multimedia cartography

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Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14

Multimedia cartography


KevinVisualizing Space and Time


Kevin’s presentation

reviewers 1A game junkie.

reviewers 2A Minimalist, “a paper map is the one and only”.

reviewers 3“summarize and write down what they

liked/disliked about the presentation”reviewers 4

Mrs./Mr. Methodology


Link to presentation


What is for us the biggest change in going from a traditional paper map to an internet map?

How is it going with SVG?


How to define the following symbol in SVG?

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Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14 Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14

Today’s topics

• Multimedia– Definitions– Benefits– Application of different media

• Multimedia cartography• Cartographic animations

– Animation variables– Categories of animations


Multimedia definition

multi~ many, numerous (lat.)

media1. an object on which data can represented

and/or stored, e.g. paper, internet, CD

2. form of communicating spatial information, e.g. graphics, text, animation, audio etc.


Multimedia definition

“… the interaction of multiple forms of media supported by the computer."

Cartwright et al. (1999)

“… the use of computers to present text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an integrated way.”

http://www.webopedia.com/


Multimedia characteristics

1. interactivity, i.e. user controls in real time the course of the presentation

2. diversity of media to represent information

3. concurrent presentation of different media, i.e. user perceives different media at the same time


1. Interactivity

Bush, Vannevar (1945)– “MEMEX, a multi-dimensional diary

with links to all connected things...”– concept of hypertext, i.e. to link different

documents through text, buttons, icons etc. – hypertext enables non-linear navigation

hypermedia

http://history.sandiego.edu/

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1. Interactivity

hyperlink is the basis for any interactivity

Peterson (1999)


1. Interactivity

‘one-way’ information flow replaced by a ‘dual-way’ information flow, i.e.– user controls her way through information

meeting her needs according to contents, sequence and pace

– map becomes one media among others and a portal to a comprehensive set of information

“user from that of a passive information receiver to that of an active information manager”

Liber (1999)


1. Interactivity

How could interactivity help to make a campus map more useful?

http://onestop.umn.edu/Maps/campusmaps.html Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14

Multimedia characteristics

1. interactivity, i.e. user controls in real time the course of the presentation

2. diversity of media to represent information

3. concurrent presentation of different media, i.e. user perceives different media at the same time


Why to use different media …

“our cognition”, complex process in which information is grasped, selected and stored in memory

1. information is selected by different senses and sent to short-term memory

2. split up into linguistic and pictorial information3. up to 7 information units4. information is eliminated unless enhanced or

repeated5. stored in long-term memory again as “text”

and “picture”Dransch (2000) Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14


“our cognition”, complex process in which information is grasped, selected and stored in memory

Slocum et al. (2004)

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• increase important information by repeating and combining different media

• avoid the overload of a single sense (e.g. navigation) by using different media

• double encoding of information by combining textual and pictorial information

• support creation of mental models (e.g. maps for spatial information, animation for dynamic processes)

Dransch (2000) Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14

Different media (after Encarnacao 1997)

• Text– detailed and informative (technical) descriptions– narrations– interaction: instructions and verbal feedback

• Images– static objects and structures from real world– temporal snapshots of dynamic objects and

structures



• Graphics– pictographic representation of non-spatial and

spatial information– through diagrams, graphs, maps etc.– several “temporal snapshots” comparative

informationMore on maps later …



– several “temporal snapshots” comparative information

Schroeder et al. (2005)



• Sounds– additional, exact descriptions of other media– repetitive or persuasive information– entertainment

• Videos/Animations– dynamic objects and processes from the real

world– visualization of complex structures – entertainment

SOTOMO (2004) Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14

Different media

• smell?!

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Different media

application of a medium based on one of the following functions that it can fulfill (after Dransch2000)

• demonstration• putting into context• construction of mental models• motivation


Different mediademonstration – context – construction – motivation

help the user to get a comprehensive idea of a phenomenon

fulfilled by– maps: spatial context– graphics & pictures– audio (e.g. demo of loudness)

– virtual reality (e.g. model of a planned project)



help the user to see information in a greater context

fulfilled by– maps: spatial context– spoken text: additional information– graphics: comparison to other units



help the user to create complex mental models based on abstract representations

fulfilled by– maps– graphics– animations



should make the user curious and interested, most often through highly interactive and dynamic media

fulfilled by animations or videos (e.g. fly-through)

Cartography Dept., U of Vienna (2003)Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14


“the combination of a Cartographer/User-controlled geographical informationvisualization package, provided with Multimedia Cartography, enables the ‘preferred’ method of viewing information, from the user’s perspective”

Cartwright et al (2001)

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potential roles of maps are– models of spatial reality– organizers (map as the link between different

media types)– spatial navigation tool across scales and themes– interface to a geographic database (“elements

as hot spots”)



1. combine maps with other medialead to a more realistic image of real world

(function of demonstration and putting into context)

AV Karte 0/3a (2000)Peter Sykora (2002)



2. different representations of spatial informationdifferent view points = different findings(construction of complex models)

MW state % urban populationIllinois 0.88Indiana 0.71Iowa 0.61Kansas 0.71Michigan 0.75Minnesota 0.71Missouri 0.69Nebraska 0.70North Dakota 0.56Ohio 0.77Wisconsin 0.68South Dakota 0.52



2. different representations of spatial informationdifferent view points = different findings(construction of complex models)

Slocum et al. (2004)



3. different access points to spatial informationsupport varying learning approaches(function of motivation)

Cartwright (1999, 2003) proposes alternatives to the map metaphor “GeoExploratarium”– storyteller, navigator, guide, sage, game player

etc.



Image of Cartwright 2003 or even link and demo

Cartwright (1999, 2003)

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4. MM elements provide fun & action, i.e. motivate learning and exploration

~ “Edutainment” (Taylor 1999)

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/geospy/


Back to the campus map …

Goal = MM campus map

– Does MM make sense here?– What information to include through which

media?


Cartographic animation

~ map animation, dynamic mapping

‘‘cartographic displays having a succession of maps pertaining to the same area whose content changes in relation to the independent variable – time’’

Weber and Buttenfield (1993)


Cartographic animation

• a dynamic visual statement (map) that evolves through change in the display

• depicts something that would not be evident through static maps, that is what happens between each state is more important than the individual change; after Peterson (1995)

• phenomena appear as “dynamic rather than static entities” Thrower (1959)

How to express change over time with static maps?


Visual variables for animationduration – rate of change – order

• the length of time a state (frame) is displayed– short duration smooth animation– long duration choppy animation



• ratio of the magnitude of change between states and the duration of each state

Slocum (1999)

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• sequence in which scenes are represented– chronological change vs. importance


Categories of animations

• based on possible interaction– presentation animation

the animation is “view-only” with the potential of controlling the speed and pausing

– interactive animationuser controls the course of the animation e.g.

through zooming, panning, ‘answering questions’ etc.


Categories of animations

• based on what is emphasized– Change of a phenomena– Location of a phenomena– Attribute of a phenomena


Categories of animationschange – location – attribute

… relates to a change– in position, e.g. mean population center of US, fly-

throughs

– in attribute, e.g. population density of census tracts

Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14Schroeder et al. (2005) Principles of Cartogrpahy GEOG3511/5511 week 14Schroeder et al. (2005)

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… relates to a change– in position, e.g. mean population center of US, fly-

throughs

– in attribute, e.g. population density of census tracts

– in shape, size, extent, e.g. urban growth

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/populationestimates/svg_pyramid/PP6101_4.svgz



… emphasize the change of a phenomena’s locations or the occurrence of a phenomena at different locations

http://www.ciesin.org/datasets/cdc-nci/a.mpg



… emphasize an attribute by highlighting selected portions of it

e.g. sequencing, i.e. a map is displayed piece by piece


How to get started with MM cartography …

• “dumb cinema” (-;• PPT and GIF animations• SVG allows to animate a wide variety of an

element’s variable (e.g. color, object along path) e.g. morphing from carto.net

• authoring systems, such as Macromedia Director or Adobe Premiere


What you should know …

• What does multimedia mean?• What media are used?• What are the benefits of multimedia?• Which roles can maps play in multimedia

applications?• What are cartographic animations?• How to group cartographic animations?

Next week is also review session x 2 …

multimedia cartography

Documents