Museums to Net Zero Buildings- lessons learned with LED lightingAngela Matchica PE, LC, LEED AP

Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.

This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include

content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

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Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

AbstractRecent advancements in LED lighting have made the source an applicable solution in all building types… but the question remains, how do we incorporate it successfully into our designs?

A selection of case studies will be used to review lessons learned in designing with LED lighting- from light characteristics, managing product quality, controls, and design parameters for multiple building types

Learning Objectives Review important characteristics to consider when

selecting LED Luminaires Review design parameters for using LEDs for

general/ambient lighting Review design parameters for using LEDs as a directional

lighting source (i.e. for spot lighting/museum applications) Understanding LED and lighting control compatibility Discuss methods to manage the submittal and

construction process when designing with LED luminaires

Why LED lighting?• LED invented in 1960s, entered

commercial lighting market in 1980s• 2013 U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE) report states LEDs have passed many conventional lighting sources in energy, efficiency, versatility, color quality, lifetime.

• Consulting reports estimate that LED lighting will amount to about 60% of the international lighting market by 2020.

Product TypeLuminous

Efficacy (in lm/W)

LED A19 lamp (warm white) 78

LED PAR38 lamp (warm white) 67

LED troffer 2'x4' (warm white) 93

LED high/low-bay fixture (warm white) 90

High intensity discharge system (high watt) 115

Linear fluorescent system 108High intensity discharge system (low

watt) 104

Compact fluorescent lamp 70Halogen 20

Incandescent 15

LED lighting characteristicsAdvantages of LEDs• LED lighting does not ‘burn out’- continues to

dim overtime• No/very minimal UV/IR in spectrum• Instant On/Off

• Ideal for emergency egress lighting• Typical Rated Life of 50,000 hours

• 70% lumen depreciation• Continuously increasing in efficacy

(Lumens/Watt)• Performs well in lower temperatures• 180 degree source- less internal luminaire loses

for direct fixture optics than fluorescent/MH/HPS

LED lighting characteristicsPossible Challenges• Requires coordination with dimming

type and controls• Some inconsistency in product

standards/materials• Heat build up can decrease product life

and light output• Cost of various products must be

reviewed• Components may not all be

replaceable- must review each individually

• Moves away from the traditional lamp-ballast-fixture separation of components

• Changes how products are purchased

What’s important for lighting in buildings?

Light Quality• Color Temperature/Quality• Color Shift & Maintenance• Color Rendering• Dimming Characteristics

Product Quality• Heat Management• Component Replacement

Options• Product testing/standards• Warranty

Light Quality- Initial Color Consistency- The same “number” doesn’t always

mean the same appearance- Source can be anywhere within

standard CCT variance allowances- but color can be drastically different.

- Some manufacturers also publish a range of CCT (+/-)

In Design/Construction:- Review product samples to select color

temperatures for consistency in a space

- Review cut sheets for CCT +/- x, or allowable Macadam Ellipse Step/SDCM

Light Quality- Color Shift and Maintenance- Color shift over life of the LED- Replacement products can look

drastically different next to existing

In Design/Construction: - Review manufacturer allowable color

variance- Require a tighter band when washing

a wall surface or grazing- color variation is more apparent

- Color Maintenance ‘C’ value- allowable color shift on CIE color space over rated life

Light Quality- Color Rendering- Color Rendering Index (CRI) metric

only looks at 8 colors- pastel tones to determine color rendering capabilities of a light source.

- Full 14 color spectrum (including C9- vibrant Red) not included in standard metrics.

- Important to see full spectrum lighting for LED

In Design/Construction:- Request standard CRI (Ra) plus R9

color rendering information- TM30-15

Light Quality- Dimming Characteristics- Multiple different methods for Dimming.- “Yes- LEDs are inherently dimmable” is not enough- Dimming Types: Forward Phase, Reverse Phase, 0-

10V, DMX, DALI

In Design/Construction:- Important to understand the quality of dimming

when selecting type- Down to what percent?- Smooth dimming curve or large variations over

spectrum- For sensitive areas- recommend testing product

with dimming control system prior to selecting driver types

- Confirm compatibility of each fixture and driver with the control system- make sure correct dimming module provided

Product Quality- Component Replacement- LED fixtures originally required

replacing the entire product upon failure

- Most products require component replacement- but how much?

In Design/Construction- Request information on replacement

requirements- LED module, heatsink, driver, full fixture

- How are they replaced? By Who?- What are the costs?- Manufacturer maintain product

consistency across generations?

Product Quality- Heat Management- LEDs are heat sensitive

- Excessive heat affects light output and lifespan of LED

- Important to manage junction temperature of LEDs

In Design/Construction:- Review manufacturer information for ambient

temperature requirements for quoted LED life- Review manufacturer information for LED lumen

depreciation curve over rated life- Rated life for LED- time for light to depreciate to

70% output.

Product Quality- Product testing/standards- Industry has created testing and

reporting standards for LED sources and luminaires

- LM-79- Approved Method for the

Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products.

- LM-80- Measuring Lumen Maintenance of

LED light sources

In Design/Construction- Request report information for each

product/LED module

Product Quality- Warranty• 3-5 year typical for general warranty• Review if lighting quality warranty is available• Update project specifications to include specific requirements

about replacement and labor costs

Designing with LEDCase Study: National Museum of American History- Public Space Renewal Phase 3

• Opened in 1964 as the National Museum of History and Technology

• Mission: ‘Collection, care and study of objects that reflect the experience of the American people.’

• 3 Million Artifacts• Star-Spangled Banner• Jefferson’s Desk• Lincoln’s Top hat • Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers

• Illuminate the very light sensitive to the light indestructible. • Light level Range

• 1 – 25 footcandles range throughout the museum

• 110,000SF renovation to west wing public spaces of NMAH museum

• Renovation included circulation, exhibition, music hall, performance plaza, landmark object display

LED for point sources- museum lighting:- For wall washing and illuminating

objects, color consistency & product flexibility was important

- LED module selected with maximum 2 macadam ellipse shift

- 1% dimming option - 98 CRI- Manufacturer has color

consistency warranty, and 5 year general warranty

- Heads had field changeable reflectors and beam patterns for flexibility (20-60 degree)

Layered Lighting for flexible museum use• LED downlights-

general lighting• LED multiple

fixtures- accent lighting

• Combination of LED, MH, and Halogen track heads for wall displays and exhibits

All lighting connected to centralized dimming control system with theatrical-based dimmer racks- provides control of normal, emergency, exhibit, and theatrical lighting

• Fixtures in performance areas were tested by lighting control manufacturer

• Dimming driver type selected based on quality of dimming low-end light output

• All LED fixtures required to have 5 year warranty

• 3000K color temperature used to coordinate with other sources in the space

• 90+ CRI where possible

All LED fixtures specified with dimming capabilities:LED Downlights: 0-10V dimmingLED multiples- ELV dimmingLED track heads- ELV dimming

Black box galleries included flexible dimming options for fit out:- Utilized distributed

dimming bars with DMX control

- Connected to central control system for operation with house lighting

- Supports LED and halogen sources

- Required coordination of dimming types

Designing with LEDCase Study: Alexander Calder- Gwenfritz Sculpture Renewal

• Created by Alexander Calder in 1968

• Calder’s first major commission in Washington

• DC’s first major modern and abstract public sculpture

• Black painted steel abstract Stabile

• Named after Gwendoyln Cafritz (donor)

• 40ft tall

• 71 piece structure connected by 1271 bolts

• Dedicated at NMAH in 1969, placed in the center of reflecting pool on west lawn of NMAH

• Relocated in 1983 to the northwest corner of the property in an area of dense tree cover

• Lighting Goals• Reference original

installation- highlighting the contrasting shapes with NMAH as the backdrop

• Use the reflecting pool as a luminous base for the sculpture

• Integrate new technologies for reduced maintenance and lighting flexibility

Sculpture lighting:• LED submersible

wet-dry flood lights used to illuminate from water

• LED adjustable ingrade fixtures used to graze upward

Mock up goals:• Fixture quantity• Color temperature• Distribution• Distance

Pool Lighting:• Submersible linear LED

fixtures mounted horizontally

• End to end configuration for continuous illumination

• Graze base of reflecting pool with light

• Mounted to L-bracket for ease of removal for maintenance

• Connected to remote transformers with dimming capability

Designing with LEDCase Study: Net Zero Corporate Headquarters

• 6 story office building new construction with full height central atrium, street level retail, integrated parking garage

• New building as part of existing campus

• Net Zero Design• Natural ventilation• Earth Labyrinth• Digitally Addressable lighting

system• ~1MW PV array• Daylight harvesting for full

extent of floor plan

Lighting Goals:• Minimize requirement for electric light usage during operating hours• Maximize useful daylight while controlling glare• Minimize installed power density with high efficiency fixtures and tuned lighting

levels- LED sources with high lumens/watt• Provide occupant interface with lighting system- see energy

consumption/impact on the building

Lighting Goals: • Provide daylight 100% of

occupied spaces

• Design with adequate daylight for 70-80% of occupied hours for perimeter spaces

• Reduced installed lighting power density to 0.6W/SF overall

• Integrated controls for reporting and energy management

Office Zone:- LED luminaire

with individually addressable 4ft sections

- Photocell control to 25FC

- Wireless vacancy sensor and wall controller

Breakout space:- LED luminaires-

individually addressable

- Wireless occupancy sensor control

Interior Corridor:- LED individually

addressable downlights

- Photocell control from atrium daylight to 10fc

- Occupancy Sensor control in zones

• Fixture types & manufacturers selected based on highest lumens/watt

• Minimize different manufacturers for product consistency

• Maintainable fixtures- easily opened houses, replaceable parts within US to extent possible

• Compatibility with DALI type drivers or interface devices

• 80+ CRI, 4000K fixtures selected• Tracked fixture

quantities/pricing/manufacturer locations through design

Summary• It’s important to include both product quality and light quality

characteristics in specifications and luminaire schedules for LED fixtures

• Not a one size fits all light source type• Determine appropriate areas on a project by project basis for LED-

depends on budget, control requirements, building type needs.• Hold specification requirements to get LED product information for

review before final approval of products.

This concludes The American Institute of ArchitectsContinuing Education Systems Course

Resources EwingCole www.ewingcole.com US Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy US Department of Energy NVLAP Smithsonian Institution Archives “LED Luminaire Life Time: Recommendations for Testing and Reporting”- next generation lighting industry alliance-

LED systems reliability consortium