NAME ________________________________________________ DATE ______________________Biology Midterm Semester 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1

1. Define Biology: ____________________________________________________________________

2. Define the 8 characteristics of living things. Characteristics

Definition/ example

H

O

G

R

A

C

E

R

3. What is the smallest unit of life?

4. Vocab:

Term Definition

Hypothesis

Control group

Experimental group

Tolerance

Chapter 25. Draw a water molecule. Label the positive and negative side of the molecule.

6. What is hydrogen bonding?

7. Explain polarity and why it is important to hydrogen bonding.

8. What are acids and bases? For each: define, list their pH range, list if it has a higher H+ concentration or higher OH- concentration.

Type

Definition pH Range

H+ or OH-

High and low

concentrations

Acid

Base

9. What number on the pH scale is neutral? Explain why pH stability is important to maintaining homeostasis.

Chapter 310. How are monomers and polymers related?

11. Define organic. How is carbon unique compared to other elements and therefore important to biological molecules? (think of bonding and the structures they create)

12. What nucleotide is a form of energy? ______________________________13. What is protein denaturation? How does it happen? Is it reversible?

14. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Use the cell membrane and give an example of these properties.

15. Identify each of the four biological macromolecules, their monomer, functions, and an example.

Macromolecule

Monomer Function Example

16. What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found in carbohydrates? ____________

Chapter 417. Identify the points of the cell theory.

18. Draw the plasma membrane. Identify which parts of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic.

19. What is the function of the plasma membrane?

20. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes Both Eukaryotes

21. Identify if the following are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.Plant cell _______________ Animal cell _________________ Bacteria _____________

22. What organelles do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

23. Which organelles are found in just animal cells compared to plant cells?

24. Which organelles are found in just plant cells compared to animal cells?

25. Explain selective permeability and why it is important to the cell.

26. Label the following as eukaryotic or prokaryotic, then label which is plant is which is animal.

27.________________________________

28.______________________________

29._________________________________

Chapter 5

30. Label the following picture.

31. Explain the difference between diffusion and osmosis.

32. What is the major difference between passive and active transport?

33. Explain the concentration of molecules when a cell reaches dynamic equilibrium.

34. In what type of passive transport do protein channels assist molecules across the membrane?

35. Name and define the two transport processes that allow large substances to cross the plasma membrane.

36. Explain and/or draw pictures: Hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic

37. What process do our white blood cells sometimes use to engulf bacteria?

38. Explain the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions. What does each do?

39. Explain enzymes and substrates in terms of a lock and key.

40. What is the role of an enzyme? What type of biological molecule is it?

41. What two environmental factors effect an enzyme?

42. What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion and HOW?

43. Define metabolism.

44. What is activation energy?

45. What is the active site?

Chapter 6

46. Define photosynthesis.

47. What is the equation for photosynthesis in WORDS and SYMBOLS?

48. What are the two stages of photosynthesis, in order? Where does each take place?

49. Explain the relationship between the two stages of photosynthesis. How is energy transferred from the first stage to the second?

50. What are three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis? How do they affect it?

51. What is a simple name for glucose? _______________________52. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

__________________________53. Explain the role of ATP in the cell.

54. What is chlorophyll? What is pigment?

55. In photosynthesis, which molecule is broken apart to release oxygen?_______________

56. What type of metabolic pathway is photosynthesis? Anabolic OR catabolic? What does that mean? Does that make it an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

57. Why do plants appear green?

58. Label each part of the diagram using the following words: chloroplast, light, ATP & NADPH, light reactions, oxygen, sugar (glucose), dark reactions, ADP & NADP, carbon dioxide, water1.____________________________________ 6. _______________________________2.____________________________________ 7. _______________________________3.____________________________________ 8. _______________________________4.____________________________________ 9. _______________________________5.____________________________________ 10. ______________________________

Chapter 7

59. How does cellular respiration use oxygen? What role does it play?

60. Explain the relationship between the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

61. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Label the reactants and products.

62. What causes muscle soreness and fatigue?

63. Anaerobic vs aerobic

64. What comes after glycolysis when oxygen is present?

65. What would happen if an aerobic organism were placed in an anaerobic environment?

66. What are the products of fermentation?

67. How many ATP are produced during – [2, 32-34, or 36-38]

Glycolysis _____fermentation _____Oxidative phosphorylation ______Krebs Cycle _____Cellular Respiration ______

68. What type of metabolic pathway is cellular respiration? Anabolic OR catabolic?

69. What does that mean? Does that make it an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

70. Label each part of the diagram using the word bank.

1. ______________________________2. ______________________________3. ______________________________4. ______________________________5. ______________________________6. ______________________________

7. ______________________________8. ______________________________9. ______________________________10. ___________________________

___

11. ______________________________

12. ______________________________

13. ______________________________

Oxidative Phosphylation (electron transport + chemiosmosis) Glucose

H2O CO2 MitochondriaGlycolysis

ATP Pyruvate O2 Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle NADH NADH and FADH2

Chapter 871. Summarize the structure of DNA. Draw and label a picture.

72. Summarize the process of DNA replication.

73. Draw and label a nucleotide.

74. What type of bond holds the DNA molecule together?

75. What type of bond holds the complementary bases together. Indicate the number of this bond between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine.

76. What is complementary base pairing?

77. Why is it important for purines to always bond with pyrimidines?

78. Explain the difference between purine and pyrimidine bases and identify which type each of the bases is.

79. What are Chargaff’s Rules?

80. Explain the function of the enzymes helicase, polymerase and ligase.

81. In what direction does DNA synthesis occur? Why?

82. Explain the concept of “antiparallel.” Draw a picture with your explanation.

83. Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?

Chapter 9:

84. Explain the CENTRAL DOGMA:

85. Use the table to list the differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA RNA

Type of sugar

# of strands

Nitrogen bases

Base pairs

86. What is mRNA and its role?

87. What is tRNA and its role?

88. What is rRNA and its role?

89. Define transcription and translation and the product of each.

90. What is a codon?

91. What do stop and start codons do?

92. One codon specifies how many amino acid(s)? ____________________

93. Use the following DNA code to answer the questions: GAT CAC GGT ATC AAA TCG TTG ACG

a. Replicate it:

b. Transcribe it:

c. Translate it:

94. What do genes contain the instructions for (the ultimate product of transcription and translation)?

95. What is a mutation?

List and define all the types of mutations from your notes.

96. ______________________:

a. ____________________:

i. _________________:

ii. _________________:

97. ______________________:

a. ________________:

b. ________________:

98. In the picture below, identify each type of mutation that has taken place.A. Normal

B.

C.

D.

B. Although we are born with our genes, what else can have an impact on them? _____________________

C. Mutations that take place in the _____________________ cells will be passed on to offspring in every generation.

Chapter 11: Use your own study guide…you should have this alreadyChapter 12 99. _____ sex cells

a. haploid100. _____ chromosomes that make a pair b. gametes101. _____ n

c. diploid102. _____ 2n

d. meiosis104. _____ cell division that produces gametes e. homologous

105. Label each picture as taking place during meiosis I or meiosis II, then explain how you know (which phase is being depicted in each?).

106. Explain what is taking place in the following picture and WHEN it happens:

107. How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation, and mitosis does not?

108. How many chromosomes would a cell have during metaphase I of meiosis if it had 12 chromosomes during interphase?

a. 6 b. 12 c. 24 d. 36

109. Which is more beneficial to an organism, sexual reproduction? Or asexual reproduction? Explain your answer.

110. Explain/ Define the following sets of terms:

A. Haploid:

B. Diploid:

C. Zygote:

D. Allele: