The Protestant Reformation

Mr. CharnleyPre AP World History16th – 18th centuries

Catholic Dissenters

John Wycliffe 14th century English clergyman

and professor Promoted Bible-

based studies and denounced clergy and ceremonies

Translated Bible into vernacular

Catholic Dissenters

Papal Schism 15th century Roman and French

popes Jan Hus

Late 14th – early 15th centuries

criticized Catholic clergy and papacy

Executed for being a heretic

Hussite Wars (15th century)

Lutheranism

Martin Luther German monk Protested Catholic

papal legate’s selling of indulgences for money

Nailed 95 Theses to Wittenberg Church door

Lutheranism Lutheranism

Personal salvation comes only from faith in God

Clergy should be able to marry

Pope is not absolute authority

Catholic sacraments are not path to salvation

Bible should be published in vernacular

Lutheranism

Popular Support German princes supported Luther to

oppose Holy Roman Emperor Charles V German people resented authority and

taxes of Pope Common people used Luther’s protests

as motivation to rebel against landowning nobility

Supported secular pursuits more than the Roman Catholic Church

Calvinism Jean Calvin

French theologian Set up own church in Geneva,

Switzerland France: Huguenots; Scotland:

Presbyterians; England: Puritans

Predestination = God chooses who will be saved prior to birth

Communal participation in church Educate people so they can read

Bible Popular in Switzerland, Germany,

France, Netherlands, Hungary, England, Scotland

Anglicanism Henry VIII

Broke away from Catholic Church when pope refused to annul his marriage

Head of Church of England = Anglican Church

Remarried five times, executed two wives

New reforms combined with Catholic rituals and institutions

Elizabeth I Completely converted

England to Protestantism

Anglicanism

Queen Elizabeth I “Virgin Queen” =

never married Henry’s daughter

with Ann Boleyn Tolerance for

dissenters Expansion and

colonialism Virginia

Defense of Catholicism Catholic Counter-

Reformation Austria, Poland, Hungary,

Germany, Spain, France, Italy Opposed Protestant reforms Power of sacraments, celibacy

of priests Opposed folk superstitions and

belief in magic 1545-63 Council of Trent Jesuits▪ St. Ignatius Loyola▪ Society of Jesus▪ promoted education and

missionary work

Defense of Catholicism Inquisition

1478- 1834 Trial of those

accused of heresy ensure faith of

converts from Judaism and Islam

Forbidden to draw blood, but did use torture▪ 125,000

investigated▪ 2,250 executed

(1.8%)▪ 90% of sentences

were penances

Expansion of the Reformation

Printing Press Johannes

Gutenberg Bible printed in

vernacular (English, French, German)

spread ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

Religious Strife Edict of Nantes

1598 Granted tolerance to

Protestants in France Not upheld by later

monarchs Thirty Years War

1618-1648 Protestant German princes

versus Catholic Holy Roman Empire

1648 Peace of Westphalia: German princes could choose religion of their states

Religious Strife

English Civil War 1642 Parliamentary forces

versus Royalists loyal to King James I

King executed in 1660, but violence continued for decades

1680 religious tolerance granted to non-Anglican Protestants, but not Catholics

Easing of Tension

Pluralism Christianity could not be reunited, but

religions could coexist Balance of power

France, England, and Netherlands became more powerful

Spain weakened Individual rulers gained more power,

while pope’s influence decreased

Aftermath

Legacy Less emphasis on relationship between God

and nature Protestants did not believe in miracles Emphasis on family life Roles of women reduced Role of educating family fell to father Improved literacy