Bio 200 Review Sheet for Mid-Term (2011-12)Unit 1: Biology the Science of Life1. The study of living and once living things is known as ________________

a. biology

2. Starting with cell, list and define the levels of organization of life.i. Cell: orderly and structured living units that are capable of carrying out specific processes; the

basic building block of life

ii. Tissue = group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function

iii. Organ = groups of tissues working together to carry out a specific function

iv. Body (organ) system = organs working together to carry out a specific function

v. Organism= complete living thing carrying out all life processes/having all 7 characteristics of life; Organisms have 1 or more cells

vi. Population = all of the same type of organisms living in the same area

vii. Community – all of the biotic factors (organisms of different species) living in the same location – interacting and depending on one another.

viii. Ecosystem - all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the abiotic (nonliving) components with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight

ix. Biosphere = the portion of earth that supports life (all living things on earth)

3. What are the 7 characteristics of life? Give at least one example of each. (Any order is fine.)a. Organization : Living things are organized (ex. cell make tissues which make organs, etc.)

b. Living things respond to stimuli: react to changes in their internal or external environment (ex. plant bends toward the light, you flinch when someone drops a book, etc.)

c. Living things maintain homeostasis: maintain a stable/constant internal environment (ex. stable body temperature of 98.6°F in humans… shiver to warm up, sweat to cool down…. If CO2 level gets too high in your blood, you breathe faster to get rid of more CO2 & lower it to a normal level).

d. Living things are grow & develop: grow = get bigger (add more material/gain weight) develop = change in form (ex. butterfly or frog life cycle, you as a fetus baby child teenager adult)

e. Living things reproduce: have babies & pass on genetic material & “Like produces like” (ex. fish have baby fish, turtles have baby turtles, etc.) also (Biogenesis theory = “life produces life”)

f. Living things (as individuals) have adaptations & (as populations & species) evolve: (ex. adaptations camouflage of pepper moth; evolution over time average color of pepper moth population shifted b/c those w/ beneficial adaptations survived better, reproduced, & passed on their genes)

g. Living things need energy: energy is obtained from cellular respiration (ex. we eat to get energy so we can carry out life processes, plants make their own food so they can carry out life processes)

4. Organisms that make their own food are called ___________. Examples are… a. Autotrophs (producers) ex. plants, algae, cyanobacteria

5. What processes do autotrophs use to make their own food? Where do they get the energy for this process?a. Photosynthesis for plants, algae, cyanobacteria (or chemosynthesis for organisms like bacteria @

hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor)b. energy is from the sun

6. Which process releases the energy in the bonds of glucose (as ATP) that (both autotrophic and heterotrophic) organisms use for life processes?a. cellular respiration

7. Organisms that cannot make their food and have to eat other organisms are called ______. Examples are…a. Heterotrophs (consumers) ex. people, fish, dogs, insects, fungi, bacteria, etc.

8. _____________ can only be transferred and transformed (or stored and released). a. energy

9. _____________ can be recycled by decomposers (such as bacteria & fungi) so that they can be returned to the environment and used by other organisms. a. nutrients

10. Draw an example of a food chain with at least 3 links from the food web to the right.a. ex. plants mice hawks & owls

11. Name a primary producer (autotroph) from the food web to the right.a. plants

12. Name a primary consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right.a. rabbit, squirrel, mice, seed-eating bird, herbivorous

insects

13. Name a secondary consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right.a. spider, predaceous insects, insectivorous bird, fox,

hawks & owls

14. Name a tertiary consumer (heterotroph) from the food web to the right.a. insectivorous birds, toads, spider, predaceous insect

15. What group of organisms are missing from the food web to the right?a. decomposers

16. What shape is usually used to represent the flow of energy in an ecosystem (10% Rule of Ecological Efficiency)? Why?a. pyramid to show the decreasing energy as you go up

.17. Given the following organisms: grass grasshopper robin snake

draw an energy pyramid & label each section with the correct organism label each trophic level label producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer label each level as autotroph or heterotroph label the amount of energy at each level if the bottom level had 2500 J of energy

Unit 2: Bio as a Science18. The _________________ is a process used to answer questions or solve problems.

a. scientific method

19. The steps of the scientific method are _______________.a. Identify the problem/ask a questionb. conduct background researchc. form a hypothesisd. conduct an experiment (& record data/observations)e. analyze results/draw conclusions

a. Data does/does not support hypothesis (If not, try again/revise hypothesis.)f. report results

20. An educated guess that can be tested as a way of trying to find the answer to a problem is a _________.a. hypothesis

21. The steps taken to complete an experiment are known as the _______________.a. procedure

22. The group in an experiment used for comparison (where nothing is changed, including the IV) is the ________.a. control group

snake,4th trophic

level,tertiary

consumer, heterotroph

, 2.5 Jrobin, 3rd trophic level, secondary consumer, heterotroph, 25 J

grasshopper, 2nd trophic level, primary consumer, heterotroph, 250 J

grass, 1st trophic level, producer, autotroph, 2500 J

23. The group in an experiment used to test the IV is the _______________.a. experimental group

24. The parts of the experiment that are not being tested and are kept the same are _______________.a. controlled variables or constants

25. The variable being tested/changed in an experiment is the _______________.a. independent variable

26. The variable being measured (that changes due to a change in the IV) in an experiment is the ________.a. dependent variable

27. Recorded measurements or info gathered during experiment are known as_______________.a. data

28. A ____________ is a hypothesis that has been tested again and again with similar results and has stood the test of time.

a. theory

29. A ____________ is a statement about phenomenon that occur in nature.a. law

30. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?a. multiply the power of the ocular (eyepiece) by the power of the objective

31. How do you prepare a wet mount slide?a. place sample on center of slideb. add a drop (or so) of water)c. place a cover slip over your sample by:

i. touch one edge to slide; also touching the edge of the drop of waterii. angle the coverslip down (from a 45 degree angle) until it lies flat

1. To minimize air bubbles (b/c it will "force" them to the opposite end of the water drop & out from under the coverslip)

2. If there are still air bubbles present, gently tap with an eraser if air bubbles are present to remove the bubbles

32. What can we add to a slide in order to make a specimen more visible?a. a stain (ex. iodine, methylene blue)

THE COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Describe the of function of each part of the compound light microscope above A. base

bottom of the microscope used for support used when carrying (along with the arm)

B. mirror/light source used to illuminate (light up) the specimen

C. stage platform where slide is placed (in order to view the specimen)

D. arm holds the body tube & stage

o & attaches them to the base used when carrying (along w/ the base)

E. fine adjustment knob used for final/sharp focusing

F. coarse adjustment knob used to start (initial/coarse) focusing NEVER use with medium or high power, ONLY with low power

G. ocular (eyepiece) lens you look through to view the specimen usually 10x

H. body tube connects ocular (eyepiece) to nosepiece/objectives reflects light from light source through objectives to ocular

I. (revolving) nosepiece

I. (revolving) nosepiece

H. body tube

G. ocular (eyepiece)

J. high power objective

K. low power objective

C. stage

B. mirror/light source

N. aperture

A. base

M. diaphragm

L. stage clips

D. arm

E. fine adjustment knob

F. coarse adjustment knob

Holds (2 or more) objective lenses Can be rotated (turned) to change power

J. high power object ive largest lens (on revolving nosepiece/lens nearest to object) used for greater magnification usually 40x magnification used to see more detail (however, see a smaller portion of the specimen)

K. low power object ive smallest lens (on revolving nosepiece/lens nearest to object) used to locate specimen usually 4x magnification used to see a larger portion of the specimen (however, see less detail)

L. stage clips hold the slide in place on the stage

M. diaphragm adjusts the amount of light passing through the aperture (of the stage) & slide & to the

objectiveN. aperture

hole in stage that allows light to pass from light source, through slide, & to objective

Unit 3: The Chemistry of Life33.

1. electron

2. proton

3. nucleus

4. neutron

5. energy level

34.

Subatomic particle Location Charge Symbol

proton____________ Nucleus (center of atom) Positive __p+___

Neutron _______nucleus (center of atom)_________________ __No charge (neutral)

n0

___electron________orbits around nucleus (located in energy levels/shells) negative __ e-__

35. What type of bond is shown here? Why? Covalent bond b/c sharing electrons

36. What type of bond is shown here? Why?

Ionic b/c gaining or losing (transfer) electrons

37. For Nitrogen:

Atomic Number- __7____# of protons- __7___# of electrons- __7___

Mass Number- __14_____# of neutrons- __7 (mass # - atomic # or # of protons + # of neutrons)___

How did you figure out the number of neutrons? Atomic mass – atomic number = # of neutrons

38. Draw an atom of Nitrogen.

39. What are the six most abundant elements in living organisms?a. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur

40. What is a monomer?a. a small repeating molecule (that makes up a polymer)

41. What is a polymer?a. a large molecule (made up of repeating monomers)

42. What are the four major types of biological (organic) macromolecules/polymers? What are the monomers (building blocks) that make up each?

a. macromolecule/polymer: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acidsb. monomer/building block: monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids & glycerol, nucleotides

Unit 4: The Cell & Its Environment43. Name the 3 parts of the cell theory.

a. All organisms are made of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)b. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms. (Schleiden & Schwann)c. Cells are produced from other cells (Virchow)

44. Draw & label a diagram of (a cross-section of) a cell membrane.

45. A cell's membrane lets certain things in/out, but does not let other things in/out... This cell's membrane is said to be __________________.

a. selectively permeable

46. _____________ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

a. diffusion

47. ___________ transport does NOT require energy.a. passive

48. _____________ is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

a. active transport

49. Active transport _______________ require energy.a. does

50. Osmosis is _____________.a. the special name for the diffusion of water (b/c it is so common)

A B CFor each picture above:

51. What is the percentage of water inside & outside of the cell in each "beaker"?a. inside: 90% outside: 80%b. inside: 75% outside: 85%c. inside: 80% outside: 80%

52. Draw arrows to show which way the water will move.a. from inside to outsideb. from outside to insidec. equally in and out (no net movement)

53. Explain why the water will move that way.a. from inside to outside b/c higher concentration of water inside than outside (movement is

from high concentration to low concentration)b. from outside to inside b/c higher concentration of water inside than outside (movement is

from high concentration to low concentration)c. equally in and out (no net movement) b/c equal concentration of water inside and outside

54. What will happen to the size/shape of the cell?a. cell will shrivel/shrink (plasmolysis)b. cell will swell & possibly burst (cytolysis)c. cell will stay the same size

Unit 5: Inside the Cell55. Label the names of the parts of both the animal & plant cells below.

56. Compare plant & animals cells in the table below:

57. Describe the functions(s)/job(s) of each organelle:ORGANELLE FUNCTION

cell (plasma) membrane *controls movement of materials in/out of cell*barrier between cell and its environment

cytoplasm *organelle "float" in it (supports /protects cell organelles)*some chemical reactions occur here

Nucleus(include chromatin & chromosomes)

*controls cell activities*Contains the hereditary material of the cell

nuclear membrane (envelope) *Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus

Nucleolus *Makes ribosomes

ribosome *site of synthesis (production) of proteins from amino acids

endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) *carries materials (mostly proteins) through cell

Golgi bodies (Golgi apparatus) *sort & modify proteins (enzymes, hormones, poisons) made by the cells *Package & export proteins (within or outside of cell)

Mitochondria (mighty mitochondria) *power-house of the cell; breaks down sugar (glucose) & other organic molecules to release energy (by cellular respiration)

vacuole *store food, water, waste

lysosome *contains digestive enzymes (can break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules & digest old, worn-out cell parts/unwanted molecules)

chloroplast * photosynthesis ( trap light energy, which is used to make food (glucose) for the plant)

cell wall *support (grow tall) & protection

Cilia *whip-like; motion enables unicellular organism to move

flagella *short, hair-like; motion enables unicellular organism to move

Centrioles *play important role in cell reproduction (help organize microtubules & separate  chromosome pairs during mitosis)

Unit 6: DNA & Protein Synthesis58. “DNA” is an abbreviation for _________________________________.

a. deoxyribonucleic acid

59. Draw and label a nucleotide.

60. What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?a. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

61. What are the nitrogen base pair rules in DNA? (Which bases always pair up?)a. A always pairs with T.

deoxyribose

b. G always pairs with C.

62. Draw and label an untwisted (straight ladder) DNA molecule. What makes up the “backbone” (sides)? Phosphate (group) and (deoxyribose) sugar What makes up the “rungs” (steps)? Nitrogen bases (either adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine).

“rungs”

“backbone”

63. Who described the shape of DNA as a "double helix"?a. Watson & Crick

64. Compare DNA & RNA:

DNA RNA

• sugar = deoxyribose • sugar = ribose

• double stranded • single stranded

• CANNOT leave nucleus • Can move between nucleus & cytoplasm

• N bases = adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine • N bases = adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

65. What is replication?a. when DNA copies itself (before the cell divides)

66. What is transcription?a. when mRNA is made (in the nucleus) using the cell's DNA code

67. What is translation?a. when mRNA moves to the ribosome which reads the mRNA code, to find out which amino

acids are needed, those amino acids are brought to the ribosome (by tRNA), and then joined together forming a polypeptide/protein

68. Why do cells need to copy their DNA?a. Cells need to copy their DNA so that when the cell divides (during mitosis), each new

“daughter” cell gets an exact copy of the original DNA.

69. Construct the complementary strand from the following parent strand:

DNA parent strand: T - A - C - A - A - G - T - G - A - C - A - T - A - T – C

DNA complementary strand: A - T - G - T - T - C - A - C - T - G - T - A - T - A – G

70. What are the nitrogen base pair rules in RNA? (Which bases always pair up?)a. A always pairs with U.b. G always pairs with C.

71. DNA holds the instructions to tell cells how to make _____________.a. proteins.

72. _______ mRNA____________ can leave the nucleus, but _____ DNA___________ cannot.

73. What is a codon?a. A codon is a set of 3 consecutive nucleotides (bases) on the mRNA that carries the code for a

specific protein.74. Using the given DNA sequence, write the corresponding mRNA sequence & amino acids that would be formed

during transcription and translation.DNA AGG TTC TGA ACG

mRNA _________________________________________

amino acids _________________________________________

75. What determines the amino acid that is coded for?1. The order of the bases (nucleotides)

76. _____ Amino acids ______ are the monomers that are bonded together to form proteins.

77. Sketch a:a. DNA molecule b. mRNA molecule c. tRNA molecule

78. Put the terms below in the order in which they occur:

DNA, protein synthesis, transcription, translationa. DNA transcription translation protein synthesis

79. What is a mutation?a. A mutation is a mistake in the replication of DNA.

80. What is a deletion mutation?a. A deletion mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is left out.

81. What is an insertion mutation?a. An insertion mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is added in.

82. What is a point mutation?a. A point mutation is when one base (nucleotide) is “switched out” for another.

Unit 7: Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis)Use the word bank below to answer questions 84-86.

Interphase Metaphase Cytokinesis

Anaphase Telophase Prophase

83. What is the order of these stages in the cell cycle?a. _________interphase____________________b. _________prophase_____________________c. _________metaphase____________________d. _________anaphase_____________________e. _________telophase_____________________f. _________cytokinesis____________________

84. Which stages are the four parts of mitosis?a. _________prophase_____________________b. _________metaphase____________________c. _________anaphase_____________________d. _________telophase_____________________

85. Draw what each phase of cell division looks like, and write a description for what happens at each stage.

Interphase: The normal "resting" phase of the cell. The cell is carrying out its life functions. Each chromosome replicates producing a second set.

Prophase: The stage of mitosis where the nucleoli breaks down and the chromatin shortens and thickens into double-stranded chromosomes, which are clearly visible. The nucleoli and the nuclear membrane disintegrate.

Metaphase: chromosomes gather at the middle (equator) of the spindle and become aligned.

Anaphase: The stage of mitosis where the two sister chromatids separate and are pulled apart to opposite poles, and only one set of chromosomes is seen at each end of the cell.

Telophase: The stage of mitosis during which two cells begin to form from one and the nucleoli and the nuclear membrane reappear.

Cytokinesis: After mitosis is completed, the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles) divide up to form two different cells.

86. What are two reasons that cells divide by mitosis?a. growth, repair, replacement

87. In which type of cells does mitosis occur?a. body (somatic) cells (ex. toes, skin, bone, etc.)

88. In which type of cells does meiosis occur?a. certain (germ) cells of reproductive organs (ex. ovaries & testes)

89. There are _____ divisions during meiosis.a. two

90. Sketch & describe what is happening at each stage of meiosis.

A. Interphase (Before Meiosis)• DNA replicates forming duplicate chromosomes

– cell is diploid (2n)• chromosomes are double-stranded

homologous chromosomes join (synapsis) forming tetrads (4 chromatids)

Genes may swap = crossing over

Cell membrane pinches in, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosome number reduced to 1/2 (haploid) for first time

sister

individual

cytokinesis 1

91. What is fertilization?a. the fusion of sperm & eggs to form a zygote

92. Why do sperm and eggs need to be haploid (have 1/2 the # of chromosomes are somatic/body cells)?a. If not, offspring would have 2x as many chromosomes…. So sperm must have ½ & egg must have ½

so that fertilization restores the diploid # in the newly formed zygote