mr. white’s us history 2 foreign policy after the cold war

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MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

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Page 1: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2

FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

Page 2: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

MAIN IDEA AND OBJECTIVES

• Main Idea: The end of the Cold War, marked by the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, led to a redirection of many U.S. goals and policies.• After this section, we should be able to:– Identify changes in the communist world that ended the

Cold War– Summarize U.S. actions taken to influence Central

American and Caribbean affairs– Describe the events leading up to the Iran-Contra scandal– Analyze U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War

Page 3: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

PART I: THE COLD WAR ENDSTHE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSED, AND MANY OTHER COMMUNIST

REGIMES DECLINED.

Page 4: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

• In March of 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union• Gorbachev inherited a Soviet economy that was

struggling to keep up with the United States• Reagan had increased defense spending to put a further

strain that the Soviet’s couldn’t keep up with

• Economy was close to collapse

Page 5: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

GLASNOST

• Gorbachev adopted a policy of glasnost (Russian for openness)• Allowed open criticisms of the Soviet government, worked to

give freedom of the press

• Gorbachev also introduced perestroika, his plan for restructuring Soviet society• Less government control of the economy, more private

enterprise, steps toward democracy

• Gorbachev also realized that better relations with the U.S. would allow Soviet Union to reduce military expenses• INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty) signed

on December 8, 1987 – eliminated two classes of nuclear weapons and allowed both sides to make on-site inspections of each other’s nuclear facilities

Page 6: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

THE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSES

• The reforms that Gorbachev had introduced encouraged nationalism and independence movements in the non-Russian Soviet states• In December, 1991, 14 non-Russian republics

declared independence from the Soviet Union• Criticized by reformers who thought he was

working too slowly, Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president• The Soviet Union dissolved, almost overnight

Page 7: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

• Many of the nations that had been a part of the Soviet Union formed the Commonwealth of Independent States• This was a loose collection of nations that would share

certain interests like economics, politics, and security

• Russia’s new president, Boris Yeltsin, soon signed the START II Treaty with President George H. W. Bush• This treaty was designed to cut both nation’s nuclear

arsenals by two-thirds

Page 8: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

THE BERLIN WALL

• Before he resigned, Gorbachev had encouraged the people of East Germany and Eastern Europe to go their own ways• He reduced the number of Soviet troops in Eastern

Europe, and allowed non-communist parties to organize in Soviet satellite nations, such as Poland and East Germany

• At the Berlin Wall in 1987, President Reagan had encouraged Gorbachev to, “tear down this wall.”

Page 9: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

GERMANY RE-UNIFIED

• In October, 1989, East Germany gave up its communist government• November 9, 1989 – East Germany opened the

Berlin Wall, re-uniting the eastern and western parts of the city• In early 1990, East Germany held its first free

elections• October 3, 1990 – East and West Germany

reunited into the nation of Germany

Page 10: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

NEW REFORMS, NEW ISSUES

• Other European nations also adopted new reforms• Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania declared their

independence from the Soviet Union• Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania gave up communism

• Yugoslavia collapsed – four of its republics seceded• Ethnic rivalries took over in a war between Muslims,

Orthodox Serbs, and Roman Catholic Croats – each claimed part of Yugoslavia

Page 11: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

CHINESE REFORM

• Economic reform had also begun in in China, which was still communist• China loosened its grip on business and

eliminated some price controls• Free-market reforms – when command economies

introduce measures to bring freedom to the market

• Chinese students began to demand more freedoms with this growing economic freedom

Page 12: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

STUDENT PROTESTS

• April, 1989 – Chinese university students led marches that quickly grew into large demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square and other cities• In Tiananmen Square, students constructed a

replica of the Statue of Liberty to symbolize their struggle for democracy• China’s premier, Li Peng, had the military crush

the protesters

Page 13: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

TIANANMEN SQUARE

• China’s army stormed into the square and fired into the crowds, killing many unarmed students• Some civilians had earlier had attacked soldiers

in armored-personnel carriers and tanks• While the protest was ended, some Chinese

officials and civilians believed that this event made many people lose faith in the government

Page 14: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

PART II: CENTRAL AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN POLICY

THE UNITED STATES USED ITS ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND MILITARY POWER TO INTERVENE AND INFLUENCE NATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.

Page 15: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

NICARAGUA

• The U.S. had been in Nicaragua since 1912 – helped the dictator Anastasio Somoza come to power• The Somozas ruled Nicaragua for 42 years• Rigged elections• Assassinated political rivals

• Between 1977 and 1979, Nicaragua underwent a civil war between the Somoza government and Sandinista rebels who opposed the government

Page 16: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

REAGAN SUPPORTS THE CONTRAS

• The Sandinistas toppled the government• Jimmy Carter recognized the new government and sent economic

aid• The Soviet Union and Cuba sent aid, as well

• When Reagan took power, he charged that Nicaragua was a Soviet satellite, and that it was “exporting revolution” to other Central American countries• Threw his support behind guerilla forces opposing the Sandinistas

known as Contras• Military aid and CIA advisers were sent to the Contras, without

Congressional approval• Congress responded by banning any military aid to the

Contras, but Reagan’s administration found ways around this

• Free elections in 1990 elected Violeta de Chamorro, a Contra supporter, but his coalition wasn’t able to solve the problems of Nicaragua

Page 17: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

GRENADA

• In Grenada, an island near Cuba, the government was developing ties to communist Cuba• Ronald Reagan sent around 2,000 U.S. troops to

the island in 1983• The troops overthrew the pro-Cuban government

and replaced it with one friendlier to the U.S.• Eighteen U.S. soldiers died, but Reagan defended

this as important to the interests of the United States

Page 18: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

PANAMA

• In 1989, President Bush sent around 20,000 U.S. troops into Panama to apprehend General Manuel Noriega• Noriega had been receiving money from the CIA, as he

opposed communist governments, but was also involved in the international drug trade

• Noriega was brought to the United States to stand trial, and was sentence to 40 years in prison• Some Latin American governments criticized this

“Yankee imperialism,” but many were happy that Noriega had been removed from power

Page 19: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

PART III: MIDDLE EAST TROUBLE SPOTS

AS THE COLD WAR ENDED, THE UNITED STATES BEGAN TO SHIFT ITS POLITICAL ATTENTION TO THE MIDDLE EAST.

Page 20: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

HOSTAGES

• In 1983, terrorist groups loyal to Iran took Americans hostage in Lebanon• Reagan denounced Iran and urged U.S. allies not to sell

arms to Iran (which was at war with Iraq)• 1985 – “America will never make concessions to

terrorists.”

Page 21: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR

• Later, however, Americans learned:• Reagan had approved the sale of weapons to Iran; in

return, Iran promised to get seven American hostages released in Lebanon

• Members of Reagan’s staff had sent profits from the weapons sales to the Contras in Nicaragua, which was in violation of the Boland Amendment, which made this against the law

• Reagan defended his actions as necessary, and was shocked at the negative reaction• Reagan administration staff members went on

trial, and many, such as Lieutenant General Oliver North, received penalties for their roles

Page 22: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

IRAN AND IRAQ

• During the 1980s, Iran and Iraq had fought a long war• Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had huge war debts

• Hussein had often claimed that Kuwait was actually part of Iraq• August 2, 1990 – Iraqi troops invaded a disputed

area claimed by Kuwait, then turned toward Saudi Arabia and its oil fields• If Iraq took Saudi Arabia, it would control one-half

of the world’s known oil reserves

Page 23: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

OPERATION DESERT STORM

• For several months, President Bush and Secretary of State James Baker organized an international coalition against Iraqi aggression• With the support of the United Nations and

Congress, Bush launched Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation• January 16, 1991 – U.S. launched a massive air assault

against Iraq• February 23, 1991 – Coalition forces launched a ground

offensive from Saudi Arabia into Kuwait• February 28, 1991 – Cease-fire was announced

• Kuwait had been liberated from Iraqi occupation

Page 24: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

VICTORY

• Americans turned out in large numbers for the victory parades that followed this successful war• This war had a different outcome from the U.S.’s last

major war, Vietnam• Only 400 coalition force casualties

• Iraq suffered an estimated 100,000 military and civilian deaths• A trade embargo following the war resulted in the

deaths of many Iraqis from preventable diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and others

Page 25: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

ELECTION OF 1992

• Although Bush was very successful on the international stage, he was not as successful at home• Rising government deficits and a recession starting in

1990 made re-election difficult• Bush raised taxes, and broke his original campaign

pledge of “no new taxes.”

• The weak economy, plus the tax hike, made Bush’s re-election very difficult

Page 26: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

MAIN IDEA AND OBJECTIVES

• Main Idea: The end of the Cold War, marked by the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, led to a redirection of many U.S. goals and policies.• After this section, we should be able to:– Identify changes in the communist world that ended the

Cold War– Summarize U.S. actions taken to influence Central

American and Caribbean affairs– Describe the events leading up to the Iran-Contra scandal– Analyze U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War

Page 27: MR. WHITE’S US HISTORY 2 FOREIGN POLICY AFTER THE COLD WAR

WRAP-UP

•So…•One of the changes that occurred with the end of the Cold War was…•One of the ways that the United States tried to influence Central America and the Caribbean was that…