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Biology Science Journal

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38Unit 4: Genetics

Table of Contents

1. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS 5

OBJECTIVES: 5INTRODUCING GREGOR MENDEL 5MENDEL’S DISCOVERY OF DOMINANCE 5SEGREGATION OF ALLELES 5TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 308-312) 5

2. APPLYING MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES I 7

OBJECTIVES: 7INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT 7PROBABILITY AND PUNNETT’S SQUARE 7TWO FACTOR CROSSES 7TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 313-318) 7

3. APPLYING MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES II 9

OBJECTIVES: 9MULTIPLE ALLELES 9ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 9TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 319-321) 9

4. MEIOSIS 11

OBJECTIVES: 11COUNTING CHROMOSOMES 11CROSSING OVER 11TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 323-329) 11

5. THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF GENES 13

OBJECTIVES: 13FUNCTIONS OF HEREDITARY MATERIAL 13TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 338-343) 13

6. CHROMOSOMES AND DNA 14

OBJECTIVES: 14DNA COMPOSITION 14TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 344-348) 14

7. DNA REPLICATION 16

OBJECTIVES: 16

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38OVERVIEW OF DNA SYNTHESIS 16TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 350-351) 16

8. DNA SEQUENCING AND ANALYSIS 18

OBJECTIVES: 18ANALYZING DNA 18

9. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL 19

OBJECTIVES: 19PROTEINS AND PHENOTYPE 19THE CENTRAL DOGMA 19VOCABULARY TERMS 19

10. THE PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION 21

OBJECTIVES: 21THE STRUCTURE OF MRNA 21THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS 21TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 362-365) 22

11. THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION 23

OBJECTIVES: 23THE GENETIC DICTIONARY 23THE TRANSLATION PROCESS 23TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 366-370) 23

12. CELLS OVERVIEW- MID-UNIT REVIEW 24

OBJECTIVES: 24BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATION 24CONSEQUENCES OF MUTATIONS 24TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 372-376) 25

13. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES 26

OBJECTIVES: 26TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 377-378) 26

14. REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES 27

OBJECTIVES: 27GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES 27RNA INTERFERENCE 27TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 379-383) 27

15. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEW: REVIEW OF LESSONS 1-14 29

OBJECTIVES: 29

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3816. THE HUMAN GENOME 30

OBJECTIVES: 30ANALYZING HUMAN CHROMOSOMES 30NORMAL KARYOTYPES 30HUMAN INHERITANCE PATTERNS 30TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 392-397) 31

17. GENETIC ENGINEERING 33

OBJECTIVES: 33THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF GENETIC EXPERIMENTS 33MANIPULATING ORGANISMS AT THE DNA LEVEL 33TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS 33TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 418-427) 34

18. APPLICATIONS AND ETHICS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 35

OBJECTIVES: 35GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CORN 35ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND MORE CONCLUSIONS 35TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 437-439) 35

19. GENETICS UNIT REVIEW 36

OBJECTIVES: 36TEST PREPARATION 36

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381. Mendel’s Experiments

Objectives:

● Describe the experiments and conclusions of Gregor Mendel

● Analyze the results of genetic crosses

● Describe the process of segregation of alleles

Introducing Gregor MendelAnswer the following questions after watching “The Genetic Work of Gregor Mendel” video:

1. When and where did Gregor Mendel live? 2. What organisms did he study and why? 3. What is cross-fertilization? 4. What two experiments did Mendel carry out? 5. What results did he observe?

Mendel’s Discovery of DominanceContinue watching “The Genetic Work of Gregor Mendel” video and fill in the following table with your notes about each generation of plants he worked with.

Generation Notes

P1

F1

F2

Mendel’s explanation of his results:

Segregation of AllelesAnswer the following questions after watching “The Law of Segregation” video:

1. What trait was observed? 2. How many of each allele are present in the sex cells (or gametes) of an organism? 3. When does the segregation of alleles occur? 4. When are segregated alleles brought back together?

Textbook Reading (pages 308-312)Vocabulary Terms

● allele

● fertilization

● gamete

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38● gene

● genetics

● heterozygous

● homozygous

● hybrid

● phenotype

● principle of dominance

● segregation

● trait

Notes11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel

A. The Experiments of Gregor Mendel 1. The role of fertilization 2. Genes and Alleles 3. Dominant and Recessive Alleles

B. Segregation 1. The F1 cross 2. The F2 cross 3. The Formation of Gametes

Questions

1. a. What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance? b. What are dominant and recessive alleles? c. Why were true-breeding pea plants important for Mendel’s experiment?

2. a. What is segregation? b. What happens to alleles between the P generation and the F2 generation? c. What evidence did Mendel use to explain how segregation occurs?

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382. Applying Mendel’s Principles I

Objectives:

● Predict the outcomes of genetic crosses using Punnett squares

● Explain what is meant by independent assortment

Independent AssortmentThe NucleusFill in the following chart with notes about each generation involved in Mendel’s experiment while watching the “Principle of Independent Assortment” video

Generation NotesP1 F1 F2

Probability and Punnett’s SquareAnswer the following question after watching the “Punnett’s Square” video

1. What does the Punnett square look like for the mating of a purebred short-haired cat (SS) with a purebred long-haired cat (ss)? What is the probability that the cats will be short-haired? Long haired?

2. What does the Punnett square look like for the mating of two cats resulting from the first cross (Ss)? What is the probability that the cats will be short-haired? Long-haired?

3. What information is given by the results inside the boxes of a Punnett square?

Two Factor CrossesAnswer the following questions after the “Punnett’s Contributions to Genetics: Development of a Tool to Predict the Outcomes of Matings” video:

1. How many different gametes can be formed in a PPLL parent? 2. How many different gametes can be formed in a ppll parent? 3. How many different gametes can be formed in a PpLl parent? 4. What does the Punnett’s square look like when you cross two PpLl parents?


● independent assortment

● probability

● Punnett square

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38Notes11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles

A. Probability and Punnett Squares 1. Using Segregation to Predict Outcomes 2. Probabilities Predict Averages 3. Genotype and Phenotype 4. Using Punnett Squares

B. Independent Assortment 1. The Two-Factor Cross: F1 2. The Two-Factor Cross: F2

C. A Summary of Mendel’s Principles

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383. Applying Mendel’s Principles II

Objectives:

● Explain codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits

● Evaluate situations involving codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits

● Explain how environmental factors can influence phenotype

Multiple AllelesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Multiple Alleles and Co-Dominance in Human Blood Types” video

1. Why is it important to know a person’s blood type when giving them a blood transfusion?

2. What are the three alleles that define human blood type? 3. Complete the following chart to show all of the possible genotypes that can give rise to

each blood type

Blood Type Possible Genotypes

A

B

AB

O

Environmental EffectsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Environmental Factors Which influence the Expression of Traits” video

1. What trait is influenced by environment? 2. What environmental factor affects the phenotype of the rabbit? 3. Is the effect reversible?


● codominance

● incomplete dominance

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38● multiple alleles

● polygenic trait

Notes11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance

A. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles 1. Incomplete Dominance 2. Codominance 3. Multiple Alleles 4. Polygenic Traits

B. Genes and the Environment

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384. Meiosis

Objectives:

● Explain the process of meiosis

Counting ChromosomesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Meiosis” video

1. How many chromosomes did the body cells of the roundworm contain according to van Beneden?

2. How many chromosomes did the sex cells of the roundworm contain according to van Beneden?

3. How many chromosomes were present when a sperm and an egg united to form a fertilized egg?

4. What process did August Weismann work out?

Crossing OverAnswer the following question after watching the “Morgan’s Discoveries About Gene Linkages” video

1. What is crossing over?


● crossing over

● diploid

● haploid

● homologous

● meiosis

● tetrad

● zygote

Notes11.4 Meiosis

A. Chromosome Number 1. Diploid Cells 2. Haploid Cells

B. Phases of Meiosis

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381. Meiosis I

a) Prophase I b) Metaphase I and Anaphase I c) Telophase I and Cytokinesis

2. Meiosis II a) Prophase II b) Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis

3. Gametes to Zygotes C. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis

1. Replication and Separation of Genetic Material 2. Changes in Chromosome Number 3. Number of Cell Divisions

D. Gene Linkage and Gene Maps 1. Gene Linkage 2. Gene Mapping

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385. The Molecular Nature of Genes

Objectives:

● Explain the role of DNA in heredity

● Evaluate results of experiments that test the nature of a cell’s genetic material

Functions of Hereditary MaterialAnswer the following questions after watching the “DNA: The Foundation of Reproduction” video:

1. What happens to a species that cannot reproduce itself? 2. What function does DNA serve in organisms? 3. Which cellular processes are under the control of DNA?

The Chemical Basis of GenesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Friedrich Meischer: First to Isolate DNA” video:

1. How many different amino acids go into making proteins? 2. How many different nucleotides go into making DNA? 3. Why did scientists think that proteins carried genetic information?


● genetic material

● radioisotope

● transformation

Notes12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes

A. Bacterial Transformation 1. Griffith’s Experiments 2. Transformation 3. The Molecular Cause of Transformation

B. Bacterial Viruses 1. Bacteriophages 2. The Hardy-Chase Experiment

C. The Role of DNA 1. Storing Information 2. Copying Information

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383. Transmitting Information

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386. Chromosomes and DNA

Objectives:

● Analyze the steps leading to the development of the double helix model of DNA

● Analyze the structure of DNA

DNA CompositionAnswer the following questions after watching the “Structure and Composition of DNA” video

1. What type of sugar is present in DNA? 2. What type of bonds form links between the sugar molecules in a strand of DNA? 3. How many bases are in DNA? 4. What pairs of bases form hydrogen bonds to make the double helix structure of DNA?


● adenine

● base pairing

● cytosine

● guanine

● thymine

Notes12.2 The Structure of DNA

A. The Components of DNA 1. Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides 2. Nitrogenous Bases and Covalent Bonds

B. Solving the Structure of DNA 1. Chargraff’s Rule 2. Franklin’s X-Rays 3. The Work of Watson and Crick

C. The Double-Helix model 1. Antiparallel Strands 2. Hydrogen Bonding 3. Base Pairing

Questions

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381. a. List the chemical components of DNA.

b. Why are hydrogen bonds so essential to the structure of DNA?

2. b. Why did scientists have to use tools other than microscopes to solve the structure of DNA?

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387. DNA Replication

Objectives:

● Summarize the events of DNA replication

Overview of DNA SynthesisAnswer the following questions after watching the “DNA” video

1. Are both strands replicated? 2. What directs the sequence of bases used to construct new strands?

Details of DNA SynthesisAnswer the following questions and fill in the table after watching the “How a Specific Sequence in a DNA Molecule is Replicated to Create an Identical Copy of Itself” and “DNA Replication Fork” videos:

1. How are the two strands in the DNA double helix related to each other? 2. Where does DNA replication begin? 3. What do RNA primers do? 4. Why is there a leading and lagging strand?

Key Words and Terms Definition and Notes

5’ end

3’ end

Antiparallel

Origins of replication

RNA primers

DNA polymerase

Template

5’ to 3’ direction

Replication fork

Leading strand

Lagging strand

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38Okazaki fragments

DNA ligase

Semiconservative

Textbook Reading (pages 350-351)

Notes12.3 DNA Replication

A. Copying the Code 1. The Replication Process 2. The Role of Enzymes

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388. DNA Sequencing and Analysis

Objectives:

● Describe ways that DNA is analyzed

● Evaluate results of lab tests on DNA to draw conclusions

Analyzing DNADNA as EvidenceAnswer the following questions while watching the “Genetics and Criminal Investigations: The Story of Sam Shepard” video:

1. Was Sam Shepard guilty of the murder of his wife? 2. How did DNA evidence resolve this mystery?

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389. Molecular Biology of the Cell

Objectives:

● Describe the central dogma

● Explain the different roles of DNA and proteins in forming an individual’s identity

Proteins and PhenotypeAnswer the following questions after watching the “How Did Researchers Make the Connection Between DNA and Proteins” video (0:21-1:34)

1. How many different amino acids make up proteins? 2. What type of bond links amino acids in a polypeptide? 3. Besides enzymes, what other types of proteins are there?

The DNA-Protein ConnectionAnswer the following questions after watching the “How Did Researchers Make the Connection Between DNA and Proteins” video (1:47-3:01)

1. What did Beadle and Tatum do to samples of mold? 2. How did this treatment affect the mold sample? 3. What conclusions were drawn from the results?

The Central DogmaAnswer the following questions after watching the “How Did Researchers Make the Connection Between DNA and Proteins” video (3:01-5:03)

1. What molecule is made using DNA as a template? 2. What do ribosomes do with this molecule? 3. How can you summarize the central dogma in a short phrase or sentence?

Gene ExpressionAnswer the following questions after watching the “3 Key Principles of Molecular Biology That Explain DNA and Gene Expression in an Organism” video

1. What is the name of the process in which DNA makes RNA? 2. What is the name of the process in which RNA make protein? 3. How does DNA influence an organism’s phenotype?

Vocabulary Terms

● central dogma

● gene expression

● peptide

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38● protein

● ribosome

● RNA

● transcription

● translation

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3810. The Process of Transcription

Objectives:

● Contrast RNA and DNA

● Explain the process of transcription

The Structure of mRNAAnswer the following questions after watching the “What is the Difference Between the Sugars in DNA and RNA?” and “Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and Protein Synthesis” videos:

1. How doe mRNA differ from DNA? 2. How is mRNA similar to DNA?

Fill in the following table as you watch the “Comparing Characteristics of DNA and RNA (Sugar, Strands, Size, Site Type, Base)” video:

DNA RNASugar Strand(s) Size Site Bases

The Transcription ProcessAnswer the following questions after watching the “Simulating the Process of Transcription With Models” video:

1. Where does transcription begin? 2. What enzyme carries out the transcription process? 3. Where does transcription end?

RNA ProcessingAnswer the following questions after watching “The Process of Protein Synthesis” video:

1. What are coding regions of DNA called? 2. What are noncoding regions of DNA called? 3. Which regions of the mRNA are edited out of the premature mRNA molecule to make

the functional mRNA molecule?

Three Forms of RNAFill in the following table using information from page 363 in your textbook

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38Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Bases Strand(s) Shape Function


● deoxyribose sugar

● exon

● intron

● messenger RNA

● ribose sugar

● ribosomal RNA

● RNA polymerase

● thymine

● transfer RNA

● uracil

Notes13.1 RNA

A. The Role of RNA 1. Comparing RNA and DNA 2. Functions of RNA

a) Messenger RNA b) Ribosomal RNA c) Transfer RNA

B. RNA Synthesis 1. Transcription 2. Promoters 3. RNA Editing

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3811. The Process of Translation

Objectives:

● Explain how the genetic code is read

● Summarize the process of translation

The Genetic DictionaryAnswer the following questions after watching “The Genetic Code” video:

1. How many bases are used to code for one amino acid? 2. How many possible three-letter words can be formed from four bases? 3. Why are there multiple genetic code words for each amino acid? 4. What are terminators?

Reading the Genetic CodeAnswer the following questions after watching “The Role of Genetic Code in the Synthesis of Proteins and Effects of Mutations in the Genetic Code” video:

1. What is a codon? 2. What is the first step? 3. What happens following transcription?

The Translation ProcessAnswer the following questions after watching “The Process of Protein Synthesis” video:

1. What is an anticodon? 2. Which molecule bears an anticodon? 3. What does a ribosome consist of? 4. What type of chemical reaction occurs to form a peptide bond?


● anticodon

● codon

Notes13.2 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

1. The Genetic Code 1. How to Read Codons 2. Start and Stop Codons

2. Translation

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381. Steps in Translation 2. The Roles of tRNA and rRNA in Translation

3. The Molecular Basis of Heredity

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3812. Cells Overview- Mid-unit Review

Objectives:

● Describe different types of mutations and identify examples

● Analyze mutations and their effects on proteins and on organisms

Base Substitution MutationAnswer the following questions after watching “The Role of the Genetic Code in the Synthesis of Proteins and Effects of Mutation in the Genetic Code” video:

1. What effect can a base substitution have on the protein made? 2. Why is the sequence of amino acids important to a protein? 3. Why is the shape of a protein important? What can happen if a protein’s shape is altered?

Fill in the following table after watching the “Mutation” video (1:10-1:40):

Sequence Type of mutation Does mutation cause framshiftOriginal -C-C-T-A-G-C- Mutation 1 -C-C-A-A-G-C- Mutation 2 -C-C-T-T-A-G-C- Mutation 3 -C-T-A-G-C Mutation 4 -T-A-G-C-C-C-

Consequences of MutationsFill in the following table after watching the “Mutations” video (2:19-3:27):

Possible Consequences of Mutation Notes

Polyploidy MutationsAnswer the following questions after watching the “How Humans Apply Knowledge of Meiosis to Agriculture: Condition of Polyploidy in Plants” video:

1. How does the chromosome number compare in plants bred for polyploidy? 2. What phenotypic characteristic results from polyploidy in plants?

Mutagens

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38Answer the following questions after watching the “Genetic Research Identifying Carcinogens in Environment That Cause Cancer” video:

1. What environmental factors are known to be carcinogenic? 2. What effect would eliminating carcinogenic factors have on an organism? 3. What genes are mutated in cancer cells?


● frameshift mutation

● mutagen

● mutation

● point mutation

● polyploidy

Notes13.3 Mutations

1. Types of Mutations 1. Gene Mutations

a) Substitutions b) Insertions and Deletions

2. Chromosomal Mutations 2. Effects of Mutations

1. Mutagens 2. Harmful and Helpful Mutations

a) Harmful Effects b) Beneficial Effects

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3813. Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

Objectives:

● Describe how prokaryotes regulate gene expression

● Analyze regulation by an operon


● feedback loop

● operator

● operon

● promoter

● repressor

Notes13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression

A. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation 1. The Lac Operon 2. Promoters and Operators

a) The Lac-Repressor Blocks Transcription b) Lactose Turns the Operon “On”

Questions1 a. How is the lac operon regulated?

b. What is a promoter? c. Write an analogy that demonstrates how the lac repressor functions.

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3814. Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Objectives:

● Explain how genes are regulated in eukaryotes

● Explain the purpose of gene regulation in cell differentiation

● Describe how gene regulation controls development in multicellular organisms

Gene Expression in EukaryotesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Regulated Transcription” video

1. How many transcription factors are in an organism? 2. Where does the transcription factor bind?

RNA InterferenceAnswer the following questions after watching the “Fire, Andrew Z.” video:

1. What process did Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discover? 2. How does this process affect gene expression?

Homeotic GenesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Gene Therapy” video:

1. What is homeosis? 2. What are the homeotic genes? 3. How many homeotic genes are in a fly? 4. Could the mouse gene have been a homeotic gene?


● cell differentiation

● homeotic genes

● RNA interference

● transcription factor

Notes13.4 Gene Regulation and Expression

A. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation 1. Transcription Factors 2. Cell Specialization

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383. RNA Interference 4. The Promise of RNAi Technology

B. Genetic Control of Development 1. Homeotic Genes 2. Homeobox and Hox Genes 3. Environmental Influences

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3815. Molecular Biology Review: Review of Lessons 1-14

Objectives:

● Review cellular processes related to storage and expression of genetic information

● Review key words

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3816. The Human Genome

Objectives:

● Identify chromosomes in a karyotype

● Explain the inheritance of traits in humans

● Explain how pedigrees can provide information about human inheritance

● Analyze human pedigrees

Analyzing Human ChromosomesAnswer the following questions after reading the “Science Peers Behind Veil of the Unborn” article

1. What is a karyotype? 2. What information is obtained from a karyotype of a fetus prepared following either

amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS)? 3. Why are expectant mothers older than 35 offered one of these tests?

Normal KaryotypesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Using Karyotypes to Locate Genetic Alterations” video

1. Which pair of chromosomes did not match up in the two karyotypes prepared? 2. Why did this pair not match?

Chromosomal DisordersAnswer the following questions after watching the “Chromosomal Alteration That May Occur During Meiosis: Investigating the Process of Nondisjunction” video

1. What is nondisjunction? 2. What is the effect of nondisjunction in a gamete that fuses with another to form an

embryo? 3. What other chromosomal abnormalities can occur?

Human Inheritance PatternsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Inherited Human Traits and Patterned Sex-Linked Inheritance” video

1. What are some examples of autosomal human traits? 2. Does a father pass a sex-linked trait to his daughters and to his sons? 3. Does a male inherit a sex-linked trait from his mother or father?

Codominance and Multiple Alleles Part I

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38Answer the following questions after watching the “Multiple Alleles and Co-Dominance in Human Blood Types” video (0:00-2:20)

1. How are blood type genotypes represented in science? 2. Which blood types are dominant? 3. Which are recessive? 4. Write the genotypes for all possible blood groups. 5. What is codominance?

Codominance and Multiple Alleles Part IIWatch the “Multiple Alleles and Co-Dominance in Human Blood Types” video (4:00-4:49) and then fill in the following Punnett square describing the offspring of an O-type (ii) parent and an AB-type parent (IAIB)

PedigreesAnswer the following questions using the pedigree provided in the lesson

1. If the first generation represents the grandparents, which grandparent expresses the dominant trait?

2. How many of the second generation express the trait? 3. Is the grandparent who expresses the trait homozygous or heterozygous for the trait?

How do you know? 4. Are any of the grandchildren homozygous for the trait? How do you know?


● autosome

● genome

● karyotype

● nondisjunction

● pedigree

● sex chromosome

● sex-linked

Notes14.1 Human Chromosomes

A. Karyotypes 1. Sex Chromosomes

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382. Autosomal Chromosomes

B. Transmission of Human Trait 1. Dominant and Recessive Alleles 2. Codominant and Multiple Alleles 3. Sex-Linked Inheritance 4. X-Chromosome Inactivation?

C. Human Pedigrees

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3817. Genetic Engineering

Objectives:

● Explain selective breeding

● Evaluate the effects produced by creating recombinant DNA

● Explain the usefulness of transgenic organisms to humans

● Explain the processes involved in genetic engineering research

Thousands of Years of Genetic ExperimentsAnswer the following questions after watching “The Historical Background of the Science of Genetics” video

1. How did ancient people use genetic manipulation to build civilizations? 2. How did people make domesticated organisms? 3. How did the domesticated organisms compare with their wild ancestor?

Answer the following questions after reading the “Luther Burbank: The Plant Wizard” article

1. Whose ideas inspired Burbank to think that he could manipulate plant traits? 2. What strategy did Burbank use to get plants with the traits he was looking for? 3. What does the term hybridization mean?

Manipulating Organisms at the DNA LevelAnswer the following questions after watching the “Introduction: Manipulating DNA” video

1. What is recombinant DNA? 2. What are some outcomes of genetic engineering research?

Making Recombinant DNAAnswer the following questions after watching the “Designing Genes” video

1. Why is it possible to combine the DNA of a lizard and a plant? 2. What is a plasmid? 3. What is a restriction enzyme? 4. What does DNA ligase do? 5. How do these three things allow biologists to make recombinant DNA?

Transgenic OrganismsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Transgenics: Splicing Genes Across Species” video

1. What are transgenic organisms?

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382. How can a cow be a drug factory? 3. What process is used to make copies of an organism?

CloningAnswer the following questions after watching “The Science of Cloning” and “Hello Dolly: One Controversial Sheep” videos

1. What is a clone? 2. How did Steen Willadsen create a successful clone of a mammal? 3. Why did Dolly not have a father? 4. How does Dolly’s DNA compare with the DNA of the sheep used to create her?


● biotechnology

● clone

● hybridization

● inbreeding

● ligase

● plasmid

● recombinant DNA

● restriction enzyme

● selective breeding

● transgenic

Notes15.1 Selective Breeding and 15.2 Recombinant DNA

A. Selective Breeding 1. Hybridization 2. Inbreeding

B. Increasing Variation 1. Bacterial Mutations 2. Polyploid Plants

C. Copying DNA 1. Finding Genes 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction

D. Changing DNA 1. Combining DNA Fragments 2. Plasmids and Genetic Markers

E. Transgenic Organisms 1. Transgenic Plants

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382. Transgenic Animals 3. Cloning

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3818. Applications and Ethics of Genetic Engineering

Objectives:

● Describe some applications of genetic engineering

● Identify some of the pros and cons of genetically modified organisms and products made from them

● Argue an opinion about whether genetically modified organisms should be used to solve human problems

Genetically Engineered CornAnswer the following questions after reading the “Agricultural Uses” section of the “Genetic Engineering” article

1. What type of organism is Bacillus thuringiensis? 2. What is Bt toxin and how does it affect insects? 3. What did biologists do with the gen for Bt toxin and why? 4. Have farmers planted much engineered corn?

Bt Corn and Monarch ButterfliesAnswer the following questions after reading the “Killer Corn” article

1. If monarch caterpillars do not eat corn, how would they come into contact with Bt toxin?

2. What experiment did the Cornell scientists carry out? 3. What were the results of the experiment? 4. What does this suggest about a potential problem concerning Bt corn?

Additional Research and More ConclusionsAnswer the following questions after reading the “Bt Corn Risk to Monarchs is ‘Negligible’” article

1. What two types of tests were conducted to see if monarch caterpillars are harmed by Bt corn?

2. What did the field tests reveal about where monarch butterflies tend to lay eggs? 3. When all the data were considered, what was the consensus of opinion about whether

monarchs are harmed by the Bt corn? 4. What questions were left unanswered by the research?

Textbook Reading (pages 437-439)Notes15.4 Ethics and Impacts of Biotechnology

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38F. Safety of Transgenics

1. Pros of GM Foods 2. Cons of GM Foods

G. Ethics of the New Biology

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3819. Genetics Unit Review

Objectives:

● Review the concepts presented in the unit

Test Preparation

● Read the Chapter 11 Study Guide on p. 331

● Answer the following questions from pp. 332-333o 1. o 2. o 3. o 5. o 6. o 7. o 8. o 9. o 10. o 11. o 12. o 13. o 14. o 15. o 16. o 19. o 20. o 22. o 23. o 24.


● Answer the following questions from pp. 356-357o 1. o 2. o 3. o 4. o 5. o 6. o 9. o 10.

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38o 11. o 12. o 13. o 14. o 15. o 16. o 17. o 20. o 21. o 22. o 24.


● Answer the following questions from pp. 386-388o 1. o 2. o 3. o 4. o 5. o 6. o 7. o 8. o 9. o 10. o 11. o 12. o 13. o 14. o 15. o 18. o 19. o 20. o 21. o 22. o 23. o 24. o 25. o 26. o 27. o 28. o 29. o 30. o 31.

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38o 35. o 36.


● Answer the following questions from pp. 412-414o 1. o 2. o 3. o 4. o 5. o 31. o 32. o 33.


● Answer the following questions from pp. 442-443o 1. o 2. o 3. o 6. o 7. o 8. o 9. o 10. o 11. o 12. o 16. o 17.

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