancement in a Supercomputer research communication for Los AlamosScientific Laboratory.

The term architecture as applied to computer design, was first used in1964 by Gene Amdahl, G. Anne Blaauw, and Frederick Brooks, Jr., thedesigners of the IBM System/360. They coined the term to refer to thoseaspects of the instruction set available to programmers, independent ofthe hardware on which the instruction set was implemented.

In current decade, however, designers' main challenges have been toimplement processors efficiently, to design communicating memoryhierarchies, and to integrate multiple processors in a single design.

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE EXPLAINED

1. Computer Architecture = ISA + MO

Instruction Set Architecturey What the executable can see as underlying

hardware

y Logical View

Machine Organizationy How the hardware implements ISA ?

y Physical View

Basically, its the arrangement of a system put togetherincepting from conceptual structure and functionalbehavior through data flow controls, the logical designand the physical implementation , to achieve a

particular task.

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COMPUTERDESIGN LAYOUT

Is a way of looking atthe basic operationalstructure of thecomputer.

It is the blueprint of

the requirements anddesign implementationsfor the various parts ofa computer.

The key to a successful

computing system is toselect and interconnecthardware componentsthat results in afunctional, cost-effective, performance-

driven machine.

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CLASSIFICATION OFCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

1. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)-

The abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machinelanguage programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory

addresses mode, processor register and address and data formats.

2. Hardware System Architecture (HSA)-

CPU

Storage Device

System Output

Logical Design and Data Flow Application

3. Micro Architecture

Detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent

parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in

order to implement the ISA

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TYPES OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE:

o VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE.

o HARVARD ARCHITECTURE.

o CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE

The quantum computer architecture holds the mostpromise to revolutionize computing.

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VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE-COMPLETED IN 1952 The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a

stored-program digital computer that uses a centralprocessing unit (CPU) and a single separate storagestructure ("memory") to hold both instructions and data.It is named after the mathematician and early computerscientist John von Neumann.

DESCRIPTION

For example, a desk calculator (in principle) is a fixedprogram computer. It can do basic mathematics, but itcannot be used as a word processor or a gamingconsole.

The idea of the stored-program computer changed allthat: a computer that by design includes an instructionset and can store in memory a set of instructions (aprogram) that details the computation

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Scientist atthe Institute

of Advanced

Studies


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THE VON NEUMAN MACHINE - COMPLETED 1952 CONTD

Stored Program concept

Main memory storing programs anddata

ALU operating on binary data

Control unit interpretinginstructions from memory andexecuting

Input and Output equipment

operated by control unit

Scientist atthe Institute

of Advanced

Studies

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STRUCTURE OF VON NEUMANN MACHINE

MainMemory

Input/OutputEquipment

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Program Control Unit

Central Processing Unit

CPU

CC

CA

MI/O

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EARLY VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE COMPUTERSAmong these various computers, only ILLIAC and ORDVAC hadcompatible instruction sets.

ORDVAC (U-Illinois) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (completedNov 1951

IAS machine at Princeton University (Jan 1952)

MANIAC I at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (Mar 1952)

ILLIAC at the University of Illinois, (Sept 1952) AVIDAC at Argonne National Laboratory (1953)

ORACLE at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Jun 1953)

JOHNNIAC at RAND Corporation (Jan 1954)

BESK in Stockholm (1953) BESM-1 in Moscow (1952)

DASK in Denmark (1955)

PERM in Munich (1956?)

SILLIAC in Sydney (1956)

WEIZAC in Rehovoth (1955)

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HARVARDARCHITECTURE

The Harvardarchitectureis a computer architecturewith physicallyseparate

storage and signal pathwaysfor instructions and data. Theterm originated from theHarvard Mark I relay-basedcomputer, which storedinstructions on punched tape(24 bits wide) and data inelectro-mechanical counters.These early machines hadlimited data storage, entirely

contained within the centralprocessing unit, and providedno access to the instructionstorage as data. Programsneeded to be loaded by anoperator, the processor could

notbootitself.

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CELLULARARCHITECTURE

A cellular architecture is a

type of computerarchitecture prominent inparallel computing.

Cellular architectures arerelatively new, with IBM'sCell microprocessor being

the first one to reach themarket. Cellular

architecture takes multi-core architecture design toits logical conclusion, by

giving the programmer the

ability to run large numbersof concurrent threads

within a single processor.

a cellular architecturecontaining 9 cores, is the

processor used in thePlayStation 3.

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THE ROLE OF COMPUTERARCHITECTURE

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AMONG THE ROLES, COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

o HELPS OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE-BASED PRODUCTS-

Software engineers may need to optimize software inorder to gain the most performance at the leastexpense;

- by arranging for most data to be processed in thefastest data path or

-by replacing the processor with a faster version say

-3.8 GHz instead of 3.2 GHz

o ALSO HELPS PLAN THE SELECTION OF A PROCESSOR

FOR A PARTICULAR PROJECT -

Multimedia projects may need very rapid data access,while supervisory software may need fast interrupts.

-By Adding an additional processor to a system say

Core Duo instead of P4

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FACTORS AFFECTINGCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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SOME EXAMPLES OF ARCHITECTURE y Early 1990s Apple switched instruction set architecture of theMacintosh from Motorola 68000-based machines to PowerPC

architecture.y Intel 80x86 Family: many implementations of same architectureprogram written in 1978 for 8086 can be run on latest Pentium chip

Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97 RIP soon

HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96 RIP soon Sun SPARC (v8, v9) 1987-95

SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96

IA-16/32 (8086,286,386, 486, 1978-1999Pentium, MMX, SSE, )

IA-64 (Itanium) 1996-now

AMD64/EMT64 2002-now

IBM POWER (PowerPC,) 1990-now

Many dead processor architectures live on in

microcontrollers

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DESIGN PURPOSEThe exact form of a computer system depends on the constraintsand purpose for which it optimized. This usually considers thefollowing attributes;

Classification;

Cost;

Memory capacity;

Features, Size, and Weight;

Reliability must work correctly;

Expandability and

Power consumption are factors as well.

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PERFORMANCEComputer performance is often described in terms of clock speed(usually in MHz or GHz). This refers to the cycles per second of themain clock of the CPU.

Major measuring factors of performance.

Processor Cache-

If the speed, MHz or GHz, were to be a car then the cache of a processor

is like the gas tank. No matter how fast the car goes, it will still need toget gas. The higher the speed, and the greater the cache, the faster aprocessor runs.

Speed - This refers to the cycles/second of the main clock of the CPU.

New Energy/Power - Energy per task, power

There are two main types of speed,

Latency: Is the time between the start of a process and its completion.

Interrupt latency is the guaranteed maximum response time of thesystem to an electronic event (e.g. when the disk drive freezes when isto perform a task).

Throughput: is the amount of work done per unit time.

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POWER COMSUMPTIONPower consumption is another design criterion that factors in the designof modern computers. This is in respect to having a power plan.

A power plan is a collection of hardware and system settings thatmanages how your computer uses power. Power plans can help you saveenergy, maximize system performance, or achieve a balance betweenthe two.

You can change settings for any of your power plans, including the threedefault plansBalanced, Power saver, and High performance.

Balanced- Offers full performance when you need it and saves

power during periods of inactivity.

Power saver- Saves power by reducing system performance.This plan can help mobile PC users get the most from a single

battery charge.

High performance- Maximizes system performance andresponsiveness. Mobile PC users may notice that their battery doesn't

last as long when using this plan.

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OPERATING SYSTEMOperating system is another design criterion that factors in the design ofmodern computers. This is whether it can run on that particular

This is whether it can run on that particular designed architecture

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APPLICATIONS

This is whether Customized softwares can also run on that particulardesigned architecture.


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IMPLEMENTATION ASPECT OFCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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IMPLEMENTATION

Is the process of transferring the ISA and micro architecture asspecified, into hardware architecture.

Implementation is usually not considered architectural definition,

but rather hardware design engineering.

Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fullydistinct) pieces:

Logic Implementation design of blocks defined in the microarchitecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate levels.

Circuit Implementation transistor-level design of basicelements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of somelarger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at thislevel, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performancereasons.

Physical Implementation physical circuits are drawn out, thedifferent circuit components are placed in a chip on a board and

the wires connecting them are routed.

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AFFECTING FACTORS OF IMPLEMENTATION

Technology method

Speed

Cost

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SUMMARY:

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE VS IMPLEMENTATION &BUILDING ARCHITECTURE VS CONSTRUCTION

ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Material comes from discussions on new directions for architecturewith:

y Professors Krste Asanovc (MIT), Raz Bodik, Jim Demmel, KurtKeutzer, John Wawrzynek, and Kathy Yelick-Internet

y LBNL:Parry Husbands, Bill Kramer, Lenny Oliker, John Shalf -Internet

y UCB Grad students Joe Gebis and Sam Williams-Internet

y Von Neumann Architecture Internet (From Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

y Von Neumann Architecture Internet (From Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia}

y Etc.


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THANK YOU FORYOUR ATTENTION

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