multiple deprivation in transitional chinese cities: a case study of guangzhou

Multiple deprivation in transitional Multiple deprivation in transitional Chinese cities: A case study of Chinese cities: A case study of

GuangzhouGuangzhou

Yuan YUAN, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Centre for Urban and Regional Research, Sun Yat-sen University ， Guangzhou, China

Fulong WU, School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

14th December, 2007, Hong Kong 14th December, 2007, Hong Kong

OutlineOutline

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Literature review and theoretic perspective Literature review and theoretic perspective

3.3. Data and methodsData and methods

4.4. Analysis of Guangzhou Analysis of Guangzhou

5.5. Conclusion and Discussion Conclusion and Discussion

IntroductionIntroduction

During the past decade, within the fields of urban During the past decade, within the fields of urban social geography and urban studies, social geography and urban studies, deprivationdeprivation has emerged as an important research theme. has emerged as an important research theme.

Researches have emphasized the Researches have emphasized the conceptconcept and and the the multidimensional aspectmultidimensional aspect of deprivation. of deprivation.

The majority of research has focused on The majority of research has focused on developed countries under market economydeveloped countries under market economy. By . By comparison, no research has been conducted on comparison, no research has been conducted on defining and applying this phenomenon defining and applying this phenomenon in the in the context of developing countriescontext of developing countries, especially , especially the the socialist transitional countriessocialist transitional countries. .

IntroductionIntroduction

Within a decade after reform, Within a decade after reform, Urban povertyUrban poverty has has become significant issues in transitional China. become significant issues in transitional China.

Important studies have been conducted on Important studies have been conducted on urban poverty urban poverty generationgeneration, , distributiondistribution of urban of urban poor, poor, typologytypology of poor neighborhoods in of poor neighborhoods in transitional Chinese cities. transitional Chinese cities.

Less attention has been paid to Less attention has been paid to spatial spatial concentrationconcentration and and spatial differentiationspatial differentiation of new of new urban poverty. urban poverty.

The paper aims to examine The paper aims to examine spatial spatial differentiationdifferentiation of new urban poverty in of new urban poverty in transitional China from perspective deprivation.transitional China from perspective deprivation.

Literature review and theoretic Literature review and theoretic perspective perspective

Deprivation in the Western LiteratureDeprivation in the Western Literature– The deprivation concept has its origins in Britain in The deprivation concept has its origins in Britain in

the late 1960s, where it emerged as a means of the late 1960s, where it emerged as a means of providing providing a framework within which to examine a a framework within which to examine a broad array of social and economic issuesbroad array of social and economic issues (Norris, (Norris, 1979). 1979). The Index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and area-based approach promoted the development of Geography of deprivation (Knox P L, Pinch S , 2000 ) .

– Townsend (1993) defines deprivation as a “Townsend (1993) defines deprivation as a “state of state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society to which to the local community or the wider society to which an individual, family or group belongsan individual, family or group belongs”. ”.

– It refers to specific conditions such as the It refers to specific conditions such as the lack of lack of clothing, housing, household facilities, education and clothing, housing, household facilities, education and social activitiessocial activities, rather than resources and is thus , rather than resources and is thus distinguished from poverty. If various forms of distinguished from poverty. If various forms of deprivation are present, then some people will deprivation are present, then some people will experience experience multiple deprivationmultiple deprivation. .


Deprivation in the Western LiteratureDeprivation in the Western Literature– Most studies of deprivation tend to focus on the Most studies of deprivation tend to focus on the economic economic

dimensiondimension. Poverty is a central factor in the multidimensio. Poverty is a central factor in the multidimensional problem of deprivation (Pacione,1995) .nal problem of deprivation (Pacione,1995) .

– Studies have pointed to the association between the propoStudies have pointed to the association between the proportion of the population in rtion of the population in lower social classes, the unskilled lower social classes, the unskilled and the level of deprivation in an areaand the level of deprivation in an area. ( Fieldhouse and Ty. ( Fieldhouse and Tye ,1996) .e ,1996) .

– Considerable research has been conducted examining the Considerable research has been conducted examining the propensity of propensity of certain ethnic groups and immigrantscertain ethnic groups and immigrants to suff to suffer from deprivation (Wilson ,1987, 1993, 1996; Fieldhouse aer from deprivation (Wilson ,1987, 1993, 1996; Fieldhouse and Tye, 1996; Ley and Smith,1997; Kazemipur and Halli, 199nd Tye, 1996; Ley and Smith,1997; Kazemipur and Halli, 1997). 7).


New urban poverty in transitional ChinaNew urban poverty in transitional China The transition towards a market-oriented economy since the The transition towards a market-oriented economy since the

1990s has given rise to new urban poverty in China. The existi1990s has given rise to new urban poverty in China. The existing literature focused on ng literature focused on urban poverty generation, distributiurban poverty generation, distribution of urban poor, typology of poor neighborhoodson of urban poor, typology of poor neighborhoods in transiti in transitional Chinese cities. onal Chinese cities.

The concept of ‘The concept of ‘poverty of transitionpoverty of transition’ examine the root of ’ examine the root of poverty generation from the institutional change perspective poverty generation from the institutional change perspective (Wu F., 2004, 2007). The following aspects of the creation of n(Wu F., 2004, 2007). The following aspects of the creation of new urban poverty are: ew urban poverty are: the adjustment of industrial policy, the the adjustment of industrial policy, the reform of state-owned enterprises, evolution of the householreform of state-owned enterprises, evolution of the household registration system, and the transformation of the welfare d registration system, and the transformation of the welfare statestate (Liu and Wu F., 2006a). (Liu and Wu F., 2006a).

Evidence suggests that there are mainly Evidence suggests that there are mainly three types of povertthree types of poverty neighborhoods—inner-city dilapidated neighborhoods, woy neighborhoods—inner-city dilapidated neighborhoods, workers’ villages and rural migrant enclavesrkers’ villages and rural migrant enclaves (Wu F., 2004; W.P. (Wu F., 2004; W.P. Wu, 2004; Wang,2004; Liu and Wu F., 2006b). Wu, 2004; Wang,2004; Liu and Wu F., 2006b).


New urban poverty in transitional New urban poverty in transitional ChinaChina

When talking about distribution of urban poor, the When talking about distribution of urban poor, the existing literatures pay more attention to absolutely existing literatures pay more attention to absolutely / extremely poor people. It means researchers only / extremely poor people. It means researchers only focus on focus on economic dimensioneconomic dimension of new urban poor of new urban poor and and neglect other dimension of their living neglect other dimension of their living conditionsconditions such as housing, education etc. such as housing, education etc.

Though three typology of poor neighborhoods are Though three typology of poor neighborhoods are identified, researchers didn’t pay enough attention identified, researchers didn’t pay enough attention to their to their discrepancy and mechanismdiscrepancy and mechanism..


Research questions From perspective of multiple deprivation and

living conditions of new urban poor, what is the spatial differentiation of the group?

What is the driving forces and the mechanism?


Theoretic perspectiveTheoretic perspective

In socialist country, income may not (or not yet) be decisive foIn socialist country, income may not (or not yet) be decisive for access to some important resources (Logan and Bian, 1993; r access to some important resources (Logan and Bian, 1993; Logan etc, 1999), and it didn’t have high association with liviLogan etc, 1999), and it didn’t have high association with living conditions of different groups. The new urban poor who wng conditions of different groups. The new urban poor who were in different social status under state socialism had differeere in different social status under state socialism had different living conditions, especially in housing, indoor facilities, ount living conditions, especially in housing, indoor facilities, outer environment and education level etc. ter environment and education level etc.

During transitional era, though these new urban poor have exDuring transitional era, though these new urban poor have experienced unemployment and poverty resulting from the indperienced unemployment and poverty resulting from the industrial restructuring and welfare reform, some institutional faustrial restructuring and welfare reform, some institutional factors are still affecting the living conditions of different poor gctors are still affecting the living conditions of different poor groups which bring spatial differentiation of new urban povertroups which bring spatial differentiation of new urban poverty. Not all new urban poor are in multiple-deprived condition. y. Not all new urban poor are in multiple-deprived condition.


Theoretic perspectiveTheoretic perspective

Specifically, the policies, such as uneven development Specifically, the policies, such as uneven development of urban space and housing provision system in of urban space and housing provision system in socialism, the selected regeneration of government socialism, the selected regeneration of government and market, the housing reform in transition, play and market, the housing reform in transition, play leading roles in creating of two main kinds of spatial leading roles in creating of two main kinds of spatial differentiation of new urban poverty.differentiation of new urban poverty.– Firstly, in the inner city, new urban poverty groups are in Firstly, in the inner city, new urban poverty groups are in

poor living conditions and multiple-deprived. poor living conditions and multiple-deprived. – Secondly, in the inner suburbs, new urban poverty groups Secondly, in the inner suburbs, new urban poverty groups

are in better living conditions and not multiple-deprived. are in better living conditions and not multiple-deprived. From this perspective, the paper highlights that From this perspective, the paper highlights that

deprivation can tell us more on the multiple deprivation can tell us more on the multiple dimensions and spatial differentiation of new urban dimensions and spatial differentiation of new urban poverty in transitional era. poverty in transitional era.

Data and methodsData and methods

Data Data Deprivation indicators are usually obtained from local Deprivation indicators are usually obtained from local

surveys or the national census. There are surveys or the national census. There are disadvantages of relying upon the censusdisadvantages of relying upon the census. . – First, the census is not the best source of data on First, the census is not the best source of data on

deprivation; in fact, it contains deprivation; in fact, it contains no measures of incomeno measures of income or wealth with which to assess poverty; or wealth with which to assess poverty;

– Secondly, the census is Secondly, the census is decennial with no means of decennial with no means of up-datingup-dating individual variables between censuses. individual variables between censuses.

In this paper, the In this paper, the fifth census datafifth census data of Guangzhou was of Guangzhou was combined with combined with MLSP (Minimum Living Standard MLSP (Minimum Living Standard Program) recipients’ dataProgram) recipients’ data from the civil administrative from the civil administrative records. In all, 14 census variables and 10 MLSP records. In all, 14 census variables and 10 MLSP variables were selected for the urban deprivation index variables were selected for the urban deprivation index of Guangzhou. of Guangzhou.

Data and methodsData and methods

Data Data Table 1 lists and defines the variables which Table 1 lists and defines the variables which

are grouped into three main dimensions: are grouped into three main dimensions: economy, housing and educationeconomy, housing and education. . – (1) The economy dimension includes nine variables (1) The economy dimension includes nine variables

representing representing income, employment and family income, employment and family situationsituation. .

– (2) Nine housing-related variables are included in (2) Nine housing-related variables are included in the index representing the index representing floor area, indoor facilities, floor area, indoor facilities, housing expenditurehousing expenditure. .

– (3) The education category includes a direct (3) The education category includes a direct indicator of deprivation—people with a low level of indicator of deprivation—people with a low level of schooling. schooling.

Tab.1 Domains and Variables of urban multiple deprivation of Guangzhou

Domains Variables Definition

Economy

HCI the percentage of MLSP recipients ( the new urban poor) in the total population

PGI poverty gap index

LQUP location quotient for people living below Minimum Living Standard ( the new urban poor)

PUP The percentage of the urban poor in the total urban poor

LQTN location quotient for three-no people

LQWP location quotient for working poor

LQR location quotient for retiree

LQNE location quotient for unemployment

LQUE location quotient for no-employment

LQLO location quotient for lay-off workers

YOUNG The percentage of the total population aged 14 years and below

OLD The percentage of the total population aged 60 years and over

PIW The percentage of industrial workers in the total employees

PLSW The percentage of low-service workers in the total employees

Housing ADA The average floor area of every people in household

ARH The average room of each household

PHK The percentage of household who has no kitchen

PHCF The percentage of household who has no clean fuel

PHS The percentage of household who has no shower

PHT The percentage of household who has no toilet

PHTW The percentage of household who has no water tap

PHBB The percentage of household who pay fifty thousand yuan and below to buy or build houses

PHR The percentage of household who pay fifty yuan and below per month to rent houses

Education LOWEDU The percentage of people with a low level of schooling in the total population

Data and methodsData and methods Method Method

– In the first step, a factor analysis, using an orthogonal rotaIn the first step, a factor analysis, using an orthogonal rotation, is performed on the selected indicators to cover the tion, is performed on the selected indicators to cover the main dimensions of urban deprivation. main dimensions of urban deprivation.

– Then, based on the main factor scores and variances contrThen, based on the main factor scores and variances contribution rate, we calculate the comprehensive score of eacibution rate, we calculate the comprehensive score of each census tract and judge the intensity of urban deprivation.h census tract and judge the intensity of urban deprivation.

– Third, compared with the distribution of urban poor, four Third, compared with the distribution of urban poor, four different types of new spatial pattern can be defined. different types of new spatial pattern can be defined.

Spatial scale Spatial scale – In our study the geographic unit of analysis was the censuIn our study the geographic unit of analysis was the censu

s tract which is the sub-district (street-office areas tract which is the sub-district (street-office area ，， jiedajiedaoo) of city. ) of city.

Analysis of Guangzhou Analysis of Guangzhou

Distribution of urban poor Distribution of urban poor

Through the location quotients for the new Through the location quotients for the new urban poor (Minimum Living Standard urban poor (Minimum Living Standard Program recipients), the residential Program recipients), the residential distribution of the new urban poor in a sub-distribution of the new urban poor in a sub-district can be measured quantitatively. district can be measured quantitatively.

There exists the concentration of urban There exists the concentration of urban poverty which was located in some part of the poverty which was located in some part of the old city center and industrial areas built up in old city center and industrial areas built up in the planned economy. the planned economy.

Fig.3 Location quotient of urban poor on sub-district level

图例贫困区位商

. 09 - . 40

. 41 - 1. 00

1. 01 - 1. 50

1. 51 - 2. 00

2. 01 - 3. 00

Location quotient

Firstly, as a whole, that tFirstly, as a whole, that the middle-western part of he middle-western part of the city has seen higher pthe city has seen higher poverty concentration, beloverty concentration, belonging to the old center aonging to the old center areas of the city. reas of the city.

Secondly, the southern aSecondly, the southern and eastern parts of the citnd eastern parts of the city have seen higher poverty have seen higher poverty concentration, belonginy concentration, belonging to the traditional industg to the traditional industrial areas and their residerial areas and their residential areas built up in diffential areas built up in different times during the planrent times during the planned economy. ned economy.


Distribution of deprivation Distribution of deprivation These patterns may be of four different kinds These patterns may be of four different kinds

(Knox P., Steven P., 2000). (Knox P., Steven P., 2000). AccumulativeAccumulative: : where there is a high degree of spatial where there is a high degree of spatial overlap in the distribution of deprivations, overlap in the distribution of deprivations, resulting in areas of ‘multiple deprivation’. resulting in areas of ‘multiple deprivation’.

When we examine the distribution of five When we examine the distribution of five main factors of deprivation, there exits an main factors of deprivation, there exits an accumulative characteristic of deprivation of accumulative characteristic of deprivation of Guangzhou. Then, the paper calculates the Guangzhou. Then, the paper calculates the comprehensive scores of five main factors on comprehensive scores of five main factors on the level of sub-districts. the level of sub-districts.


Distribution of deprivation Distribution of deprivation

0 is the average scores of sub-districts, the 0 is the average scores of sub-districts, the higher the scores the more deprived in higher the scores the more deprived in multiple dimension.multiple dimension.

All of 97 sub-districts areas are divided into 5 All of 97 sub-districts areas are divided into 5

categories. categories. – the first and second categories, the score of 55 sub-the first and second categories, the score of 55 sub-

districts are lower than average one; districts are lower than average one; – the third to fifth categories, the score of 42 sub-the third to fifth categories, the score of 42 sub-

districts are higher than average one. districts are higher than average one.

A combination of A combination of concentric concentric layers and muti-dots.layers and muti-dots.

Concentric layersConcentric layers:: the compr the comprehensive scores of sub-distriehensive scores of sub-districts decrease from inside to octs decrease from inside to outside, while the most deprivutside, while the most deprived areas are in the inner core.ed areas are in the inner core.

Muti-dotsMuti-dots: : There are several There are several sub-districts with high scoresub-districts with high scores located in the northern-eass located in the northern-east, middle-east and southern-t, middle-east and southern-east of the outer city. east of the outer city.

图例

综合得分- . 54 - - . 33- . 32 - . 00. 01 - . 16. 17 - . 45. 46 - . 92

Fig4 Comprehensive scores of multiple deprivations on sub-district level

Comprehensive scores

Spatial morphology of multiple deprivation Spatial morphology of multiple deprivation


Spatial overlap of the distribution of Spatial overlap of the distribution of urban poverty and multiple urban poverty and multiple deprivation.deprivation.– LQP :location quotients for the new urban LQP :location quotients for the new urban

poor poor – MD: comprehensive scores of five main MD: comprehensive scores of five main

factors factors There are four areas defined as follow There are four areas defined as follow

(Fig. 5): (Fig. 5):

图例

区域划分1234

Poverty-concentrated and multiple-deprived area Poverty-concentrated area without multiple deprivationMutiple-deprived area without poverty concentration Area without multiple-deprivation and poverty concentration

Fig5. New spatial pattern of overlap of poverty and multiple deprivation Guangzhou

① ① poverty-concentrated and mpoverty-concentrated and multiple-deprived area (LQP>ultiple-deprived area (LQP>1, MD>0):1, MD>0): located mainly i located mainly in inner center and partly in tn inner center and partly in the east area of the city.he east area of the city.

② ② poverty-concentrated area wpoverty-concentrated area without multiple deprivation ithout multiple deprivation (LQP>1, MD<=0):(LQP>1, MD<=0): located located mainly on southern and eastmainly on southern and eastern areas, partly on northern ern areas, partly on northern areas of the city.areas of the city.

③ ③ mutiple-deprived area withomutiple-deprived area without poverty concentration (Lut poverty concentration (LQP<=1, MD>0):QP<=1, MD>0): mainly loc mainly located on the northern area of ated on the northern area of the city center and partly on the city center and partly on the east-northern area.the east-northern area.

④ ④ area without multiple-deprivarea without multiple-deprivation and poverty concentraation and poverty concentration (LQP<=1, MD<=0tion (LQP<=1, MD<=0).).

New spatial pattern

图例

区域划分1234

Poverty-concentrated and multiple-deprived area (LQP>1, MD>0)Poverty-concentrated area without multiple deprivation (LQP>1, MD<=0)Mutiple-deprived area without poverty concentration (LQP<=1, MD>0)Area without multiple-deprivation and poverty concentration (LQP<=1, MD<=0)

New spatial pattern

Fig5. New spatial pattern of overlap of poverty and multiple deprivation Guangzhou

A B

Two main kinds of speciTwo main kinds of special areas:al areas:

poverty-concentratpoverty-concentrated and multiple-deped and multiple-deprived arearived area poverty-concentratpoverty-concentrated area without muled area without multiple deprivationtiple deprivation

Analysis of Guangzhou Analysis of Guangzhou Institutional causes and mechanism of new spatial patternInstitutional causes and mechanism of new spatial pattern Firstly, in the inner city, new urban poverty groups are in Firstly, in the inner city, new urban poverty groups are in

poor living conditions and multiple-deprived.poor living conditions and multiple-deprived. – It was matured in early times with lower construction standards It was matured in early times with lower construction standards

compared with today’s. It was under-investment in the background of compared with today’s. It was under-investment in the background of socialist urban development which was driven by the policy of socialist urban development which was driven by the policy of concentrating limited capital to build industrial areas in inner suburbs. concentrating limited capital to build industrial areas in inner suburbs. It was lack of essential maintenance.It was lack of essential maintenance.

– For workers in collectively owned and small enterprises and peripheral For workers in collectively owned and small enterprises and peripheral groups, lower status in the rank system with lower skill and education groups, lower status in the rank system with lower skill and education level, there was no housing provision, and they were domiciled in the level, there was no housing provision, and they were domiciled in the housing provided by the municipal housing bureau in old urban areas. housing provided by the municipal housing bureau in old urban areas.

– In transitional era, some of the inner areas are left out of the In transitional era, some of the inner areas are left out of the redevelopment due to the high density of population and construction redevelopment due to the high density of population and construction and the high socioeconomic cost. The residual residents left are and the high socioeconomic cost. The residual residents left are mainly composed of the elderly, laid-off workers, the unemployed and mainly composed of the elderly, laid-off workers, the unemployed and low income families with lower skill and education level. They had no low income families with lower skill and education level. They had no right to get property of their housing in housing reform and living right to get property of their housing in housing reform and living expenditure increased year by year. expenditure increased year by year.

– These areas became multiple-deprived area: poor people lower with These areas became multiple-deprived area: poor people lower with skill and education level, low quality of outer door environment, lack skill and education level, low quality of outer door environment, lack of indoor facilities and maintenance. of indoor facilities and maintenance.

Analysis of Guangzhou Analysis of Guangzhou Institutional causes and mechanism of new spatial Institutional causes and mechanism of new spatial

patternpattern Secondly, in the inner suburbs, new urban poverty Secondly, in the inner suburbs, new urban poverty

groups are in better living conditions and not multiple-groups are in better living conditions and not multiple-deprived.deprived. – In socialism, the development of industrial areas along with the In socialism, the development of industrial areas along with the

construction of workers’ villages led to the concentration of construction of workers’ villages led to the concentration of workers in state manufacturing industries in the inner suburbs. workers in state manufacturing industries in the inner suburbs. These workers with higher skill and education level were higher in These workers with higher skill and education level were higher in the rank system. These worker’s villages were built according to the rank system. These worker’s villages were built according to urban planning principles and had much better quality of urban planning principles and had much better quality of residential environment than that of inner city. Factories took residential environment than that of inner city. Factories took charge of regeneration of physical environment and this kind of charge of regeneration of physical environment and this kind of areas was still one of the best residential areas in the city ten to areas was still one of the best residential areas in the city ten to fifteen years ago. fifteen years ago.

– During the housing reform, most of workers got the property of During the housing reform, most of workers got the property of their houses at very lower prices. Though most of them are their houses at very lower prices. Though most of them are unemployment and poor now, they are not absolutely proletarian. unemployment and poor now, they are not absolutely proletarian.

– Different levels of municipal governments pay more attention to Different levels of municipal governments pay more attention to workers’ re-employment and regeneration of physical workers’ re-employment and regeneration of physical environment of workers’ villages which is easer to realize. environment of workers’ villages which is easer to realize.

A: inner city B: inner suburb

Housing Floor space per person (m2) 9.8 17.6Average residential time per person (Year)

32.44 23.99

Housing property(％ ) 27.78 86.7Increasing multiple of housing expenditurea

2.74 0.98

Living environment

Percentage of satisfaction with indoor facilities(％ )

22.2 35.6

Percentage of satisfaction with outdoor environment (％ )

12.9 51.1

Percentage of green area(％ ) 2 25Percentage of the third type architectures (％ )b

46.1 26

Employment of householder

Percentage of lay-off and unemployment(％ )

27.8 20.8

Percentage of pensioner(％ ) 26.79 23.74Occupation of householder

worker 58.1 77.3Low-services 23.3 4.4Others 18.6 18.3

Sector and work unit type of householder

State-owned enterprises (％ ) 33.3 91.1Collective-owned enterprises (％ )

20.4 1.2

Others (self-employed and non-state workers) (％ )

46.3 7.7

Education of householder

Percentage of people with 9 years or below education (％ ) 27.88 26.67

Tab.2 Characteristics of housing, environment, economy and education of two neighborhoods

Sources: Survey of households in two neighborhoods conducted in January 2005 and May 2007, 300 households, 150 per neighborhoodNotes: a: housing expenditure per month per household includes housing rent or loan and managing fee of property; the comparing time is 2005 and 1995.b: Percentage of the third type architectures: the percentage of floor areas of the worst quality architectures in total floor areas according to the standards of Urban Planning Bureau of Guangzhou

Conclusion and Discussion Conclusion and Discussion

Two main kinds of special areas by overlapping of Two main kinds of special areas by overlapping of poverty and multiple deprivation, one of which is poverty and multiple deprivation, one of which is multiple deprived area with poverty concentration multiple deprived area with poverty concentration mainly distributed in inner-city, and the other of which mainly distributed in inner-city, and the other of which is poverty-based area without multiple deprivation is poverty-based area without multiple deprivation mainly located in inner suburb. mainly located in inner suburb.

In sum, this spatial differentiation of new urban In sum, this spatial differentiation of new urban poverty is rooted in the uneven outcome of spatial poverty is rooted in the uneven outcome of spatial policy both in socialist and transitional China. While policy both in socialist and transitional China. While some policies in socialist such as inequality in socialist some policies in socialist such as inequality in socialist urban development and housing provision system urban development and housing provision system sowed the seeds of spatial differentiation, some polices sowed the seeds of spatial differentiation, some polices in transitional era such as inequality in housing reform, in transitional era such as inequality in housing reform, selected regeneration of urban poor communities play selected regeneration of urban poor communities play important roles in spatial differentiation. important roles in spatial differentiation.

Socialist urban developmen

t

Socialist housing provision

Inner city

Housing reform policy

Inner suburb

Fig Mechanism of Spatial differentiation of new urban poverty

Opportunity of community regeneration

Construction standard

Selected regeneration by government

and market

Rank of working unit and residents constitute

Occupation and re-employment of residents

Living expenditure （ eg. housing ） of families

Physical characteristics of neighborhood

Social characteristics of neighborhood

Planned economy

Transitional era

Poverty-concentrated and multiple-deprived areas

Poverty-concentrated area without multiple deprivation

Spatial differentiation of new urban poverty

Conclusion and Discussion Conclusion and Discussion

On the whole, this research has focused on the On the whole, this research has focused on the impacts of institutional factors; however, it has not impacts of institutional factors; however, it has not shed light on the individual and market factors.shed light on the individual and market factors.

Future research should pay more attention to the life Future research should pay more attention to the life chances of the urban poor, the location and chances of the urban poor, the location and transportation of poor neighborhood, asking how the transportation of poor neighborhood, asking how the institutional policy may intersect with individual and institutional policy may intersect with individual and market factors to produce spatial differentiation of market factors to produce spatial differentiation of new urban poverty in transitional era. new urban poverty in transitional era.

Based on two main the kinds of special areas divided Based on two main the kinds of special areas divided by the research, economic policy should be adopted in by the research, economic policy should be adopted in the poverty-based area without multiple deprivation, the poverty-based area without multiple deprivation, while a package of regeneration schemas will be while a package of regeneration schemas will be applied to multiple deprived areas with poverty applied to multiple deprived areas with poverty concentration. concentration.

Thank Thank you!you!

multiple deprivation in transitional chinese cities: a case study of guangzhou

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