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THESIS
MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (D-InSAR) AND ITS APPLICATION TO
MONITORING LAND SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
PUTU EDI YASTIKA
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015
THESIS
MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (D-InSAR) AND ITS APPLICATION TO
MONITORING LAND SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
PUTU EDI YASTIKA
NIM 1391261009
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM
GRADUATE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015
ii
MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL
INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (D-InSAR) AND
ITS APPLICATION TO MONITORING LAND SURFACE
DISPLACEMENTS
Thesis to Get Master Degree at Graduate Study of Environmental Science
Postgraduate Program Udayana University
PUTU EDI YASTIKA
NIM 1391261009
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM
GRADUATE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015
iii
AGREEMENT SHEET
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED
ON AUGUST 25th, 2015
Knowing,
Head of Graduate Study
on Environmental Science
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.
NIP. 196703031994031002
Director of
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University
Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K).
NIP. 195902151985102001
iv
Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture
Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements
Thesis
Thesis to Get Master Degree
At Graduate Study of Environmental Science
Postgraduate Program Udayana University
By:
Putu Edi Yastika
Approved by:
Committee Member,
Asst. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa
Committee Member,
Prof. I Wayan Arthana, MS. PhD.
NIP. 196007281986091001
Committee Member,
Dr. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si.
NIP. 196805111993031003
Committee Member,
Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.
NIP. 196703031994031002
Head of Committee,
Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD.
NIP. 195611021983031001
v
This Thesis Has Been Examined and Assessed
By the Examiner Committees of Postgraduate Program Udayana University
On August 13th, 2014
Based on the Letter of Agreement from Rector of Udayana University
Number : 2470/UN.14.4/HK/2015
Date : August 7th, 2015
The Examiner Committees are:
Head of Examiner : Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD.
Members:
1. Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.
2. Prof. Ir. I Wayan Arthana, MS, PhD.
3. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M. Si.
4. Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa
vi
STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM
The undersigned below:
Name : Putu Edi Yastika
Students ID : 1391261009
Dates of Born : Bengkel, August 2nd 1990
Address : Jalan Pendidikan, Gang Baja III/8 Denpasar
Thesis Title : Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential
Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR)
and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements
Hereby declare that the scientific work is plagiarism free. If in the future
prove to have plagiarism in scientific work, and then I am willing to accept
sanctions in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Republic number 17
in 2010 and regulations applicable in the Republic of Indonesia.
Denpasar, August 2015
I respectfully,
Putu Edi Yastika
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Om Swastyastu Awignam Astu Nama Sidham, I am grateful to Ida Sang
Hyang Widhi Wasa the almighty God for the good health and wellbeing that were
necessary to complete this Thesis.
It is with great pleasure that I present my sincere thanks to all those who
helped me to complete this work.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Norikazu Shimizu,
my supervisors, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful
suggestions to finishing this research through dozens of research meeting. I would
also like to thank Professor Tasuku Tanaka, for his advice and support in keeping
my progress on schedule.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Masanobu Shimada for his valuable advice and
knowledge to enhancing this research. My sincere thanks also to Dr. Luhur Bayuaji,
Professor David Sandwell and Dr. Xiaopeng Tong for their valuable assistance to
installing and configuring GMTSAR on my PC.
I would like to thank all the examiner in Yamaguchi University for
accepting to review my work: Professor Fusanori Miura, Professor Tasuku Tanaka,
Associate Professor Motoyuki Suzuki and Dr. Sinichiro Nakashima. I also would
like to thank all the examiner in Udayana University for the reviewing on this work:
Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD., Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS., Prof.
Ir. I Wayan Arthana, MS, PhD., Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M. Si., and Ass. Prof. Dr.
Takahiro Osawa and also to Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K) as a director
of Post Graduate program of Udayana University.
I am belong to double degree program between Udayana University and
Yamaguchi University, many thanks to both universities principal for the chance,
facility and accepting me in this program. A lot of thanks also to the Government
of Republic of Indonesia for the financial support through the BUPKLN (Beasiwa
Unggulan Luar Negeri) scholarship.
I would like to thanks all of parties who, providing the data used in this
research: JAXA for the Alos-Palsar Data, NASA for the DEM data and Dr.Abidin
and Dr.Irwan Gumelar from the Geodesy Research of ITB for the GPS data on
Semarang.
viii
I wish to thank all Professor and Lecturer from Udayana and Yamaguchi
University who involved in my program study for the valuable knowledge and
experiences.
Special thanks to all friends belong to Shimizu Laboratory and Shinji
Laboratory: Uesaka san, Furuyama, Ito, Fujimoto, Kawaguchi, Okazaki, Ichihara,
Sakai, Nakashima, Sasaki, Kobayashi, Hayashi, Sakamoto, Terada, Iwamoto,
Okuda, Amafuji, Suma and Taguchi for the spirit support, hospitality, help and
convenient environment to study. I also thanks to all of my friend from Udayana
University: Rian, Arto, Hanggar, Yogi, Shanti, Putri, Nita, Olive, Tri, Ardi, Riri,
Dhita, Martiwi, Masita and many others for support and friendship.
The last, but not least I wish to thank my beloved Mother (Komang Yastini),
Father (Ketut Rauh) and Brother (Kadek Rudiantika) for their support, motivations,
loves and prayers. Also thanks to beloved Dian Meita Sari for hers loves,
motivations and patience.
Denpasar, August 2015
Putu Edi Yastika
ix
ABSTRAK
Analisis Multi-Temporal untuk Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture
Radar (D-InSAR) dan Aplikasinya untuk Pemantauan Pergeseran
Permukaan Tanah
Tingkat penurunan permukaan tanah (land subsidence) di Semarang telah
diamati dengan teknik D-InSAR berdasarkan data ALOS PALSAR pada orbit
ascending dan descending. D-InSAR diproses dengan menggunakan software
GMTSAR dan ArcGIS. Dua jenis strategi yaitu Single D-InSAR dan Multi-
Temporal D-InSAR dipilih untuk diaplikasikan pada studi ini. Untuk menghapus
komponen topografi menggunakan data DEM SRTM3 dan ASTER1DEM,
sejumlah 67 pasang inteferogram telah dihasilkan. Daerah timur laut dan daerah
pantai teramati telah terjadi penurunan muka tanah sekitar 200-320 mm selama 4
tahun atau rata-rata tingkat 50-80 mm / tahun. Karena daerah barat laut dan daerah
pusat, memiliki tingkat penurunan yang lebih rendah dan bahkan tidak ada
penurunan yang teramati, daerah ini tampaknya lebih stabil membandingkan daerah
timur laut. Fase dari komponen topografi yang dihapus dari interferogram dengan
menggunakan SRTM3 DEM dan data DEM ASTER1, keduanya menghasilkan
hasil yang sangat mirip dengan nilai korelasi 0,995. Ambang batas koherensi
merupakan faktor penting untuk mendapatkan akurasi yang lebih baik, tetapi jika
pengaturan ambang batas terlalu tinggi, proses interferensi akan gagal dan tidak
mampu mendapatkan hasil di banyak daerah. Perpendicular baseline dan temporal
baseline merupakan faktor penting untuk menentukan ambang batas koherensi.
Dengan menggunakan banyak SAR data, Multi-Temporal D-InSAR diterapkan, dan
dengan memilih hanya pada interferogram yang dianggap baik, keakuratan hasilnya
akan meningkat. Nilai korelasi hasil dari Multi-Temporal D-InSAR dengan GPS
meningkat dari 0,63 menjadi 0,77. Untuk memperkirakan penurunan muka tanah
akhir, pengabungan metode Multi-Temporal D-InSAR dan metode hiperbolik
diusulkan dalam penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan penggabungan dua metode
tersebut, subsidence akhir diperkirakan mencapai lebih dari 50 cm dan terjadi lebih
dari 50 tahun untuk stabil.
Kata Kunci: ALOS-PALSAR, D-InSAR, GPS, Metode hiperbolik, Multi-
Temporal method, Penurunan permukaan tanah.
x
ABSTRACT
Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture
Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements
Land subsidence rate in Semarang has been observed by D-InSAR
technique based on ALOS-PALSAR data on ascending and descending orbits,
which is processed by GMTSAR and ArcGIS software. Two kind of strategy
namely single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR has been done. By
employing SRTM3 and ASTER1 DEM data to remove the topography component,
total 67 pairs of inteferogram has generated. Northeast area and shoreline area has
largest subsided about 200-320 mm for 4 years or average rate 50-80 cm/year. Since
the northwest area and center area has lower subsidence rate and even no
remarkable subsidence occurred, this area seems to be stable comparing the
northeast area. Removing the topography component phase to get displacement
phase from the phase interferogram by using SRTM3 DEM and ASTER1 DEM
data respectively, the both results coincided with 0.995 correlation value. The
coherence threshold is an important factor to get better accuracy, but if setting the
threshold too high, the process of interference will be failed and not be able to obtain
the results in a lot of area. The perpendicular baseline and the temporal baseline
(time period) is an important factor to determining the coherence threshold. By
using many scenes the Multi-Temporal D-InSAR was applied, and by selecting only
good pairs of the scenes the accuracy of the results will be improved. The
correlation value for GPS data eventually increased from 0.63 to 0.77. In order to
estimate the final subsidence, a method coupling the Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and
hyperbolic method was proposed in this study. By using the method the final
subsidence was predicted to reach more than 50 cm and to take more than 50 years
for settling down.
Keywords: ALOS-PALSAR, D-InSAR, GPS, Hyperbolic method, Land
Subsidence, Multi-Temporal method.
xi
SUMMARY
Putu Edi Yastika, Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry
Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land
Surface Displacements
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful
technology for observing the Earth surface, especially for mapping the Earth's
topography and deformations (Hanssen, 2003). From previous study on InSAR
concludes, some factor affected on its accuracy. These factors affected on the
coherence of two images, and determination of coherence threshold become the
important point. Another factor severely decreasing the accuracy of InSAR is
atmospheric disturbance. Many scientist are study in mitigating on atmospheric
effect on InSAR such as, Shimada (2014), Xiao-li (2008), and Wadge (2002).
Removing the atmospheric effects especially by ionospheric disturbance needs
sophisticated technique and programs and this problems is challenging on
improvement of InSAR accuracy.
Although the application of D-InSAR by single pair interferogam has a
good result, but when applying to derive the subsidence for long periods, it is will
lose their coherence. Time series analysis by using only single inferogram also not
possible, because of that in this study not only generating for single inteferogram
but also multi-temporal interferogram. By applying the multi-temporal
interferogram method the land subsidence behavior of the chosen observation point
can be obtained.
The study area is Semarang City Indonesia, this is the main city in Central
Java with a dense population which industry activity as a main business. Semarang
extremely threatened by land subsidence that make some buildings and
infrastructure sinking to the ground. Land subsidence phenomena in Semarang has
been observed by many researcher with various method and discipline such as
InSAR method (Kuehn et al., 2009, Leveling method (Marfai and King 2005),
Gravity method (Sarkowi et al., 2005) and Global Positioning System (GPS) by
Geodesy Reseach group of Institute of Technology Bandung ITB (Abidin et al.,
2008-present). Monitoring of land subsidence in this area should be continued and
the accuracy should be improved especially on D-InSAR technique. This research
result compared to Geodesy research group (ITB) results, as a validation of the
InSAR result to the GPS result.
All pairs both of ascending and descending direction data has been
processed, the coherence, phase interferogram, phase filtering, phase masking,
phase unwraping and geocoding has been done by using GMTSAR. Single D-
InSAR has a bigger correlation to GPS data instead of Multi-Temporal D-InSAR in
this case. Comparing to GPS data single D-InSAR has root mean squared error
(RMSE) 4.27 cm for observation during 2008-2009 and 5.47 cm for 2009-2010
respectively. On the other hand RMSE value of multi-temporal D-InSAR is 4.57
xii
cm for observation during 2008-2009 and 5.21 cm for 2009-2010 respectively.
By setting the higher coherence threshold in D-InSAR resulting the higher
correlation to the GPS data which is 0.84576 while coherence threshold set at 0.25
comparing to 0.69893 while coherence threshold set at 0.13. The RMSE for
threshold at 0.25 also smaller than threshold at 0.13. In general higher coherence
threshold will lead better accuracy in subsidence monitoring. But the higher
coherence threshold resulting many area loss of their data.
Although subsidence rate derived by multi-temporal D-InSAR has worse
correlation than single D-InSAR comparing to GPS data, but multi-temporal D-
InSAR providing the time series analysis which that is impossible in single D-
InSAR. There are three major pattern of land subsidence in Semarang, North east
area seem has a largest subsidence comparing to another area.
By using ArcGIS software, the map of Subsidence rate can be made based
on multi-temporal D-InSAR results. Subsidence rate for 4 years derived by using
multi-temporal D-InSAR which the topography phase removed by using SRTM3-
DEM. Northeast area and shoreline area seem has largest subsidence range 200-320
mm for 4 years or average rate 50-80 mm/year, at the northwest area subsidence
observed at lower rate about 20-80 mm for 4 years or 5-20 mm/year in center area
there is no subsidence or slightly uplifted relative to reference point.
In order to predict the final subsidence, the hyperbolic method (Tan, et al
1991) is adopted in this study. From those results, Semarang city will settle down
for some decades into future. In the area including the point RMPA the subsidence
may continue for more than 73 years and will exceed more than 82 cm. The periods
of subsidence depend on ground condition of those area, which is composed by
alluvium with low permeability. On the other hand, the point 1124 and K370 which
lies on sandy and gravel area has shorter periods to reach the final subsidence
conditions that is not more than 3 decades and also amount of subsidence is smaller
than other points. The estimation of final subsidence by coupling on Multi-
Temporal D-InSAR and Hyperbolic method was proposed in this study.
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INSIDE COVER i
PREREQUISITE ii
AGREEMENT SHEET iii
APPROVED BY COMMITTEES iv
EXAMINERS OF THESIS v
STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
ABSTRAK ix
ABSTRACT x
SUMMARY xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxi
LIST OF APPENDIX xxiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problems Formula 4
1.3 Research Objectives 4
1.4 Benefit of the Research 5
CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY 6
2.1 Remote Sensing 6
2.1.1 Definitions 6
2.1.2 Types of Remote Sensing 7
2.2 Radar Remote Sensing 8
2.2.1 Radar Remote Sensing Satellites 9
2.2.2 ALOS-PALSAR System Overview 10
2.3 Basic Concept of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 13
xiv
2.3.1 Observation Geometry and Principles of SAR
Imaging 16
2.3.2 SAR Geometric Resolution 17
2.3.3 Geometrical Effects Introduced by SAR 21
2.4 Interferometry SAR (InSAR) Basic 26
2.4.1 Geometrical Equations of CT-InSAR 27
2.4.2 Contributors to Signal Phase 29
2.4.3 Coherence 30
2.4.4 Applications 31
2.5 Differential InSAR (D-InSAR) 32
2.5.1 D-InSAR Processing to Land Deformation
Monitoring 32
2.5.2 Derivation of Land Subsidence from LOS
Displacement 35
2.6 D-InSAR Processor, GMTSAR 36
2.7 Reviews of Application of D-InSAR to Land Displace-
ment Monitoring 39
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPT 41
3.1 Research Framework 41
3.2 Research Concept 42
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHOD 44
4.1 Study Area 44
4.2 Data Collections 45
4.2.1 Primary Data 45
4.2.1.1 SAR Images 45
4.2.1.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data 48
4.2.2 Secondary Data 50
4.3 D-InSAR Generation by Images on Ascending Orbit 51
4.3.1 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Single D-InSAR 53
4.3.2 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Multi-Temporal
D-InSAR 53
4.3.3 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Avoid Ionos-
pheric and Orbital Error on Multi-Temporal 54
4.4 D-InSAR Generation by Images on Descending Orbit 55
xv
4.5 Land Subsidence Derivation Flowchart 55
CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 57
5.1 Results of D-InSAR on Ascending Orbits 57
5.1.1 Coherence 58
5.1.2 Phase Interferogram 59
5.1.3 Line of Sight (LOS) Displacement 59
5.2 Results of Descending Orbits 60
5.2.1 Coherence 60
5.2.2 Phase Interferogram 61
5.2.3 Line of Sight (LOS) Displacement 61
5.3 Discussions of Ascending Results 61
5.3.1 Phase Interferogram Pairs for Derive Subsidence
By Single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR 61
5.3.2 Subsidence Rates for Each Observation point Deri-
ved by Single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal D-
InSAR 62
5.3.3 Comparison of Single and Multi-Temporal D-
InSAR Result with GPS data 64
5.3.3.1 SRTM3 DEM and ASTER1 DEM Issues 69
5.3.3.2 The Coherence Thresholds Issues 71
5.3.4 Subsidence Rate inn Time Series Analysis 74
5.3.5 Correction of Multi-Temporal D-InSAR From
Ionospheric and Orbital Error 83
5.4 Discussions of Descending Results 94
5.5 Comparison of Ascending and Descending Results 96
5.6 Map of Subsidence Rate of Semarang City 102
5.7 Prediction of Land Subsidence by Using Hyperbolic
Method 104
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGETION 110
6.1 Conclusion 110
6.2 Suggestion 111
REFERENCES 112
APPENDICES 115
xvi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
2.1 Frequency and wavelength for microwave bands (Lusch, 1999) 8
2.2 Processing Levels and Their Definitions 11
2.3 Processing Levels of Observational Modes 12
2.4 File names and its content on ALOS-PALSAR product format 12
2.5 Selected fields of SAR application examples. Note that not all
applications are in practical use; many applications are still at
developing stages Ouchi,2013) 14
2.6 Highlights of SAR History with space emphasis, modified from USA
SAR Marine User’s Manual 15
4.1a ALOS-PALSAR data set on ascending orbit used in the study, all
data has same observation path number (431) and same Center
frame number (7040) 46
4.1b ALOS-PALSAR data set on Descending orbit, that use in the study,
all data has same observation path number (96) and same Center
frame number (3760) 47
4.2 Data acquisition date of ALOS-PALSAR and GPS 47
4.3 The Comparison of ASTER GDEM data and SRTM3 DEM
data (jspacesystems.or.jp, 2015) 49
4.4 Interferogram pairs information for ascending orbit 54
5.1 Baseline perpendicular information for each pair on ascending orbit 57
5.2 Baseline perpendicular information of each pair has generated 60
5.3 Correlation value and RMSE for both of coherence threshold
(0.13 and 0.25) for Single and Multi-temporal D-InSAR 74
5.4 Results of subsidence parameter to predict the land
subsidence by hyperbolic fitting method, and its results 109
xvii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
2.1 Satellite radar system available now and into the future 9
2.2 Picture of Alos satellite with the its parts (eorc.jaxa) 11
2.3 SAR geometry (1): Off-nadir angle (2): Depression angel
(3): Range beam width (4): Incidence angle (5): Azimuth beam
width (source: Restec/Jaxa) 16
2.4 The illustration how SAR work to make an radar imagery
(adopted and modified from Restec/Jaxa) 17
2.5 The relationship between the ground range (Δx) and slant range (ΔR).
The distance (height) of spacecraft from the ground surface
represent as H 18
2.6 Top view of SAR antenna imaging a point reflector (P) 19
2.7 Schematic illustration showing how mountainous terrain can create
noise through layover and shadow effects (Farretti et al, 2007) 22
2.8 Illustration of foreshortening effect on radar imaging
system. Foreshortening effect occurs as long as the slope of the
terrain is smaller than the local incidence angle 24
2.9 An example of SAR image of Mount Fuji Japan. Yellow circle
area in the image severely affected by shadow, dark color representing
no energy backscattered from those are 25
2.10 Illustration of Geometry of repeat pass CT-InSAR (left) and
AT-InSAR (right) 26
2.11 InSAR geometry: B-the base line; Br-the radial base line;
Bn-the normal baseline (Lazarov, 2010) 27
2.12 Flow chart of focusing process to form Single Look Complex (SLC)
image from raw SAR image 33
2.13 Illustration of processing stage to obtain Line of Sight (LOS)
displacement by D-InSAR technique, (source: Wang, etal 2013) 35
2.14 Illustrations of the relation between LOS displacement and
subsidence or vertical displacement (Z) observed in
ascending and descending direction (A) 36
2.15 Flow diagram of two-pass processing in GMTSAR 37
3.1 Research Flowchart 42
3.2 Research concept 43
xviii
4.1 Semarang city location on a map (Google earth image, 2015) 45
4.2 An example of superimposed of phase InSAR image to DEM image 48
4.3 Images of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Semarang city
and surrounding area to remove topography phase in this study,
(A) for ASTER DEM and (B) for SRTM3 DEM 50
4.4 The GPS stations for land subsidence in Semarang city by
Abidin et al (2012) 51
4.5 Flow diagram of two-pass processing in GMTSAR 56
5.1 Subsidence rate for 2008-2009 of each observation points
observed by GPS and D-InSAR. Subsidence period taken by
GPS and D-InSAR in July 2008-June 2009 63
5.2 Subsidence rate for 2009-2010 of each observation points
observed by GPS and D-InSAR. Subsidence data taken by GPS
for June 2009-July 2010, while for June 2009-June 2010
by D-InSAR 63
5.3 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single
D-InSAR (dem SRTM3) for subsidence during 2008-2009 65
5.4 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem ASTER1) for subsidence during 2008-2009 66
5.5 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2009-2010 67
5.6 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single
D-InSAR (dem ASTER1) for subsidence during 2009-2010 68
5.7 Correlation of Multi-Temporal D-Insar obtained by utilizing
SRTM3 DEM data and ASTER1 DEM data to remove topography
phase during observation in 2008-2009 69
5.8 Correlation of Multi-Temporal D-Insar obtained by utilizing SRTM3
DEM data and ASTER1 DEM data to remove topography phase
during observation in 2009-2010 70
5.9 Chart of the difference in the altitude direction from DEM and
SAR in relationship with Baseline perpendicular for ALOS-PALSAR
(GSI, 2004) 71
5.10 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2008-2009 where
the coherence threshold is 0.25 72
xix
5.11 Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2009-2010 where
the coherence threshold is 0.25 73
5.12 In this Figure showing the pattern of subsidence globally,
for each observation point obtained by Multi-Temporal
D-InSAR on ascending orbit 75
5.13 Pattern of land subsidence of 12 observation points derived
by Multi-Temporal D-InSAR during Jan 2007-Dec 2010 78
5.14 There are 3 major pattern of land subsidence in Semarang city
distinguished in dash orange circle, blue circle and black area 83
5.15 Phase Interferograms pair state 84
5.16 Comparison of subsidence pattern obtained by Multi-Temporal
D-InSAR before corrected (orange lines) and after excluding
the pairs that suspected has large error (after corrected) represent
by blue lines 86
5.17 The Subsidence pattern of each observation point during
Jan 2007- Dec 2010 derive by multi-temporal D-InSAR after
correction on its combination 90
5.18 Subsidence rate for 2009-2010 of each observation points
observed by GPS and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR before and after
corrected 93
5.19 Correlation of subsidence data derived by GPS and
Multi-Temporal D-InSAR after and before correction of pair
combination land subsidence observation during 2009-2010 94
5.20 Phase interferogram state of Descending direction images 95
5.21 Subsidence rate of each observations points relative to reference
point (SMG1) during September 2007-August 2009,
observed at descending orbit 96
5.22 Comparison of subsidence for each points observed at ascending
and descending orbits during June-September 2007 97
5.23 Comparison of subsidence for each points observed at ascending
and descending orbits during September 2007-December 2008 97
5.24 Comparison of the subsidence pattern in time series analysis
observed at ascending orbits and descending direction for
selected observation points 99
xx
5.25 Map of Subsidence rate map of the Semarang city derived
by ALOS-PALSAR Multi-Temporal D-InSAR for 4 years
(Jan 2007 –Dec 2010) 103
5.26 Land subsidence in Semarang during January 2007 to Dec 2010
derived by ALOS-PALSAR data using Multi-Temporal D-InSAR
methods, superimposed on the Google eye image was taken
on March 2007 104
5.27 Landsat 7 image (gap-filled, slc-off, bands 4/R, 5/G, 7/B)
taken on September 17, 2006 showing the investigation area
(dashed frame) and simplified geological section AB (not to scale)
(Kuehn, et al 2009) 105
5.28 Selected observation point on map, to analyzing of its subsidence
behavior from geotechnical view point 106
5.41 The land subsidence value plotted against its periods, both of
measured by Multi-Temporal D-InSAR (blue dots) and prediction
(orange lines) 107
xxi
ABREVIATIONS LIST
ADSP : Advanced Digital SAR processor
AIRSAR : Air-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar
ALOS : Advanced Land Observation Satellite
ALOS-AVNIR2 : ALOS-Advanced Visible Near Infrared2
ALOS-PALSAR : ALOS-Phase Array L Synthetic Aperture Radar
ALOS-PRISM : ALOS-Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument
for Stereo Mapping
ASTER : Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer
AT-InSAR : Along Track-InSAR
CCRS : Canadian Center of Remote Sensing
CLI : Command Line Interface
CEOS : Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
CT-InSAR : Cross Track-InSAR
DEM : Digital Elevation Model
DSM : Digital Surface Model
D-InSAR : Differential InSAR
ERS-1, ERS-2 : European Remote Sensing Satellites 1-2
ESRI : Environmental System Research Institute
FBD : Fine Beam Dual
FBS : Fine Beam Single
FORTRAN : Formula Translating System
KOMPSAT : Korean Multi-Purpose Satellites
GDEM : Global Digital Elevation Model
GIS : Geographic Information System
GMTSAR : Generic Mapping Tools SAR
GPS : Global Positioning System
GSI : Geospatial Information Authority
ITB : Institut Teknologi Bandung (Bandung Technology
Institute).
In-SAR : Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR
JAXA : Japan Space Exploration Agency
JPL : Jet Propulsion Laboratory
LANDSAT : Land Satellite
xxii
LOS : Line of Sight
NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Agency
RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging
RISAT : Radar Imaging Satellites
RMSE : Root Mean Square Error
SAR : Synthetic Aperture Radar
SIR-C : Shuttle Imaging Radar-C
SLC : Single Look Complex
SNAPHU : Statistical-cost Network-flow Algorithm for Phase
Unwrapping
SPOT : Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre
SRTM : Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission
TInSAR : Terrestrial SAR Interferometry
UAV : Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
xxiii
LIST OF APPENDIX
Page
1 DEM generation steps 173
2 Table of Subsidence values 174
3 Images of the Correlation of Master and slave image for each pair 122
4 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using SRTM3-DEM) 124
5 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after unwrapping, process
continued to obtain LOS displacement 140
6 Images of the Correlation of Master and slave image for each
pair in Descending direction 148
7 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using SRTM3-DEM) 151
8 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after masking, the phase below
the threshold was removed, showing by dark grey area in the image154
9 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after unwrapping, process
continued to obtain LOS displacement 156
10 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using SRTM3-DEM), the coordinates system already
converted to geographic coordinates from radar coordinates 158
11 Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using ASTER1-DEM), the coordinates system already
converted to geographic coordinates from radar coordinates 160
12 Geocoded of Phase interferogram masked at coherence threshold
0.25 to derive the subsidence during July 2008 until June 2010 162
13 The inteferogram that involved in corrected Multi_temporal
D-InSAR on ascending orbit 163
14 The phase interferogram that involve to derive land subsidence
observed at descending orbit 164
15 Subsidence data derived by using selected interferogram at
descending orbit. 165
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