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CONNECTIONS ACADEMY

Biology Science Journal

Unit 4: AnimalsImages are copyright of, and used with permission from Clipart.com, © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Jupiter Media Corporation. All rights reserved.

2Table of Contents

1. DEFINING ANIMALS ............................................................................................................ 5

OBJECTIVES:...................................................................................................................................5CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF ANIMALS................................................................................5PHYLUM CHORDATA......................................................................................................................5TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 730-735).........................................................................................5

2. ANIMAL BODY PLANS: 1 ..................................................................................................... 7

OBJECTIVES:...................................................................................................................................7GERM LAYERS AND BODY CAVITIES............................................................................................7TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 737-741).........................................................................................7

3. ANIMAL BODY PLANS: 2 ..................................................................................................... 9

OBJECTIVES:...................................................................................................................................9TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 742-743).........................................................................................9

4. INVERTEBRATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY: 1 .................................................... 10

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................10ANIMAL EVOLUTION....................................................................................................................10THE MIGHTY INVERTEBRATES....................................................................................................10TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 752-756).......................................................................................10

5. INVERTEBRATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY: 2 .................................................... 12

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................12VOCABULARY TERMS...................................................................................................................12

6. CHORDATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY ................................................................. 13

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................13CHORDATES..................................................................................................................................13CLADOGRAM OF CHORDATES......................................................................................................13TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 757-764).......................................................................................13

7. PRIMATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY ..................................................................... 15

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................15THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES...................................................................................................15TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 765-772).......................................................................................15

8. ANIMAL DIVERSITY .......................................................................................................... 17

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................17

9. ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION REVIEW ...................................................... 18

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................18

3ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS REVIEW..........................................................................................18ACTIVITIES....................................................................................................................................18VOCABULARY TERMS...................................................................................................................18

10. ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ...................................................................... 20

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................20STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.........................................................................................................20ACTIVITIES....................................................................................................................................20

11. FEEDING AND DIGESTION ............................................................................................. 21

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................21TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 782-786).......................................................................................21

12. RESPIRATION ..................................................................................................................... 23

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................23GAS EXCHANGE............................................................................................................................23TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 787-790).......................................................................................23

13. CIRCULATION ................................................................................................................... 25

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................25CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS..............................................................................................................25TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 791-793).......................................................................................25

14. EXCRETION ........................................................................................................................ 27

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................27GETTING RID OF WASTE..............................................................................................................27TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 794-798).......................................................................................27

15. RESPONSE AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: 1 ................................................... 29

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................29TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 808-811).......................................................................................29

16. RESPONSE AND INFORMATION PROCESSING: 2 ................................................... 30

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................30ANIMAL SENSES............................................................................................................................30TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 811-813).......................................................................................30

17. REPRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 32

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................32ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS......................................................................................32SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS.........................................................................................32REPRODUCTION IN CHORDATES..................................................................................................32TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 819-822 AND 824-826).................................................................32

418. LAB INVESTIGATOR: VIRTUAL DISSECTION TOOL ............................................. 34

OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................34

19. HOMEOSTASIS ................................................................................................................... 35

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................35MAINTAINING BALANCE..............................................................................................................35CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE....................................................................................................35TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 827-830).......................................................................................35

20. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR ......................................................................................................... 37

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................37ANIMAL BEHAVIOR......................................................................................................................37TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 840-843).......................................................................................37

21. BEHAVIOR AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 39

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................39ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................39ANIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR.........................................................................................................39TEXTBOOK READING (PAGES 847-851).......................................................................................39

22. ANIMALS REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 41

OBJECTIVES:.................................................................................................................................41ACTIVITIES:...................................................................................................................................41

51. Defining Animals

Objectives:

List the characteristics that all animals share Differentiate between invertebrates and chordates List and discuss the essential functions that animals perform in order to survive

Characteristics and Types of AnimalsAnswer the following questions after reading the “Invertebrate” article:

1. What is an invertebrate? 2. List the 8 invertebrate phyla. 3. The article also mentions two groups of invertebrates that are part of the phylum

Chordata. What are the names of these groups? 4. About how many of Earth’s animal species are invertebrates? 5. What group makes up most of the invertebrate species?

Answer the following questions after reading the “Vertebrate” article:

1. What is the definition of a vertebrate? 2. What phylum do all vertebrates belong to? 3. What are the five classes of vertebrates? 4. What are the general characteristics of vertebrates? 5. How are the bodies of vertebrates similar to one another?

Phylum ChordataAnswer the following questions after watching the “Phylum Chordata” video:

1. What five classes of animals belong to phylum Chordata? 2. What is a notochord? In most chordates, when is the notochord present? 3. Along with a notochord, what is a second major characteristic of chordates? 4. What is a third characteristic of chordates? When in their development do humans

possess this characteristic? 5. What happens to the notochord in vertebrates? 6. What other features do vertebrates share?

Textbook Reading (pages 730-735)Vocabulary Terms

chordate clade feedback inhibition invertebrate notochord pharyngeal pouch

6 vertebrate

Notes25.1 What Is an Animal?

A. Characteristics of Animals B. Types of Animals

1. Invertebrates 2. Chordates

C. What Animals Do to Survive 1. Maintaining Homeostasis 2. Gathering and Responding to Information 3. Obtaining and Distributing Oxygen and Nutrients 4. Collecting and Eliminating CO2 and Other Wastes 5. Reproducing

Questions

1. a. Which characteristics do all animals share? b. A classmate is looking at an organism under a microscope. She asks you if it is an animal. What would you say, and why?

2. a. What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates? What are four characteristics of chordates? b. Why would you be unlikely to find a notochord in an adult chordate? c. How do vertebrates differ from other chordates?

3. a. Describe the essential functions performed by all animals. b. Why must waste products produced by metabolic processes be eliminated from an animal’s body? c. Which body system delivers waste products to the respiratory and excretory systems?

72. Animal Body Plans: 1

Objectives:

Discuss some trends in animal evolution Explain the differences among the animal phyla

Germ Layers and Body CavitiesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Formation of Structures in a Developing Embryo” video

1. What are the three germ layers called? 2. What types of tissues arise from each layer?

Answer the following questions after watching “The Blastula: Formation of the Major Body Systems” video

1. What is a blastula? 2. What is a blastopore? What does the blastopore become?


bilateral symmetry blastula cephalization coelom deuterostome ectoderm endoderm mesoderm protostome pseudocoelom radial symmetry zygote

Notes25.2 Animal Body Plans and Evolution

A. Features of Body Plans 1. Levels of Organization 2. Body Symmetry 3. Differentiation of Germ Layers 4. Formation of a Body Cavity 5. Patterns of Embryological Development 6. Segmentation: Repeating Parts

87. Cephalization: Getting a Head 8. Limb Formation: Legs, Flippers, and Wings

Questions

1. a. List eight features of animal body plans. b. How is the embryology of echinoderms similar to that of vertebrates? What might this similarity indicate about their evolutionary relationship?

2. a. What two features define animal phyla? b. What happens to a phylum over time if its body plan doesn’t enable its members to survive and reproduce?

93. Animal Body Plans: 2

Objectives:

Discuss some trends in animal evolution Explain the differences among the animal phyla


bilateral symmetry blastula cephalization coelom deuterostome ectoderm endoderm mesoderm protostome pseudocoelom radial symmetry zygote

Notes25.2 Animal Body Plans and Evolution

A. The Cladogram of Animals 1. Differences Between Phyla 2. Changes Within Phyla: Themes and Variations 3. Evolutionary Experiments

Questions

3. Explain the description of a body plan as an “evolutionary experiment”. In your explanation, describe the difference between successful and unsuccessful body plans in terms of the different outcomes.

104. Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity: 1

Objectives:

Explain what fossil evidence indicates about the timing of the evolution of the first animals

Interpret the cladogram of invertebrates

Animal EvolutionAnswer the following questions after watching “The Formation of Animals” video

1. How long have sponges had the same basic body structure? 2. What binds the cells in a sponge together? 3. How was the production of oxygen on the primitive Earth important to the formation of

animals? 4. What advantages did multicellularity have for the first animals?

Answer the following questions after watching the “Evolution and Variation: video

1. Describe the sequence scientists believe life evolved in. 2. Where do scientists believe the first animals evolved? 3. From what time period have scientists found fossils representing ancient members of

modern invertebrate phyla?

The Mighty InvertebratesAnswer the following questions after watching “The Phylum Cnidarians: Common Characteristics of Anemones of the North Atlantic: Frilled Anemone and Northern Red Anemone” video:

1. Name some of the members of the phylum Cnidaria. 2. How do cnidarians capture their food?

Answer the following questions after watching the “Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropods, the Joint-Legged Animals” video:

1. List four facts characteristics of arthropods. 2. What do the other worm phyla possess that the flatworms do not?


appendage exoskelton larvae trocophore

11Notes26.1 Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity

A. Origins of the Invertebrates 1. Traces of Early Animals 2. The Ediacaran Fauna 3. The Cambrian Explosion 4. Modern Invertebrate Diversity

B. Nonchordate Invertebrates 1. Sponges 2. Cnidarians 3. Arthropods 4. Nematodes (Roundworms) 5. Flatworms 6. Annelids 7. Mollusks 8. Echinoderms

Questions1. a. What was the Cambrian Explosion?

b. When does fossil evidence indicate that the first animals evolved? c. What two characteristics of early animals explain the scarcity of animal fossils older than the Cambrian Period?

2. a. What is a cladogram? b. What does the cladogram of invertebrates show? c. Which body plan feature evolved first- radial symmetry or deuterostome development?

125. Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity: 2

Objectives:

Explain what fossil evidence indicates about the timing of the evolution of the first animals

Interpret the cladogram of invertebrates

Vocabulary Terms

appendage exoskelton larvae trocophore

136. Chordate Evolution and Diversity

Objectives:

Describe the most ancient chordates Interpret the cladogram of chordates

ChordatesAnswer the following questions after reading the “Chordate” article:

1. What characteristics do all chordates share? 2. What is a notochord? 3. What type of body symmetry do chordates have? 4. Do most chordates exhibit cephalization? How do you know? 5. What type of body cavity do chordates have? 6. How many phyla include invertebrate chordates? 7. What are the vertebrate classes? Give an example of an animal that belongs to

each class. 8. What common chordate characteristics do lancelets have? What features do they

lack? 9. What groups do scientists think share a common evolutionary origin with chordates?

Cladogram of ChordatesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Fish Adaptations” video:

1. What vertebrate class is the most successful? 2. What type of fish are hagfish and lampreys? 3. Which fishes are considered the most advanced?


adaptive radiation cartilage tetrapod

Notes26.2 Chordate Evolution and Diversity

A. Origins of the Chordates 1. The Earliest Chordate 2. Modern Chordate Diversity

B. Cladogram of Chordates 1. Invertebrate Chordates 2. Jawless Fishes

143. Sharks and Their Relatives 4. Bony Fishes

a) Ray-Finned Fishes b) Lobe-Finned Fishes

5. Amphibians a) The Unique “Fishapod” b) Terrestrial Adaptations

6. Reptiles a) Enter the Dinosaurs b) Exit the Dinosaurs

7. Birds a) Bird Roots b) Bird Classification

8. Mammals a) The First Mammals b) Modern Mammals

Questions1. a. Name the group of animals whose ancestors were related to the earliest chordates.

b. Why did scientists classify Pikaia as a chordate instead of as a worm?

2. a. What two aspects of evolutionary history does the cladogram of chordates show? b. How do nonvertebrate chordates differ from other chordates? c. According to Figure 26-5, which chordate feature evolved earlier- endothermy or lungs?

157. Primate Evolution and Diversity

Objectives:

Identify the characteristics that all primates share Describe the major evolutionary groups of primates Describe the adaptations that enabled later hominine species to walk upright

The Evolution of PrimatesAnswer the following questions after watching “The World of Primates” video

1. What are three characteristics primates share? 2. How do these adaptations help primates survive in their environments?

Answer the following questions after reading the “Human Evolution” article

1. When do scientists believe the first primates appeared? 2. When do scientists believe that the lineage that led to humans split from the lineage that

led to great apes? 3. How did the development of binocular, or stereoscopic, vision help primates survive in

their environment? 4. How did the development of a larger cerebrum help primates survive in their

environment? 5. What environmental conditions do scientists believe may have contributed to the

development of bipedalism, or walking on two feet? 6. When do scientists believe the first modern humans appeared? What other Homo species

was alive at that time?


anthropoid binocular vision bipedal hominine hominoid opposable thumb prehensile tail

Notes26.3 Primate Evolution

A. What Is a Primate 1. Fingers, Toes, and Shoulders 2. Binocular Vision

163. Well-Developed Cerebrum B. Evolution of Primates

1. Lemurs and Lorises 2. Tarsiers and Anthropoids

a) New World Monkeys b) Old World Monkeys and Great Apes

C. Hominine Evolution 1. New Findings and New Questions 2. Relatives Versus Ancestors 3. The Oldest Hominine? 4. Australopithecus

a) Lucy b) The Dikika Baby

5. Paranthropus 6. Hominine Relationships

D. The Road to Modern Humans 1. The Genus Homo 2. Out of Africa- But When and Who?

a) The First to Leave b) Homo erectus in Asia c) The First Homo sapiens

3. Modern Humans a) Homo neandertalensis b) Modern Homo sapiens

Questions1. a. What are the characteristics of primates?

b. How does each characteristic benefit primates? 2. a. List the two major groups of primates.

b. At what point did the two groups of anthropoids split, and why? 3. a. Which early hominine bones changed shape over time, allowing later hominines to

walk upright? b. How was bipedal locomotion important to hominine evolution?

178. Animal Diversity

Objectives:

Describe adaptations animals have that make them successful Describe the diversity of form in the animal kingdom

189. Animal Diversity and Evolution Review

Objectives:

Define and identify a chordate Define and identify an invertebrate Define and identify a primate Describe adaptations animals have that make them successful Describe the diversity of form in the animal kingdom

Animal Characteristics ReviewAnswer the following questions after watching the “Kingdom Animalia: The Characteristics of Animals” video:

1. What characteristics do all animals share? 2. Explain how an animal’s body is organized and how this contributes to an animal’s

complexity.

ActivitiesAnswer the following questions using “The Primates: Overview” website

1. Do all primates have binocular vision, depth perception, and color vision? 2. Compare a secure grip, a power grip, and a precision grip. What are each of the grips

used for? 3. What animals are considered primates? 4. About how many living species are in the order Primates? 5. Compare diurnal and nocturnal primates. 6. Where do most primates live? 7. What is the difference between an arboreal animal and a terrestrial one? Are most

primates arboreal or terrestrial? 8. What do most primates eat? 9. What is pentadactylism? 10. How does the size of a primate’s brain compare to that of most animals? 11. What purposes does grooming serve? 12. How does the gestational period of a primate compare to other animals? 13. How does having flexible shoulder joints and strong collarbones help primates? 14. Which primates have prehensile feet? 15. What does olfactory mean?

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms

body plan chordate germ layers invertebrate

19 primate vertebrate

2010. Animal Structure and Function

Objectives:

Describe structure/function relationships in biology Describe the need for organisms to balance intake of nutrients and water with release of

metabolic wastes

Structure and FunctionAnswer the following questions after watching the “Star-nosed Mole: Fast Forager” video:

1. Why wouldn’t the star-nosed mole use its eyes to find food? 2. How does the structure of the mole’s nose help it find food? 3. How does the star-nosed mole hunt underwater?

Answer the following questions after watching the “Namakwa Chameleon: Desert Dweller” video:

1. How has the Namakwa chameleon adapted to its desert environment? 2. How does a chameleon catch food?

ActivitiesVocabulary Terms

abdomen chromatophore cloaca mucus nare nictitating membrane thorax tympanum

Answer the following questions after reading the “Gutless Wonder” article:1. Explain how the worms described in the article are able to exist with no mouth or gut.

2. What ecological role do these worms serve?

2111. Feeding and Digestion

Objectives:

Describe the different ways animals get food Explain how digestion occurs in different animals Describe how mouthparts are adapted for an animal’s diet


digestive tract extracellular digestion gastrovascular cavity intracellular digestion rumen

Notes27.1 Feeding and Digestion

A. Obtaining Food 1. Filter Feeders” 2. Detritivores 3. Carnivores 4. Herbivores 5. Nutritional Symbionts

a) Parasitic Symbionts b) Mutualistic Symbionts

B. Processing Food 1. Intracellular Digestion 2. Extracellular Digestion

a) Gastrovascular Cavities b) Digestive Tracts

C. Specialization for Different Diets 1. Specialized Mouthparts

a) Eating Meat b) Eating Plant Leaves

2. Specialized Digestive Tracts

Questions1. a. What types of food do herbivores eat? What are nutritional symbionts?

b. How might a coral be affected if all its symbiotic algae died? 2. a. What are two types of digestion animals use to break down and absorb food?

b. What is a major structural difference between gastrovascular cavities and digestive tracts?

3. a. Describe the adaptations of the mouthparts and digestive systems of leaf-eaters and meat-eaters.

22b. Describe the relationship between a ruminant and its microbial symbionts in terms of teamwork.

2312. Respiration

Objectives:

Describe the characteristics of respiratory structures that all animals share Explain how aquatic animals breathe Identify the respiratory structures that enable land animals to breathe

Gas ExchangeAnswer the following questions after watching the “Gas Exchange in Animals” video:

1. What is the purpose of an animal’s lungs? 2. What types of animals have lungs? 3. What is an alveolus? How many alveoli does each lung contain? 4. How does oxygen get from the lungs to all the cells in the body? 5. How do fish get the oxygen they need? 6. How is the oxygen carried from a fish’s gills to the rest of its body?

Answer the following question after watching the “Abdomen: Breathing, Hearing, Sound” video:

1. How do insects get the oxygen they need?

Textbook Reading (Pages 787-790)Vocabulary Terms

alveolus gill lung spiracle tracheal tube

Notes27.2 Respiration

A. Gas Exchange 1. Gas Diffusion and Membranes 2. Requirements for Respiration

B. Respiratory Surfaces of Aquatic Animals C. Respiratory Surfaces of Terrestrial Animals

1. Respiratory Surfaces in Land Invertebrates 2. Lung Structure in Vertebrates

a) Amphibian, Reptilian, and Mammalian Lungs b) Bird Lungs

Questions

241. a. In what ways are the respiratory structures of all animals similar? b. Explain why it is important that respiratory surfaces are moist and selectively permeable

2. a. Which groups of aquatic animals breathe with gills? With lungs? b. Why do some animals actively pump water over their gills?

3. a. How do terrestrial invertebrates and terrestrial vertebrates breathe? b. Contrast the structures of amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian lungs as shown in Figure 27-8.

4. Describe the events that occur when a mammal respires, including the path of air through its lungs.

2513. Circulation

Objectives:

Compare open and closed circulatory systems Compare patterns of circulation in vertebrates

Circulatory SystemsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Animal Systems for Transport” video:

1. How so nutrients and oxygen get to an animal’s body cells? 2. Describe what happens to blood in a closed circulatory system. 3. What are capillaries? How do oxygen, nutrients, and waste products get into and out of

the capillaries? 4. Where do capillaries get the oxygen and nutrients they carry? 5. How do the circulation systems of vertebrates and invertebrates differ? 6. Describe what happens to blood in an open circulatory system. 7. How are respiratory gases exchanged in most invertebrates?


atrium capillary closed circulatory system heart open circulatory system sinuses ventricle

Notes27.3 Circulation

A. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems a. Open Circulatory Systems b. Closed Circulatory Systems

B. Single- and Double-Loop Circulation a. Single-Loop Circulation b. Double-Loop Circulation c. Mammalian Heart-Chamber Evolution

Questions1. a. Describe an open circulatory system. Describe a closed circulatory system.

b. Which groups of animals tend to have each type of circulatory system? c. How does having a closed circulatory system benefit a large, active animal?

262. a. What are two different patterns of circulation found in vertebrates? b. What is the major structural difference between vertebrates that have single-loop circulatory systems and those that have double-loop systems?

2714. Excretion

Objectives:

Describe the methods animals use to manage nitrogenous wastes Explain how aquatic animals eliminate wastes Explain how land animals eliminate wastes

Getting Rid of WasteAnswer the following questions after watching the “Animal Systems for Waste Removal” video:

1. How is the waste product carbon dioxide removed from the body? 2. How do single-celled animals get rid of waste products? 3. What organ removes waste from the blood in larger animals? 4. What is another term used for solid waste or excrement and which type of scientist

studies it?


excretion kidney Malpighian tubule nephridium scatology

Notes27.4 Excretion

1. The Ammonia Problem 1. Storing Nitrogenous Wastes 2. Maintaining Water Balance

2. Excretion in Aquatic Animals 1. Freshwater Animals 2. Saltwater Animals

3. Excretion in Terrestrial Animals 1. Terrestrial Invertebrates 2. Terrestrial Vertebrates 3. Adaptations to Extreme Environments

Questions1. a. Why does the metabolic waste ammonia pose a problem for all animals?

b. How do insects, reptiles, and birds eliminate ammonia? How do mammals and some amphibians eliminate it? c. How do kidneys help maintain homeostasis while processing nitrogenous wastes?

282. a. In general, how do aquatic animals address the ammonia problem? b. How do the differing water balance needs of freshwater animals and saltwater animals explain the difference in their excretion of nitrogenous wastes?

3. b. Explain how differing water balance needs relate to an animal’s conversion of ammonia to either urea or uric acid.

2915. Response and Information Processing: 1

Objectives:

Describe how animals respond to stimuli Summarize the trends in evolution of nervous systems in animals


cerebellum cerebrum ganglion interneuron motor neuron neuron response sensory neuron stimulus

Notes28.1 Response

A. How Animals Respond a. Detecting Stimuli b. Processing Information c. Responding

B. Trends in Nervous System Evolution a. Invertebrates

i. Nerve nets, Nerve Cords, and Ganglia ii. “Heads”

iii. Brains b. Chordates

i. Parts of the Vertebrate Brain ii. Vertebrate Brain Evolution

Questions1. a. List three body systems that work together to create a response to a stimulus.

b. What is the role of a motor neuron? c. What is the correct sequence of roles played by the following in the response to a stimulus: interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron, muscle?

2. a. What are two general ways in which nervous systems differ among animal groups? b. Describe the degree of cephalization shown by cnidarians, flatworms, octopi, and vertebrates.

3016. Response and Information Processing: 2

Objectives:

Describe some of the sensory systems in animals

Animal SensesAnswer the following questions after watching the “Snakes’ Senses” video:

1. Can snakes hear sound? 2. Pit vipers have poor eyesight. How do they find their prey? 3. Why do snakes flick their tongues in and out of their mouths? What is the function

of a Jacobson’s organ?

Answer the following questions after watching “The Eagle’s Eye Test: Assessing the Vision of Birds of Prey” video:

1. How are an eagle’s eyes different from that of most birds? What advantage does this give the eagle?

2. What is the purpose of a nictitating membrane? 3. How much better is an eagle’s eyesight than human eyesight?

Answer the following questions after watching the “Stalking Prey: A Matter of Good Eyesight” video:

1. How does a kestrel’s eyesight differ from that of an eagle’s? 2. How does the ability to detect ultraviolet light help a kestrel?


cerebellum cerebrum ganglion interneuron motor neuron neuron response sensory neuron stimulus

Notes28.1 Response

A. Sensory Systems a. Invertebrate Sense Organs

31b. Chordate Sense Organs

Questions3. a. Give an example of an animal with a very simple sensory system and an example of

one with a complex sensory system. b. What is the general relationship between the complexity of an animal’s nervous system and that of its sensory system?

4. The compound eyes of insects detect movement better than they distinguish details. How might the ability to detect movement be more important to an insect than the ability to see fine details?

3217. Reproduction

Objectives:

Compare asexual and sexual reproduction Contrast internal and external fertilization Explain how terrestrial vertebrates are adapted to reproduction on land

Asexual Reproduction in AnimalsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Parthenogenesis” video:

1. What is parthenogenesis? 2. Name three types of animals in which parthenogenesis occurs.

Sexual Reproduction in AnimalsAnswer the following questions after watching the “Sexual Reproduction: A Look at Oysters” video:

1. Describe sexual reproduction in oysters.

Answer the following questions after watching “The Reproduction of Leopard Slugs” video:

1. Describe sexual reproduction in leopard slugs.

Reproduction in ChordatesAnswer the following questions after watching “The Three Classifications of Mammals: Placentals, Marsupials, and Monotremes” video:

1. What are the three main groups of mammals? How do scientists determine which group a mammal belongs to?

2. Describe how the young of each group grow and give an example of an animal that belongs to that group.

3. What are the characteristics of all mammals?

Textbook Reading (pages 819-822 and 824-826)Vocabulary Terms

amniotic egg external fertilization internal fertilization mammary glands marsupials monotremes parthenogenesis placentals

33Notes28.3 Reproduction

A. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 1. Asexual Reproduction 2. Sexual Reproduction 3. Reproductive Cycles

B. Internal and External Fertilization 1. Internal Fertilization

a) Invertebrates b) Chordates

2. External Fertilization a) Invertebrates b) Chordates

C. Development and Growth 1. Where Embryos Develop

a) Oviparous Species b) Ovoviparous Species c) Viviparous Species

D. Reproductive Diversity in Chordates 1. The Amniotic Egg 2. Mammalian Reproductive Strategies

a) Monotremes b) Marsupials c) Placentals

Questions1. a. Compare asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction in terms of the genetic

diversity resulting from each. b. Why might sexual reproduction, as opposed to asexual reproduction, produce a population better able to survive disease or environmental changes?

2. a. Define the two types of fertilization. b. Why would you expect species that employ external fertilization to reproduce in the water?

4. a. What structure enables reptiles and birds to reproduce outside of water? b. In your own words, describe the functions of two of the membranes shown in Figure 28-22.

3418. Lab Investigator: Virtual Dissection Tool

Objectives

Develop a comparative understanding of systems in different specimens Create a lab project using the virtual dissection tool

3519. Homeostasis

Objectives:

Explain how homeostasis is maintained in animals Describe the importance of body temperature control in animals

Maintaining BalanceAnswer the following questions after reading the “Homeostasis” article:

1. What is homeostasis? 2. How do organisms maintain homeostasis? 3. Explain the ways in which the human body changes to keep a stable internal temperature

while experiencing a fever.

Answer the following questions after reading the “Vertebrates, Insects, Share the Stress” article:

1. What stress response system do insects and vertebrates share? 2. How do scientists know that insects and vertebrates share this stress response system?

3. What does this evidence suggest about the evolutionary history of insects and

vertebrates?

Controlling TemperatureAnswer the following questions after reading the “Ants That Are Not Too Hot to Trot” article:

1. Explain how the Namib ant regulates its body heat? 2. What strategy does the ant use to cool its body when the sand gets above 126° F? 3. Why would an ant risk death to come out of its nest during the heat of the day?


ectotherm endocrine gland endotherm

Notes28.4 Homeostasis

A. Interrelationship of Body Systems 1. Fighting Disease 2. Chemical Controls

B. Body Temperature Controls 1. Ectotherms 2. Endotherms

363. Comparing Ectotherms and Endotherms 4. Evolution of Temperature Control

QuestionsPage 830

1. a. How do the immune system and endocrine glands help to maintain homeostasis? b. Give an example of how multiple body systems function together to maintain homeostasis. c. Describe how the circulatory and endocrine systems of the migrating wildebeests in Figure 28-26 help them maintain homeostasis.

2. a. Define ectotherm. Define endotherm. b. Why must an endotherm eat more food than an ectotherm of the same size? c. How might birds and mammals have evolved different means of insulating their bodies?

Page 8281. Which animal has the highest body temperature when the environmental temperature is

between 0°C and 10°C? Which has the lowest temperature under those conditions?

2. Which animals represented in the graph are ectotherms? Which are endotherms? Explain your answers.

3. If these animals lived in your area, would you expect all of them to be equally active year-round? If not, why not?

3720. Animal Behavior

Objectives:

Identify the significance of behavior in the evolution of a species Explain what an innate behavior is Describe the major types of learning

Animal BehaviorAnswer the following questions after watching the “Behavior” video:

1. What do scientists observe when studying animal behavior? 2. What two types of behaviors can be seen in animals? 3. What is the difference between innate behaviors and learned behaviors? 4. Give an example of an innate behavior. Give an example of a learned behavior.


behavior classical conditioning habituation innate behavior insight learning learning operant conditioning

Notes29.1 Elements of Behavior

A. Behavior and Evolution B. Innate Behavior C. Learned Behavior

1. Habituation 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Operant Conditioning 4. Insight Learning

Questions1. a. What is behavior?

b. How does natural selection affect animal behavior? 2. a. How does a newborn animal know exactly “what to do” the moment it is born?

b. What would happen if a newborn kitten did not have the suckling instinct?

383. a. What are the four types of learning? b. Give an example of how humans learn through classical conditioning.

5. Use what you learned in this lesson to explain why behavioral responses are important to the survival of a species.

3921. Behavior and Environment

Objectives:

Explain how environmental changes affect animal behavior Explain how social behaviors increase the evolutionary fitness of a species Summarize the ways that animals communicate

Animal Behavior and the EnvironmentAnswer the following questions after watching the “Monarch Butterfly: A Migration Journey” video:

1. Why do monarch butterflies fly south for the winter? 2. How far do monarch butterflies fly when they migrate? 3. What do they do when they get to Michoacán? 4. What threats to survival do the monarchs face while hibernating? Why do they

bunch together on the tree branches? 5. Is the migration of a monarch butterfly an innate or a learned behavior? How do

you know?

Animal Social BehaviorAnswer the following question after watching the “Western Grebes: Courtship Ceremony” video:

1. What signal are the Western grebes sending to other birds when they dance across the water in pairs?

Answer the following questions after watching the “Cheetah: Hunting in Numbers” video:

1. Why would cheetahs, which are normally solitary animals, choose to hunt as a group?

2. How might this behavior give the cheetahs an evolutionary advantage?

Answer the following questions after reading the “Baby Bat Cat” article:

1. What purposes do the greater sac-winged bats calls serve? 2. Why do scientists think baby humans, bats, and dolphins babble? 3. How does the baby babble differ from adult sounds?


aggression circadian rhythm communication

40 courtship kin selection language migration society territory

Notes29.2 Animals in Their Environments

A. Behavioral Cycles B. Social Behavior

1. Territoriality and Aggression 2. Animal Societies

C. Communication 1. Visual Signals 2. Chemical Signals 3. Sound Signals 4. Language

QuestionsPage 851

1. a. Name two ways in which animal behavior is related to environmental cycles. b. Travelers who travel across time zones often experience what is called jet lag, which includes fatigue and disrupted sleep patterns. How can you explain this condition?

2. a. List three types of social behavior. b. How does membership in a society increase the evolutionary fitness of individuals in the society?

3. a. What are the main ways in which animals communicate with one another? b. Suppose you discover a new type of animal that is very different in appearance from other animals you have seen. How could observing the sense organs of this animal help you to understand how it communicates?

4. Explain two ways that an animal’s social behavior can influence its evolutionary fitness.

Page 8501. What is the approximate success rate of a female shearwater with five years of breeding

experience? 2. Are there obvious differences in reproductive success between male and female

shearwaters? 3. Do older shearwaters have better reproductive success than younger birds have?

Explain your answer. 4. Do you think these birds learn to raise young more successfully over time? Is there

an alternative hypothesis that could explain these data?

4122. Animals Review

Objectives:

Review the concepts presented in the unit

Activities:

Read the Chapter 25 Study Guide on page 745 Answer the following questions from pages 746-747

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 29.


1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 10. 11. 12.

42 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 34.


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Read sections 28.1, 28.3, and 28.4 of the Chapter 28 Study Guide on page 833 Answer the following questions from pages 834-836

1. 2. 3. 4.

43 5. 6. 7. 8. 17. 19. 20. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 31.


1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 9. 12. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 23.

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